RAPD分子标记及其在作物遗传育种中的应用

ＲＡＰＤ分子标记是一种新型的分了遗传标记,其原理是采用１０个碱基的随机引物,以基因组ＤＮＡ为模板进行ＰＣＲ随机扩增。其优越性在于其方法简单;分析中的花费少,用时短;分析所需的ＤＮＡ用量也不多等。本文着重介绍以电泳技术和ＰＣＲ扩增技术为核心的分子标记以及在农作物遗传育种中的应用。     

简并引物在PCR扩增甘油—3—磷酸转酰酶基因中的应用

应用高简交引物,结合ＰＣＲ扩增技术从南瓜Ｃｕｃｕｒｂｉｔａ ｍｏｓｃｈａｔａ 总ＲＮＡ的逆转录产物中得到ＧＰＡＴ基因保守区。在ＰＣＲ反应中,简并引物之间的浓度配比是影响扩增效率的关键。用脱氧次黄苷替代简并引物中的高简交位中大幅度降低简并程度,显著提高扩增产物的特异性及扩增效率。     

小麦双引物RAPD分析方法的研究

ＲＡＰＤ标记是近几年迅速发展的一种新型分子标记,标准的ＲＡＰＤ的反应是以１０个寡聚核苷酸作引物,通过ＰＣＲ反应扩增出基因组的部分片段,我们在研究外源ＤＮＡ导入小麦后外源遗传物质的追踪时,对这个方法进行了改进,采取了双引物进行扩增,结果双引物反应能够比单引物反应扩增出更多的多态性片段。分子杂交结果表明,双引物扩增出的新片段与单引物扩增片段无同源性,并对双引物扩增出的多态性片段产生的可能原因进行讨论。     

黑麦B染色体端粒相关序列的克隆

利用显微切割技术,分离了黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌＬ．）１０个Ｂ染色体短臂端部片段,并利用寡核苷酸引物（ＣＣＣＴＡＡＡ）３及新建立的二级单引物序列ＰＣＲ扩增法,扩增了黑麦Ｂ染色体端粒相关序列。染色体原位杂交实验将ＰＣＲ产物定位于Ｂ染色体短臂末端,多数Ａ染色体末端也显示清晰的杂交信号。部分ＰＣＲ产物克隆到ｐＵＣ１９载体中,对其中一个克隆子ｐｐ３的序列分析结果表明,它与玉米亚端部克隆子ｐＢＦ２６６部分区域的同源性为９２％。就目前资料检索,黑麦、玉米端粒相关序列具有高度同源性还未见报道。对这一实验设计在构建高密度ＲＦＬＰ图谱中的应用进行了探讨     

提高RAPD稳定性的几点经验与探讨

随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ(ＲＡＰＤ)技术自 1990年由Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ和Ｗｅｌｓｈ建立以来 ,因其特异、快速、操作简便、敏感的优点 ,在微生物分型和检测[1 ,2 ] 、生物亲缘关系的鉴定[3] 以及遗传育种[4 ] 中已得到广泛应用 ,其原理与常规ＰＣＲ基本相同 ,但ＲＡＰＤ采取的引物多为一条随机的十聚寡核苷酸序列 ,这种引物不属于已知遗传位点 ,它能通过ＰＣＲ介导所有与其互补的基因区段进行扩增 ,产生一系列大小不同的片段 ,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳而呈现不同的ＤＮＡ指纹图。由于ＲＡＰＤ不需要知道模板的序列 ,且引物序列无种属特异性 ,在对遗传…     

构建遗传图的新方法:单精子PCR分型技术

构建遗传图的新方法———单精子ＰＣＲ分型技术①赵书红李奎彭中镇（华中农业大学动物分子生物学与育种研究室,武汉４３００７０）盛志廉（东北农业大学动物科学研究所,哈尔滨１５００３０）ＲｅｖｉｅｗｏｆＳｉｎｇｌｅＳｐｅｒｍＴｙｐｉｎｇｂｙＰＣＲＭｅｔｈｏｄ...     

用PCR法直接快速筛查重组阳性克隆

应用ＰＣＲ法快速筛查插入有苯丙氨酸脱氨酶ｃＤＮＡ重组阳性克隆。方法：用于ＰＣＲ扩增的引物是位于载体ｐＥＴ２３ｂ启动子处的Ｔ７启动子引物和位于目的基因ＰＡＬｃＤＮＡ３’端终止密码ＴＡＡ处的引物。以灭菌吸头挑一单菌落加入ＰＣＲ体系扩增。结果：在筛查的３个克隆中,有２个阳性克降,并且插入方向正确,经ＤＮＡ序列测定得到进一步证实。结论：以ＰＣＲ方法筛查重组阳性克隆,可以简便快速鉴定插入片段的大小和方面,不     

