土壤和大气铅对玉米植株内铅积累的影响和贡献率

采用土壤添加Pb和叶面喷施Pb溶液的方式,分别研究了土壤Pb和大气Pb在玉米植株各器官中的积累规律和Pb污染浓度与籽粒Pb含量、叶片Pb含量与籽粒Pb含量的相关性,以及土壤Pb和大气Pb对玉米籽粒Pb的贡献率.结果表明:土壤添加Pb后,玉米各器官中Pb含量表现为根＞茎＞叶＞籽粒,且主要富集在根系中;叶面喷施Pb后,玉米各器官Pb含量大小顺序是叶片＞茎、根＞籽粒,且主要富集在叶片中;随着土壤和大气Pb浓度的增加,玉米各器官Pb含量均呈现不同程度的增加;玉米籽粒中的Pb含量与土壤和叶片Pb浓度呈显著正相关(P＜0.01);土壤施加Pb的毒性临界值为118.95 mg·kg-1;大气Pb对玉米籽粒的贡献率为53.7％,土壤Pb对玉米籽粒的贡献率为46.3％,说明大气Pb通过叶面传输是玉米籽粒吸收Pb的重要途径.     

污染土壤微生物修复技术

因具处理方式多样、可因地制宜、对环境影响小、处理成本低等特点,目前微生物技术广泛应用于污染土壤修复。本文从原理、技术及处理工艺三方面综述了污染土壤微生物修复研究进展和发展现状,指出其存在的局限性及土壤微生物修复再今后发展方向和趋势,为污染土壤微生物修复技术的理论研究和利用提供参考。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术

简要综述了土壤生物修复技术及其在石油污染土壤修复中的应用现状,着重讨论了生物强化修复技术及其应用过程中所涉及的关键技术问题;介绍了真菌-细菌协同修复石油污染耕地以及该技术与秸秆填埋发酵相集成修复油-盐混合污染耕地的研究成果。     

污染土壤的酶学修复研究进展

土壤酶在污染土壤的修复过程中起到非常重要的作用,污染土壤的酶修复具有专性强、适应性广、受环境因素影响较小等特点。文中综述了土壤酶对污染土壤修复的优势,酶的固定化技术与方法、氧化还原酶对污染物的去除机理;介绍了用于土壤修复的酶的来源及主要特征,并对今后的研究工作提出了几点建议。     

大气-土壤-小麦生态系统中铅的分布和迁移规律研究

研究铅在国道附近大气－土壤－小麦生态系统中的分布及其迁移规律。结果表明,大气中铅浓度与汽车流量成正比,而与风速、温度等相关性不明显;距公路越远,土壤及小麦中铅的含量越高,含是与距离呈一定的匀相关性,５ｍ及６０ｍ为其转折点;铅在土壤中由上上及在小麦体中由根向茎、穗的迁移较小;小麦各器官中铅含量大小依次为根〉叶〉穗〉茎〉籽。叶片、穗尚从大气中直接部分铅。在小麦不同生长阶段中,各器官积累铅量不同,其积累     

石油污染土壤的生物修复与土壤酶活性关系

研究了不同油浓度污染土壤经过两个为期125d的生物修复后的土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脂肪酶的酶活变化,分析了土壤中3种酶活性的变化特征与规律。结果表明,随着油浓度的增加,土壤中过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性下降,脂肪酶活性增加;经过生物修复后,土壤中的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性在第二周期要比第一周期提高,而脂肪酶活性下降;这3种土壤酶活性变化受污染物浓度影响不显著,但不同浓度油污染土壤的修复对过氧化氢酶的影响要大于对多酚氧化酶和脂肪酶的影响。     

土壤添加玉米秸秆对小麦Pb毒害缓解效应

采用室内盆栽和网室盆栽的方法研究了Pb污染土壤上玉米秸秆对小麦幼苗生物效应、成熟期籽粒Pb含量和蛋白质含量以及产量性状的影响,探讨了玉米秸秆缓解Pb毒害小麦的生理机制.结果表明,添加3g/kg和6g/kg的玉米秸秆对Pb污染土壤上小麦幼苗生长有明显的促进作用,能有效缓解Pb对小麦的毒害.具体表现为,与对照相比,小麦幼苗根长、芽长、植株干重增大,叶绿素含量和根系活力升高,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,小麦成熟期籽粒Pb含量降低,蛋白质含量以及生物产量升高.     

