国外科技简讯

第三代Bt杀虫剂问世 据ANI 1995年3月报道:美国宾夕法尼亚州Ecogen公司已获得美国环境保护局的准许,将重组苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)生物杀虫剂“Raven”投入市场。Raven是在美国环境保护局注册的第一种重组Bt,也是第三代Bt生物杀虫剂。该杀虫剂包含了来自不同的Bt株系的复合蛋白,其有效成分为8％马铃薯甲虫活性毒素和2％蠋毒素。由于马铃薯甲虫已对化学杀虫剂产生了抗性,因此化学防治日渐失效。1994年Raven田间防治试验表明效果良好,为此科学家建议将其与化学杀虫剂结合施用。据统计,目前Raven在世界市场上的销售金额已高达5—10百万美元。     

浅谈"协同进化"

“协同进化”(Coevolution)一词是 196 4年 Ehrhich和 Raven在《Evolution》(进化 )杂志上正式首次提出 ,用以阐述昆虫与植物 (蝴蝶及其采食植物之间 )进化历程中的相互关系。现已广泛用于描述自然界中相互之间有密切关系的物种 (甚至器官 )的进化模式 ,是进化生物学、系统学、生态学乃至发育生物学等学科的一个研究热点。援引《Biology》(Starr主编 ,1994 ,第 2版 )中的定义 ,协同进化是指自然生境中两个或多个物种 ,由于生态上的密切联系 ,其进化历程相互依赖 ,当一个物种进化时 ,物种间的选择压力发生改变 ,其他物种将发生与之相适应…     

无机三价砷对黄花水龙无菌苗生理生化特性的影响

采用溶液培养法研究无机三价砷胁迫对黄花水龙[Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P. H. Raven subsp.stipulacea (Ohwi) P. H. Raven.]无菌苗的影响,通过将黄花水龙无菌苗在含不同浓度NaAsO2(0、2.5、10、50、250和500μmol/L)的1/10霍格兰溶液中培养24h,测定叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性的变化,以探讨无机三价砷胁迫对黄花水龙无菌苗光合特性及相关生理生化特征指标的影响。结果表明:2.5μmol/L As (Ⅲ)处理时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量达到峰值,随着处理浓度升高,叶绿素含量均有所下降;处理组MDA含量均高于对照组,且当处理浓度升高至500μmol/L显著高于对照组。可溶性蛋白含量随着砷处理浓度的升高先升后降,在As (Ⅲ)浓度为250μmol/L时显著高于对照组,当浓度高至500μmol/L时可溶性蛋白含量有所降低;可溶性糖含量随着砷浓度的升高先降后升,抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性均在低砷处理浓度下逐渐升高并到显著差异水平,但当浓...     

Resident endothelial cells generate hepatocytes through cell fusion in adult mouse liver

正Unravelling lineage plasticity and cellular contribution to hepatocytes provides valuable information for understanding sources that fuel homeostatic renewal of the liver(Miyajima et al.,2014).In the adult stage,hepatocytes are mainly self-renewed through cell division(Schaub et al.,2014;Tarlow et al.,2014;Yanger et al.,2014).Under severe injury or when hepatocyte proliferation is significantly impaired,cholangiocytes or biliary epithelial cells contribute to hepatocytes(Raven et al.,2017;Deng et al.,2018).It     

新书介绍

The Global Migrations of Ornamental Plants--How the world got into your garden, by Judith M. Taylor, with a foreword by Peter H. Raven, ISBN： 978-1 -930723-69-6, 312 p, 2009; St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden Press.     

腾冲拟髭蟾繁殖期鸣声特征

为了研究腾冲拟髭蟾(Leptobrachium tengchongense)的繁殖期鸣声特征,2018年2月27日,利用TASCAM DR-40专业录音机,在野外录制了6只个体总共78个有效鸣声,随后利用Raven Pro?v.1.5声音分析软件对鸣声进行分析。结果表明,繁殖期的雄性腾冲拟髭蟾发出求偶鸣声及竞争鸣声两种不同类型鸣声,均为单音节鸣叫,且鸣声主频均为1.31～1.50 kHz。求偶鸣声的时长为(147±30.1)ms,所含脉冲数为(15±2.4)pulses/s;竞争鸣声为雄蟾听到附近其他个体鸣叫后所发出的较拖长的鸣声,其鸣声时长为(610±187.0)ms,所含脉冲数为(28±10.7)pulses/s。不同个体之间的鸣叫时长和鸣叫间隔存在差异,这可能与个体的体型大小有关,但需要更多的数据去证实。我们根据调查结果,分析讨论当前腾冲拟髭蟾所面临的主要威胁及其保育策略。     

淋巴管的收缩性

李瑞轩教授是国际知名的吸收生理和淋巴生理专家,承惠允登此文,本刊表示衷心的感谢。原文载于Physiology of the Intestinal Circulation,edited by A.P.Shepherdand D.N.Granger.Raven Press, New York,1984.屠亚红,杨红协助整理成中文。     

行为生态学(六):反捕食对策

动物有各种各样的对策防御捕食者的捕食。主要对策有警戒色、视觉色多态现象、尾斑信号、报警呜叫、以某种显示行为分散捕食者的注意力和群力围攻等。在我们分析动物反捕食对策的进化时,必须牢记以下几点:第一,被捕食动物的反捕食对策总是同捕食动物的捕食对策协同进化的(L.E.Gilbert和P.E.Raven,1975);第二,即使捕食不是作为一个密度制约因素在起作     

中国植物分类学中的物种问题

Nooteboom和Peter Raven都认为中国的分类学家往往持有狭隘的物种概念,而这是由于他们缺 少足够的标本,尤其是模式标本,因而不能充分研究种的变异性。Raven说这使他相信中国植物分类学 中真正的物种概念颇有模式概念的色彩。他们的说法不无道理。的确,中国的植物区系中可能有大量 的种其真实身份还有讨论的余地。根据单个性状或完全按营养器官性状来命名新种是常有的事。有些 学者甚至把发表新种作为其分类工作的主要目标。现有的、为数非常有限的关于中国植物变异式样研 究的证据证明有些“种”实际上是生态宗(Clinopodium)、地理宗(Cunninghamia和Indigofera)或呈地形 梯度变异式样的分类群(Lespedeza和Rhododendron)而已。根据表型的可塑性变化而命名的种曾经或 仍然被作为“好种”对待(Rorippa)。具各种不同叶形特性的种间杂种的分离系被命名为不同的种 (Ilex)。分类学上本来就已经很复杂的无融合生殖复合体由于新种的不断增加而变得更加复杂 (Malus)。对一个具有复杂变异式样的种的精心研究导致对25个种名的归并,其中有10个是80年代 由中国分类学家发表的(Clematoclethra)。诸如此类的例子随着研究工作的扩大而势必大量增加。传统 植物分类学主要或完全以形态性状为依据。外部形态性状具有比较容易观察和记录的优点。分类学种 概念能满足多种用途分类的需要。但如果把分类学种概念说成是完全凭分类学家个人的主观判断或甚 至偏爱而很难有是非之分就颇成问题了。现在比过去任何时候都有条件对种这个分类阶元作客观的解 释。正确的物种概念来自对植物变异式样及其分类学价值的正确和充分的理解。因此,作为标本室分 类学家,首先要研究尽可能多的标本。其次,尽可能收编来自其他方面的证据是十分可取的。这些证据 即使不是很有用的分类性状,对更好地了解或解释类群的变异式样往往具有重要的意义。分类学家可 借以发现他所寻找的分类群在表型或基因型变异上的间断。对这两种间断的合理应用将导致在许多属内种级水平的更加合理的分类。     

Raven公司在美国密西西比州将建纤维素乙醇装置

Raven生物燃料国际公司宣布将在美国密西西比州Gulf Opportunity Zone（GOZone）园区开发建设纤维素乙醇生物炼油厂。该生物炼油厂使用的原料来自当地的木屑和木质废弃物。乙酸计划生产量为12490．5万L／a,预计生产8万m3／a燃料级乙醇和4．5万m3／a特种有机化学品和木质素。     

河北塞罕坝褐柳莺鸣唱特征分析

2014年7月至8月,在天气良好的情况下,每天上午5:00至10:00时,利用TASCAM DR-680型录音机外接Sennheiser ME67话筒,录制了河北塞罕坝林场处于繁殖期的褐柳莺(Phylloscopus fuscatus)鸣声。录音的采样精度为16 bit,采样频率设置为44.1 k Hz。共获得41只个体清晰可供分析的录音,平均每只个体录到(47±16)句录音。利用Raven pro分析软件测量鸣唱参数,如每个句子和音节的最低频率、最高频率、起始频率及终止频率、持续时间和音节(音素)个数。进行统计分析后,发现河北地区褐柳莺鸣唱语句包含两种类型,句型较单一不变的S-song和句型多变的V-song。褐柳莺鸣唱句子的最高频率为(7.04±0.89)k Hz,最低频率为(1.75±0.30)k Hz,起始频率为(4.53±2.00)k Hz,终止频率(3.22±1.43)k Hz,句子的持续时间(1.24±0.32)s,由(6.50±1.91)个音节组成。基于语图上音节形态的差异,共发现49种不同的音节类型,每只个体鸣唱中使用2到30种音节类型。     

昆虫与植物的协同进化:寄主植物-铃夜蛾-寄生蜂相互作用

近数10年内,Ehrlich和Raven于1964年提出的协同进化理论及Jermy于1976年提出的顺序进化理论极大地促进了对昆虫与植物相互作用的研究。文章首先简要介绍有关理论,对植食性昆虫与植物关系研究的若干核心问题进行评述。主要问题包括(1)植食性昆虫如何选择寄主植物?(2)植物次生物质是否作为植物防御昆虫取食的重要屏障?(3)昆虫能否适应植物的化学防御?(4)植食性昆虫寄主范围是否是从广到专演化的?随之,作者结合对铃夜蛾Helicoverpa系统研究取得的结果,对上述问题做了进一步的论证和阐述。最后,在继承协同进化、顺序进化等理论精髓的基础上,根据当今三营养级相互作用领域的研究新进展,提出一个新的假说,即多营养级协同进化假说。该假说肯定植物次生物质在植物防御和昆虫识别寄主植物上的重要作用,同时把其他营养级并列放入交互作用的系统,特别强调第三营养级在昆虫与植物关系演化过程中的参与和寄主转移与昆虫食性专化和广化的联系。     

呼吸系统部分器官电镜图说明

图1.兔鼻腔上皮表面扫描电镜图纤毛细胞(cc)在上皮分布较多,纤毛长约5—6μm,先祖细胞(pc)亦有纤毛(ci),但其长度变化较大.短小的微绒毛(↗示)在纤毛之间,其形状大小与周围微绒毛(Mv)相似.呼吸上皮的无纤毛细胞(Nc)为多角形,其大小不一.×6205 图2.气管壁切面图上皮层(印)、固有膜(LP)基底膜(BM)、血管(BV),粘膜下层(Su)、外膜(Ad)透明软骨(Hc)×300     

On the Genus Euchresta Benn. (Leguminosae) with “Wallace's Line”

The present paper discusses the classification, distribution, systematic relationship and origin of the genus Euchresta Benn. Euchresta is distributed roughly in East and Southeast Asia. The Chinese name “Shan-dou-gen”(山豆根) first appeared in “The Medicinal Herbs of Sichuan “(蜀本草) in the Song Dynasty. Afterwards there were accounts of this name in “A Materia Medica of kaibao”（开宝本草）, and “The Illustrated Classic Herbal”(图经本草) by Su Sung (苏颂). In the MingDynasty, “Shan-dou-gen” was adopted in “ Materia Medica with Commentaries” (本草纲目) by Li Shih-chen (李时珍)^［1］and it has recorded for quite a long time until now. However, because the root of Euchresta japonica Hook. f. ex Regel. is a Chinese medicine used for detoxification, and relieving pain and pharyngitis, many medicinal plants, whose roots have the same effect, are also called “Shan-dou-gen” . They are Arcisia (Myrsinaceae), Cyclea, Pericampylus, Stephania, Menispermum (Menispermaceae), Helicteres (Sterculiaceae) , Beesia (Ranunculaceae) , Sarcococca (Buxaceae) , Sophora, Atylosia (Leguminosae), etc. However, the name should be used only for Euchresta japonica according to the Chinese botanical literature. The genus was established by J. J. Bennett in 1838, based on Andira horsfieldii Lesch. (1810) ( =E. horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn.) from Java, It was classified in the subtribe Geoffroeeae of the tribe Dalbergieae by Bentham (1860) and Bentham et Hooker (1865). There were two species then, i. e. E. horsfieldii and E. japonica. In 1970-1978, H. Ohashi and his co-workers published a series of outstanding works on Euchresta, in which H. Ohashi established a new tribe-Euchresteae Ohashi, that contains only one genus-Euchresta, and suggested a clearly close relationship between the genus under study and the tribe Sophoreae, especially Sophora, and also considered that the ancient group of Euchresta was in between New Guinea and Australia and extended northwestwards to islands and the continent of Asia. He described 4 species and reduced two species, i. e. E. trifoliolata Merr. (1922) from Guangdong, China (=E. japonica) and E. strigillosa C. Y. Wu. Wen (1984) published E. longiracemosa S. Lee et H. Q. Wen ex H. Q. Wen from Guangxi, China, as new. Five species are included so far in this genus. This paper reports 4 species and 3 varieties: i. e. E. japonica, E. horsfieldii, E. horsfieldii var. laotica, E. formosana, E. tubulosa, E. tubulosa var. longiracemosa, and E. tubulosa var. brevituba, which are grouped into two sections (Fig. 3). i. e. Sect. Euchrestae and Sect. Tubulosae. Sect. I. Euchrestae without a long tube at the base of calyx, comprises 3 species, 1 variety and is distributed in southern Honshu of Japan, southern Yunnan of China, northern Indochina Peninsula, and Java of Indonesia. The section forms three discontinuous distribution patterns: 1) E. japonica is of Sino-Japanese discontinuous distribution; 2) E. horsfieldii is of Himalayas-Indochina-Java discontinuous distribution; 3) E. formosana is of Taiwan-Ryukyu-Philippines discontinuous distribution (Fig. 2). From what has been stated above, this section may be the primitive group, of which E. horsfieldii and E. formosana have evolved from E. japonica. Sect. II, Tubulosae, with a long tube at the base of calyx, comprises 1 species, 2 varieties and forms an island disjunction with its centre in Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan of China. The two sections are considered to have stemed from the same extinct primitive group and developed along different directions, with the distribution centre in Central and South China (Fig. 3) There are many opinions on the systematic position of Euchresta. Bentham and Hooker (1865) placed it in the tribe Dalbergieae. Baker ( 1878), Nakai (1940) and Hutchinson (1964) holded Bentham and Hooker’s opinion, while Nakai (1940) established a subtribe, Euchrestinae Nakai, and considered Euchresta related to Mullera Linn. F. and Andira A. L. Juss. According to the morphological, cytological and biochemical data, Ohashi (1970-1978) clearly suggested a close relationship between the tribe Euchresteae and the tribe Sophoreae, which are different from the genera in the tribe Geoffroeeae as well as the tribe Dalbergieae (s. l.). He also recognized the similarity between Euchresta and Sophora, especially S. bhutanica and its allied species. Polhill and Raven (1981) holded Ohashi’s opinion, but the relationship of the tribe Euchresteae was put between the tribe Crotararieae and the tribe Thermopsideae hermopsideae, far from the tribe Sophoreae. We agree with Ohashi, but we think that Euchresta is most closely related to the genus Maackia, especially judged from the chromosomal number and the chemical composition, which is in accordance with M. Tenuifolia (Hemsl.) Hand. -Mazz. ( Mizuno et al. 1990). Therefere, the relationship of Euchresta with its allied genera is suggested as in Fig. 4. Based on the habitat and distributional area of Euchresta, it is inferred that its ancestor was a member of the Tertiary-paleotropical mountain forest flora and then distributed in the whole forest region. It is considered that the genus originated in Cathaysia. The distributional area of Euchresta lies in the area west of “Wallace’s Line”, a famous biogeographic line. Many botanists and zoologists have discussed this line, but they have also proposed many modified biogeographic lines for this area (Brown and Gibson 1983) e. g. “Huxley’s line” (including modifications); “Sclater’s line”(1858); “Weber’s line” (1902); “Lydekker’s line”; Merrill’s line” (1923) etc., (Fig. 2), of which “Wallace’s Lin” and “Lydekker’s line” are accepted by many zoogeographers. However, Schuster (1972) expounded “Wallace’s line”based on more pieces of evidence from geology, zoography, and distribution of land plants (including Hepaticae, Conifers, and Angiospermae). Thus Schuster stated: (1) The narrow channel between the Australian bloc and Eurasian one was still an effective barrier for many groups of organisms as recently as 10-15 m. y. ago. (2)The amount of movement-or transgression-across this barrier varies from group to group. Organisms -presumably “modern” and “successful”-with strong powers of movement have transgressed to a larger extent than taxa belonging to old, “senescent”and (usually) stenotypic groups. Thus it can be said that Euchresta is an age-older group and distributed only in the area west of “Wallace’s Line”. It is also known from the information of paleogeography and paleobiogeography: up to about 50 m. y. ago Australia and New Guinea moved progressively northward from warm temparate into the tropics, crossing the Tropic of Capricorn at about the beginning of the Miocene (25 m. y.), and coming into more or less direct contact with the proto-Indonesian at the middle Miocene (-15m. y.) (Axelrod & Raven, 1982). At that time, Euchresta was only distributed in Asia (including Philippines and Java) and formed the present dispersal-patterns, but it has never reached New Guinea and Australia (i. e. southeast of“Wallace’s Line”, because New Guinea and Australia plates were still on the way northward. Therefore, we think that the original place of Euchresta could not lines between New Guinea and Australia, and thus the actual significance of “Wallace’s Line” is not only a demarcation line between Laurasia and Gondwanaland but also a demarcation line between the Laurasia Flora and the Gondwana Flora for Asia and Australia.     

中国环缘蝽属昆虫记述(半翅目:姬缘蝽科)

环缘蝽属(Stictopleurus Stal)建立于1872年,为半翅目(Hemiptera)姬缘蝽科(Rhopalidae)中的一个类群。Reuter(1885)将其降为姬缘蝽属(Corizus Fallen)的一个亚属,该意见曾被一些学者所采纳,如Puton(1886/1899),Ragusa(1907),Van Duzee(1916),Torre-Bueno(1914)等;Muzik(1904)亦曾将其作为伊缘蝽属(Rhopalus Schil-ling)的一个亚属;但后来多数学者及近代的分类学工作者均将其视为一个独立的属,如Oshanin(1906/1912),De Seabra(1927),Harris(1943),Chopra(1967),Gollner-     

水溶性红曲黄色素的表征及其稳定性

以含硫化合物还原红曲色素,红斑素和红曲红素分子中的环羰基还原成羟基,得到水溶性红白曲黄色素.以 UV-Vis、IR和(?)H-~(13)CNMR对其结构进行了表征.该色素的吸光度随pH增大而略呈上升趋势,避光可明显提高其稳定性.除Mg~(2 )在pH9下使其溶液产生沉淀外,Sn~(2 )、Ca~(2 )、Fe~(3 )和AI~(3 )均不影响其稳定性.不同pH和温度下加热实验结果表明,酸性条件对其热稳定性影响较大.     

~(33)P:一种新的分子生物学放射性示踪物

在选择放射性示踪物时,人们主要考虑敏感性、分辨率和安全性。作为分子生物学实验常用的放射性示踪物,~(32)P 和~(35)S 各有其不足之处。~(32)P 因为能量高、放射比活性大因而其操作极不安全,且有分辨率不够高之缺陷,用于序列测定极不理想,而且由于其半衰期太短,操作很不方便。~(35)S 虽补充了~(32)P 的不足,但由于其放射比活性低,检测敏感性不够高,对于单拷贝基因的检测往往是爱莫能助。最近,在国外出现了一种新的放射性示踪物——~(33)P。与其他两种常用的同位素~(32)P 和~(35)S 相比,~(33)P     

Vero 细胞流感疫苗应用前景

流行性感冒(简称流感)是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,其病毒基因组为单股负链分节段的RNA,外有包膜。根据病毒核壳蛋白(NP)和膜蛋白(MP)抗原特性及其基因特性的不同,分为甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)三型,甲型根据其表面(HA、NA)结构及其基因特性的不同又分为许多亚型,乙和丙型没     

算盘子的化学成分研究

对算盘子(Glochidion puberum)的化学成分进行研究.从其乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇部位分离得到了9个化合物,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构分别为:牡荆素(1)、β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(3→3)-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖(2)、丁香脂素(3)、(Z)-3-已烯-D-吡喃葡萄糖(4)、(E)-2-已烯-D-吡喃葡萄糖(5)、4-O-乙基没食子酸(6)、没食子酸(7)、胡萝卜苷(8)、β-谷甾醇(9).