检测单碱基错配-PCR方法的发展

ＰＣＲ已用于ＤＮＡ诊断。连接酶链反应（ＬｉｇａｓｅＣｈａｉｎＲｅａｃｔｉｏｎ．ＬＣＲ）做为ＰＣＲ方法的补充得到进一步发展。应用热稳定ＤＮＡ连接酶,既能扩增ＤＮＡ,同时也能区分单碱基的替换。当碱基完全互补时,这个连接酶能对两个紧密相邻的寡核苷酸进行共价连接,若连接处发生了一个碱基突变,便不能使两个寡核苷酸有效连接,从而不能扩增产物,应用相应的方法便能区别     

聚合酶链反应技术检测沙门菌的研究进展

聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术用于沙门菌检测发展迅速,本文就：①沙门菌检测中的引物设计;②沙门菌ＤＮＡ提取方法;③检测沙门菌的ＰＣＲ方法;④ＰＣＲ扩增产物的检测;⑤各种ＰＣＲ方法检测沙门菌的特异性、敏感性及注意事项等方面简述该技术在沙门菌检测中的应用进展。     

黑麦染色体的显微分离与PCR扩增

利用改良的染色体显微分离技术,分离了黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅＬ．）一个完整细胞的１８条染色体（１４Ａ＋４Ｂ）,用人工合成的寡核苷酸为引物,进行单一引物法（ｓｉｎｇｌｅｕｎｉｑｕｅｐｒｉｍｅｒＰＣＲ,ＳＵＰＰＣＲ）扩增,经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明,ＰＣＲ扩增产物与黑麦基因组ＤＮＡ同源。     

Genome amplification of single sperm using multiple displacement amplification

Sperm typing is an effective way to study recombination rate on a fine scale in regions of interest. There are two strategies for the amplification of single meiotic recombinants: repulsion-phase allele-specific PCR and whole genome amplification (WGA). The former can selectively amplify single recombinant molecules from a batch of sperm but is not scalable for high-throughput operation. Currently, primer extension pre-amplification is the only method used in WGA of single sperm, whereas it has limited capacity to produce high-coverage products enough for the analysis of local recombination rate in multiple large regions. Here, we applied for the first time a recently developed WGA method, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), to amplify single sperm DNA, and demonstrated its great potential for producing high-yield and high-coverage products. In a 50 μl reaction, 76 or 93% of loci can be amplified at least 2500- or 250-fold, respectively, from single sperm DNA, and second-round MDA can further offer >200-fold amplification. The MDA products are usable for a variety of genetic applications, including sequencing and microsatellite marker and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The use of MDA in single sperm amplification may open a new era for studies on local recombination rates.     

Single- and double-SSR primer combined analyses in rice

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the foundation of SSR molecular marker technology. We used sib rice varieties J518, XD1 and SD23 as experimental materials, selecting 30 pairs of SSR primers, including RM127, RM337 and RM5172, covering the rice genome, and performed single- and double-SSR primer combined analyses. We found that under the same PCR system and conditions, a single primer of the SSR primer pairs could amplify the same fragments as double primers do. The sequencing results demonstrated that some amplified fragments that we previously believed to come from double primers were actually produced by a single primer. The use of this kind of primer, such as the RM127 primer pair, for marker-assisted breeding will therefore be misleading. Additionally, using the same PCR system and conditions, some single primers that are part of SSR primer pairs can amplify many more specific fragments than double-SSR primers. For instance, in the case of the RM5172 primer pair, a single primer P1 amplified approximately three times the number of fragments as the double primer. This information can contribute to research on genetic diversity of species, understanding of genetic relationships and identification of germplasm resources. Accordingly, combined analyses of single- and double-primer amplification products not only can remove single-primer amplification fragments and false-positives from double-primer amplification products in order to improve test accuracy, but also can facilitate research on genetic diversity, exploration of phylogenetic relationships and identification of germplasm resources. We define this method as "single- and double-SSR primer combined analyses".     

X、Y精子分离纯度评价方法的研究进展

对检测分析分离精液中X、Y精子纯度的方法进行了综述, 并将各种方法的原理、技术操作过程和方法的优缺点进行了比较分析。认为如能在技术上有所突破, 提高方法的灵敏度、精确性, 降低检测时间, 单精子巢式PCR方法将可能成为一种低成本、常规化的检测手段, 在精子分离方法优化研究中发挥更大的作用, 并推动其他单精子遗传检测技术取得新进展。     

先天性白内障的遗传咨询

对检测分析分离精液中X、Y精子纯度的方法进行了综述, 并将各种方法的原理、技术操作过程和方法的优缺点进行了比较分析。认为如能在技术上有所突破, 提高方法的灵敏度、精确性, 降低检测时间, 单精子巢式PCR方法将可能成为一种低成本、常规化的检测手段, 在精子分离方法优化研究中发挥更大的作用, 并推动其他单精子遗传检测技术取得新进展。     

Ordering three microsatellites on porcine chromosome 12 by single sperm typing

Three microsatellite loci on porcine chromosome 12 were ordered by single sperm typing to expand the limited genetic map of this region. Individual sperm cells from a Chinese indigenous Qingping boar triply heterozygous at SW874, SW1350 and SW1553 were amplified using PEP and heminesting primer design at each locus. Analysis of the sperm typing data by the SPERM.FOR program showed that the most likely order was SW1553-SW1350-SW874.     