2020污染土壤的生物修复专刊序言

生物修复技术,作为可持续发展的重要方向,因其环境友好、高效且无二次污染并能从根本上解决土壤污染问题而受到关注,已经在土壤污染治理中得到了广泛的应用。为了梳理和凝练生物修复技术的发展状况,本专刊收录了该研究领域的16篇论文,分别从植物修复、微生物修复、联合修复、重金属吸收积累的相关分子机制、资源化再利用等方面,详细阐述生物修复技术的发展动态,展望未来的发展趋势,为促进生物修复技术的发展提供参考。     

污染土壤淋洗修复技术研究进展

土壤淋洗修复技术是一种行之有效的污染土壤治理技术,适合于快速修复受高浓度重金属和有机物污染土壤与沉积物。本文综述了土壤淋洗修复技术的特点、技术流程、土壤淋洗剂的研究与应用进展,指出异位土壤淋洗修复技术因修复效果稳定,易于实现系统控制和废弃物减量化等优点而具有更广阔的应用前景,天然螯合剂和生物表面活性剂等环境友好型淋洗剂正逐渐取代人工螯合剂和化学表面活性剂成为土壤淋洗剂研究的主流方向,而现代超分子化学的引入和发展有可能对复合污染土壤的高效淋洗修复研究产生新的影响。     

土壤氟形态与氟污染土壤修复

我国土壤氟污染问题严峻,给部分地区人体健康和生态安全造成严重威胁,但土壤氟污染与防治问题仍没有受到人们的广泛关注.本文概述了土壤中氟的存在形态以及发生的主要化学反应,综述了近年来国内外有关氟污染土壤修复的研究进展,提出了今后氟污染土壤修复的研究方向,以期为氟污染土壤的修复提供借鉴和参考.土壤中氟主要分为5种形态,其中90%以上以残渣态存在,土壤溶液中的氟主要发生沉淀-溶解、络合-解离和吸附-解吸等反应来维持水-土系统中的氟平衡.目前,氟污染土壤修复技术研究主要集中在化学固定修复技术、化学淋洗技术、电动修复技术以及植物修复技术.今后需要重点研究氟在土壤中的赋存形态及其影响因子,筛选功能微生物和植物,开发联合修复技术以修复氟污染土壤.     

污染土壤修复标准建立的方法体系研究

近年来,污染土壤修复技术发展很快,而污染土壤修复标准的建立则相对迟缓．在我国,直至目前甚至还没有开展相应的研究．为了推进我国该领域的工作,对污染土壤修复标准建立的方法体系进行了阐述,并提出了建立污染土壤修复标准应同时考虑技术清洁水平、环境背景水平和法规可调控清洁水平等3个基本变量．而从技术清洁水平这一变量来讲,应该包括2个方面的内涵,一是污染土壤修复技术本身所能达到的清洁目标,二是现有分析技术发展所能确认的污染物最低限量目标,即仪器可检出水平．     

建立污染土壤修复标准的探讨

随着污染土壤修复技术的发展和污染土壤修复环境工程的实施,污染土壤修复标准的建立已成为检验污染土壤修复工程效果的瓶颈.我国现行的土壤环境质量标准已不能适应污染土壤修复效果评判的需要.本文在分析我国土壤环境质量标准不足的基础上,结合一些发达国家土壤修复标准以及我国土壤污染实际情况,提出建立污染土壤修复标准应从污染物的选择、分析检测方法、修复标准的分类、对地下水的保护和生态毒理学评价方面综合考虑.     

Role of abscisic acid in regulation of wheat seedling growth under salinity stress

Growth of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mehran-89), in hydroponic culture, was affected by abscisic acid (ABA). Using salinity stress and exogenous ABA application (10-6 M) to enhance endogenous ABA level, the growth of roots was more suppressed than the growth of shoots. On the other hand, norflurazon, which inhibits ABA biosynthesis, reduced only the growth of shoots. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

有机修复剂在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用

有机修复剂在重金属污染土壤修复中具有举足轻重的作用.本文结合国内外的研究成果和最新研究进展,从土壤重金属污染修复中有机修复剂应用的发展状况、应用机理、优缺点、影响因素以及成功实例等几个方面论述了国内外有机修复剂的研究现状,列举了几种应用较为广泛的有机修复剂(如氨基多羧基酸、有机酸、有机质、生物乳化剂等)的最新研究进展,总结了影响有机修复剂使用的主要因素,指出目前有机修复剂在实际应用中可能出现的问题,同时对今后的发展方向进行了展望.     

Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil with polymer-coated EDTA

EDTA-assisted phytoextraction of lead (Pb) has been developed, but concerns have arisen due to the possibility of leaching of both Pb and EDTA to ground water caused by uncontrolled release. We developed five types of controlled-release EDTA (polymer-coated EDTA) by coating the EDTA with a polyolefin polymer. A test of the release rate showed that the duration for the release of 75% of total EDTA ranged from 3 to 210 days. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the effect of these polymer-coated EDTA and non-coated EDTA on the concentrations of Pb and EDTA in soil solution, and Pb accumulation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. EARLY SUMAC) in a Pb-contaminated soil. One of the polymer-coated EDTAs, C-EDTA-4, with a release period of 80 days proved to be the best in decreasing Pb and EDTA concentrations in soil solution, and increasing Pb accumulation in sorghum shoots compared to the direct application of EDTA. Our results suggest that polymer-coated EDTA has a potential for phytoextraction of Pb with a reduced environmental risk.     

Utilization of blue-grained character in wheat breeding derived from Thinopyrum poticum

The blue grain trait in common wheat （Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD）, which is caused by blue pigments in the aleurone layer, was originally derived from the tall wheatgrass （Thinopyrum ponticum Liu ＆ Wang = Agropyron elongatum, 2n = 10x = 70, StStStStEeEeEbEbEXEx） during chromosome engineering research. Over the last few decades, there have been continued interests in the genetic mechanism of this blue coloration and the practical utilization of the blue aleurone character as a phenotypic marker. This article reviews the research history and the recent progress of the studies on blue-grained wheat, with emphases on genetic and biochemical analysis and practical applications of blue-grained wheat.     

A PCR-based marker for selection of starch and potential noodle quality in wheat

A strong association between the absence of the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) protein for the 4A chromosome of wheat and Japanese Udon noodle quality has been previously described. The aim of this study was to identify a molecular marker linked to the GBSS 4A locus which could be used to identify wheat with the desired texture for Udon noodles. PCR primers were designed to target this gene which gave a 440 bp PCR band, corresponding to the presence or absence of the 4A GBSS gene. Of the 268 genotypes screened with these primers, 267 were correctly identified using the PCR primers. The remaining genotype was shown to be heterogeneous for the marker. The PCR marker test developed has advantages over existing methods used to screen for Udon noodle starch quality as it enables high throughput, accurate tests to be carried out on leaves of young seedlings or mature seed and identify breeding lines that are heterogeneous for the 4A allele which will allow for reselections. Application of this PCR test will speed up selection for Udon noodle quality genotypes and reduce breeding costs for production of noodle wheat varieties. Abbreviations: CTAB, cetyltrimethlammonium bromide; FSV, flour swelling volume; GBSS, granule-bound starch synthase; IEF, isoelectric focusing; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.     

Genetic variability of Old Portuguese bread wheat cultivars assayed by IRAP and REMAP markers

Retrotransposons (RTNs) constitute informative molecular markers for plant species as a result of their ability of integrating into a multitude of loci throughout the genome and thereby generating insertional polymorphisms between individuals. Inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphisms (IRAPs) and the retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphisms (REMAPs) are marker systems based on long terminal repeats (LTRs) RTNs, developed for plants, that have been widely used for evolution, genetic diversity, DNA fingerprinting of cultivars and varieties, genetic mapping linkage and for detection of genetic rearrangements induced by polyploidisation. In the present study, we aimed to analyse the genetic variability among 48 Old Portuguese bread wheat cultivars using both IRAP and REMAP markers. Five IRAP and six REMAP primer combinations were used. IRAP produced 103 polymorphic fragments in a total of 113 bands. On average, 22.6 bands were amplified per IRAP primer combination. The bands ranged in size from 250 to 5000 bp. The REMAP primer combinations allowed the amplification of 53 bands, 51 of them polymorphic. An average of 8.8 REMAP bands was scored per primer combination. The REMAP bands ranged from 250 to 3000 bp. Both marker systems presented high percentages of polymorphism. However, IRAP markers were suitable for detecting genetic variability at the individual level and did not differentiate higher taxa. The REMAP maker system allowed the clustering by botanical variety and identified most of the homonym bread wheat cultivars.     

Plantlet regeneration from protoplast-derived haploid embryogenic calli of wheat

To search for an alternative method for protoplast culture, regenerable embryogenic calli were obtained from anther culture of three wheat cultivars, Karl 92, Jinghua #1, and Pavon 76. Protoplasts were isolated directly from the haploid embryogenic calli and cultured in modified PMI and LM8P media without going through cell suspension culture. After 8–11 days of subculture, the embryogenic calli produced the maximum yield of protoplasts and cell division was at the highest frequency when plated at a density of 3–4 × 10⁵ protoplasts ml⁻¹. Frequency of colony formation varied from 0.2% to 0.5% for Jinghua #1 and from 0.1% to 2% for Pavon 76, while Karl 92 failed to produce colonies, even though its embryogenic calli were friable and fast-growing on the maintenance medium. Green haploid plantlets of Jinghua #1 and Pavon 76 have been regenerated from protoplasts, which were cultured on a differentiation medium first and then on a rooting medium. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.