Direct fluorescence analysis of genetic polymorphisms by hybridization with oligonucleotide arrays on glass supports.

A simple and rapid method for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms has been developed using allele-specific oligonucleotide arrays bound to glass supports. Allele-specific oligonucleotides are covalently immobilized on glass slides in arrays of 3 mm spots. Genomic DNA is amplified by PCR using one fluorescently tagged primer oligonucleotide and one biotinylated primer oligonucleotide. The two complementary DNA strands are separated, the fluorescently tagged strand is hybridized to the support-bound oligonucleotide array, and the hybridization pattern is detected by fluorescence scanning. Multiple polymorphisms present in the PCR product may be detected in parallel. The effect of spacer length, surface density and hybridization conditions were evaluated, as was the relative efficacy of hybridization with single or double-stranded PCR products. The utility of the method was demonstrated in the parallel analysis of 5 point mutations from exon 4 of the human tyrosinase gene.     

Ordering three microsatellites on porcine chromosome 12 by single sperm typing

Abstract

Three microsatellite loci on porcine chromosome 12 were ordered by single sperm typing to expand the limited genetic map of this region. Individual sperm cells from a Chinese indigenous Qingping boar triply heterozygous at SW874, SW1350 and SW1553 were amplified using PEP and heminesting primer design at each locus. Analysis of the sperm typing data by the SPERM.FOR. program showed that the most likely order was SW1553‐SW1350‐SW874.     

Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Polymorphism: A Simple,Novel DNA Marker Technique for Generating Gene-Targeted Markers in Plants

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used for numerous applications in plant molecular genetics research despite having disadvantages of poor reproducibility and not generally being associated with gene regions. A novel method for generating plant DNA markers was developed based on the short conserved region flanking the ATG start codon in plant genes. This method uses single 18-mer primers in single primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an annealing temperature of 50°C. PCR amplicons are resolved using standard agarose gel electrophoresis. This method was validated in rice using a genetically diverse set of genotypes and a backcross population. Reproducibility was evaluated by using duplicate samples and conducting PCR on different days. Start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were generally reproducible but exceptions indicated that primer length and annealing temperature are not the sole factors determining reproducibility. SCoT marker PCR amplification profiles indicated dominant marker like RAPD markers. We propose that this method could be used in conjunction with these markers for applications such as genetic analysis, bulked segregant analysis, and quantitative trait loci mapping, especially in laboratories with a preference for agarose gel electrophoresis.     

基于PCR的染色体步移中单引物扩增的克服与非特异引物的利用

基于PCR的染色体步移(PCR-Walking)方法已有许多种,包括反向PCR、连接介导的PCR、随机引物PCR等.在众多的方法中,经常存在由通用引物引起的单引物非特异扩增现象.本文综述了连接介导的PCR-Walking中单引物扩增的形成原理及克服方法.克服单引物扩增主要是使接头引物在DNA两端的接头上只有1个结合位点,从而避开单引物扩增.常用的方法有3′端加氨基修饰的不对称接头、泡泡状接头或Y字型接头及单寡核苷酸接头等方法.还介绍了2种利用通用引物非特异扩增克隆目的序列的方法:引物错配法及基于RAPD原理的单引物PCR法.     

Efficient production of single-stranded DNA as long as 2 kb for sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA.

A modification of the asymmetric PCR method is described, which reliably facilitates sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA. This procedure produces single-stranded DNA fragments as long as two kilobases that are suitable for dideoxy DNA sequencing. First, a PCR for double-stranded DNA is preformed under optimal conditions (double-stranded PCR). Then, a 5-10-microliters fraction of the double-stranded PCR and a single primer are used to generate single-stranded DNA in a separate PCR (single-stranded PCR). The concentration of the single primer are used to generate single-stranded DNA in a separate PCR (single-stranded PCR). The concentration of the single primer is approximately 0.4 microM. Usually 15 to 25 cycles of single-stranded PCR are optimal to produce single-stranded DNA for four to eight sequencing reactions. The single-stranded DNA is purified by centrifugal ultrafiltration and used directly in dideoxy sequencing. This method was employed to produce high-quality single-stranded DNA templates from a variety of organisms for efficient DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA.