A Unified Model of Shoot Tropism in Plants: Photo-, Gravi- and Propio-ception

Land plants rely mainly on gravitropism and phototropism to control their posture and spatial orientation. In natural conditions, these two major tropisms act concurrently to create a photogravitropic equilibrium in the responsive organ. Recently, a parsimonious model was developed that accurately predicted the complete gravitropic and proprioceptive control over the movement of different organs in different species in response to gravitational stimuli. Here we show that the framework of this unifying graviproprioceptive model can be readily extended to include phototropism. The interaction between gravitropism and phototropism results in an alignment of the apical part of the organ toward a photogravitropic set-point angle. This angle is determined by a combination of the two directional stimuli, gravity and light, weighted by the ratio between the gravi- and photo-sensitivities of the plant organ. In the model, two dimensionless numbers, the graviproprioceptive number B and the photograviceptive number M, control the dynamics and the shapes of the movement. The extended model agrees well with two sets of detailed quantitative data on photogravitropic equilibrium in oat coleoptiles. It is demonstrated that the influence of light intensity I can be included in the model in a power-law-dependent relationship M(I). The numbers B and M and the related photograviceptive number D are all quantitative genetic traits that can be measured in a straightforward manner, opening the way to the phenotyping of molecular and mechanical aspects of shoot tropism.     

固定化对微生物生理变化的影响

固定化微生物技术近年来得到了广泛的应用研究,然而,人们关于固定化对微生物生理特性影响方面的知识还很缺乏,文献报道不多且比较零散,严重滞后于固定化微生物的应用研究。综述了固定化对微生物生理特性方面的影响,包括固定化对微生物生长速率、对微生物活性、对有毒物质的耐受性以及对细胞中DNARNA总量变化等方面的影响。     

Gravi- and Chemotropisms of the Primary Maize Roots when Affected by Lead and Cadmium

Gravity-imposed growth orientation was studied in the roots of three-day-old maize seedlings treated for 3 h with 10^–5to 10^–2-M lead and cadmium nitrate solutions. Cubic agar blocks (1 mm³) containing lead and cadmium nitrate solutions were used to produce unilateral local chemostimulation of roots. Gravistimulation was induced when roots were in the horizontal position or slightly deviated from the initial vertical position at the beginning of chemotropic curvature response. Positive (towards the salt) and negative (away from the salt) chemotropic curvatures were observed most often when meristems of the initially vertical roots were chemostimulated. Negative curvatures were observed most often in response to medium salt concentrations, whereas high concentrations resulted in positive curvatures. Half of the roots with their meristems stimulated by salt solutions still continued growing vertically downward. Most roots exposed to simultaneous gravi- and chemostimulation and exposed to gravistimulation after salt treatment (except at the highest salt concentration) curved downward. It follows that the final growth orientation of these roots depended mostly on gravity. The author concludes that the primary roots of maize seedlings possess high gravitropic and low chemotropic sensitivity.     

PEG预处理对青稞种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

选择国内外28份青稞品种材料幼苗第一片展开叶,分别测定其相对含水量和失水率,并选择其中对水分胁迫敏感与不敏感的材料各1份,研究不同浓度(5%～30%)聚乙二醇(PEG)预处理对青稞种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,探讨短期水分胁迫对青稞生长发育的调节作用。结果显示:(1)28个青稞材料中‘旱地紫青稞’幼苗叶片的相对含水量最高(60.16%)、‘大麻青稞’最低(38.98%),而离体失水率‘旱地紫青稞’最低(8.80%)、‘大麻青稞’最高(20.20%)。说明‘大麻青稞’对水分胁迫最敏感,而‘旱地紫青稞’最不敏感。(2)随着胁迫程度的增加,青稞种子的萌发率和生根率,幼苗的根长、苗高和鲜重均呈先增加后降低的趋势,‘旱地紫青稞’和‘大麻青稞’种子分别在15%和10%PEG处理下发芽和生根最佳且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05),两品种的幼苗根长、苗高和鲜重均在10%PEG处理下表现最佳,但‘大麻青稞’与对照差异不显著。(3)‘旱地紫青稞’幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量随PEG处理浓度增加而逐渐增加,而丙二醛含量和相对电导率则逐渐降低,并在30%PEG处理下效果差异极显著(P<0.01);‘大麻青稞’叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量随PEG处理浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,丙二醛含量和相对电导率呈先降低后增加的趋势,并在20%PEG处理下最佳。研究表明,短时间低浓度PEG处理对青稞种子萌发、幼苗生长及可溶性蛋白、叶绿素、丙二醛含量和相对电导率等生理指标的改善均有一定的促进作用;高浓度PEG处理却具有抑制作用,且高浓度PEG胁迫条件下,耐旱性强比耐旱性弱品种的自我调控能力更强。     

不同水分胁迫对刺槐生理的影响

本文以二年生刺槐为供试材料,探讨水分胁迫对其生理的影响,为园林绿地中刺槐的灌溉提供理论指导.结果表明,水淹和干旱胁迫明显影响刺槐的生长.水淹11 d后,qP值、ETR值、Fv'/Fm'值和净光合速率的明显下降,qN值上升,19 d后植株死亡.中度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量在8%～15%之间)对植株生长有一定影响,表现为净光合速率的下降和qN值上升等;干旱胁迫(土壤含水量低于10%)严重抑制植株的生长,表现为qN值上升,而qP、ETR、Fv'/Fm'和净光合速率下降,处理19 d后干旱组植株死亡.轻度干旱(土壤含水量在15%～25%之间)适宜植物生长,表现为3次测定的qP、ETR、Fv'/Fm'、Fv/Fm和净光合速率都较高且稳定.土壤含水量日变化在15%～25%以内受轻度干旱胁迫是园林中刺槐的最佳灌溉方式,既不影响景观效果,同时也能节约灌溉用水.     

ClO2处理对油桃采后生理及相关酶活性的影响

以秦光2号油桃为试验材料,研究了ClO2浸泡处理对油桃采后生理及相关酶活性的影响,结果显示:ClO2处理可以有效降低油桃呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,减少MDA的积累,降低果实组织相对电导率,显著抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸(PG)酶和纤维素(Cx)酶的活性,延缓果实硬度的下降.保持了可溶性固形物的含量,但对可滴定酸含量的影响不大.实验表明,ClO2浸泡处理对秦光2号油桃具有一定的保鲜作用.     

海拔梯度对高原湿地植物形态和生理学效应研究

研究了纳帕海高原湿地4种常见的多年生水生植物经移栽至不同海拔后,在生长过程中的生长状况、叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性的变化及其生理特性。结果表明,水葱（Scirpusvalidus）、荸荠（Heleocharis dulcis）、黑三棱（Sparganium stoloniferum）和茭草（Zizania latifolia）的生长状况随着海拔的降低均有所改善,其中,4种湿地植物的株高随海拔的降低均有所升高,水葱和荸荠的茎粗随海拔的降低均呈现增粗的趋势,黑三棱和茭草的叶片宽度也随海拔的降低有所增加;4种湿地植物的叶绿素（a＋b）含量随着海拔的降低均呈现不断下降的趋势;4种植物的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量随海拔的降低均有所下降;荸荠、黑三棱和茭草的过氧化物酶（POD）活性随海拔的降低均呈下降趋势,而水葱的过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着海拔的降低无显著变化,黑三棱和茭草的过氧化物酶（POD）活性显著高于其它两种植物。可见,4种湿地植物的形态、生理特征对不同海拔生境的适应方式可能是通过多种途径实现的,如形态特征、光合作用、抗寒物质代谢、抗氧化酶系统等随海拔梯度的变化而变化。这些不同的适应方式在不同的植物间既有共同规律,又有着各自的特性。     

Effect of Pyruvate Carboxylase Overexpression on the Physiology of Corynebacterium glutamicum

Pyruvate carboxylase was recently sequenced in Corynebacterium glutamicum and shown to play an important role of anaplerosis in the central carbon metabolism and amino acid synthesis of these bacteria. In this study we investigate the effect of the overexpression of the gene for pyruvate carboxylase (pyc) on the physiology of C. glutamicum ATCC 21253 and ATCC 21799 grown on defined media with two different carbon sources, glucose and lactate. In general, the physiological effects of pyc overexpression in Corynebacteria depend on the genetic background of the particular strain studied and are determined to a large extent by the interplay between pyruvate carboxylase and aspartate kinase activities. If the pyruvate carboxylase activity is not properly matched by the aspartate kinase activity, pyc overexpression results in growth enhancement instead of greater lysine production, despite its central role in anaplerosis and aspartic acid biosynthesis. Aspartate kinase regulation by lysine and threonine, pyruvate carboxylase inhibition by aspartate (shown in this study using permeabilized cells), as well as well-established activation of pyruvate carboxylase by lactate and acetyl coenzyme A are the key factors in determining the effect of pyc overexpression on Corynebacteria physiology.     

模拟酸雨对刨花楠幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

研究了模拟酸雨对亚热带典型用材树种和经济树种刨花楠(Machilus pauhoi)幼苗生长和光合生理的影响,以期为浙江省引种刨花楠提供科学依据.结果表明,pH4.0的模拟酸雨对刨花楠株高、地径和叶绿素含量无明显影响,而pH2.5的模拟酸雨使株高显著降低;pH为4.0的模拟酸雨对刨花楠的光合参数无显著影响,而pH为2.5的酸雨处理则能明显提高刨花楠的胞间CO2浓度、暗呼吸速率以及光补偿点、增加气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低最大净光合速率;相关分析和回归分析表明,酸雨增加了刨花楠对环境的敏感性.     

铝毒胁迫对乐昌含笑幼苗生长和生理的影响

为研究铝毒对乐昌含笑Michelia chapensis幼苗生长的影响,采用水培法对乐昌含笑幼苗进行铝胁迫实验,设置铝浓度梯度为0 (CK)、0.5 (T1)、1 (T2)、2 mmol·L^-1(T3)共4个处理,定期测定其根长、根尖铝含量、POD和CAT活性、MDA和脯氨酸(Pro)含量。结果表明,铝胁迫明显抑制乐昌含笑根的伸长生长,随着Al³⁺浓度的增加,抑制程度加剧,T1、T2、T3与CK对照比较,相对伸长率分别为84.53%、63.16%和54.46%;根尖铝含量随处理时间延长和铝浓度增加而增加,处理6 d时T1、T2、T3根尖铝含量分别是CK的 63.64、82.60、121.69倍;POD、CAT酶活性与处理时间和铝浓度呈正相关,各处理6 d时POD活性比处理1 d提高17.00%～115.21%,CAT活性提高25.11%～49.28%;MDA和Pro含量变化随着胁迫时间和铝溶液浓度的增加而增加,处理6 d 时T1、T2、T3的MDA含量比CK对照增加46.13%～59.78%,Pro含量增加60.12%～150.85%。在铝胁迫条件下,乐昌含笑根尖铝含量增加,根的伸长生长受抑制,细胞膜膜质过氧化程度增加;乐昌含笑可通过激活体内抗氧化酶系抵抗铝胁迫,同时产生脯氨酸调节细胞渗透势。     

核桃凋落叶分解对萝卜生长和生理的影响

为考察核桃(Juglans regia L.)与冬性作物复合种植模式中凋落叶分解对作物生长的影响,该试验采用盆栽法,以冬性作物萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)为受体,种入混有0、60、120和180g/pot核桃凋落叶的土壤中,并在萝卜生长过程中测定其形态、生理及生殖相关指标。结果表明:(1)萝卜地上部分的生长在凋落叶分解初期受到显著抑制,而在后期得到明显恢复。(2)在核桃凋落叶分解的影响下萝卜出现了明显的胁迫响应,特别是在分解初期和较高凋落叶量(120、180g/pot)处理下,光合色素含量受到明显抑制,叶片内活性氧含量增加,并在一定程度上受到渗透胁迫。(3)在测定时期内,萝卜叶片内MDA含量并未显著增加,即萝卜可通过自身调节抵御胁迫造成的危害。(4)萝卜在较高凋落叶剂量处理下,产出的种子颜色较深,且在180g/pot处理下产出的种子萌发率较低,种子质量受到明显影响。研究认为,土壤中核桃凋落叶分解初期能对萝卜造成化感胁迫,但长久来看不会降低萝卜产量;将两者复合种植时,可保留地面凋落叶,且最好在叶片分解一段时间后种植作物。     

棉粕对盐碱胁迫下棉花生理及生长补偿效应

为探究棉粕对盐碱胁迫下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)的抗盐碱机理, 通过田间试验, 研究添加不同棉粕用量对8 g·kg ^-1盐碱胁迫下棉花生理及生长的补偿效应。结果表明, 添加棉粕能够增加盐碱胁迫下棉花不同器官对K ⁺的吸收, 降低对Na ⁺的吸收, 维持盐碱胁迫下细胞内K ⁺和Na ⁺的平衡, 显著促进棉花生长, 提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用效率, 有效缓解盐碱胁迫对棉花的伤害。其中, 以添加6 000 kg·hm ^-2棉粕处理的效果最显著, 且盐胁迫下棉粕的改良效果较好。主成分分析结果表明, 盐碱胁迫下棉花生长生理的主要影响因子为叶片K ⁺/Na ⁺比值、根长、鲜重、干重和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)。     

TGA对蟾蜍血清生理指标的影响

本试验利用生化检测方法,以健康的中华蟾蜍为实验动物,研究注射巯基乙酸对血液生理指标的影响,并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨.试验结果表明,随染毒TGA剂量增加,蟾蜍血清总蛋白、葡萄糖含量下降,胆固醇、甘油三酯含量上升;随染毒TGA时间的延长,血清总蛋白、葡萄糖含量先下降后上升但均低于对照组,胆固醇、甘油三酯含量先上升后下降但均高于对照组.因此提示化工产品对生物的影响不容忽视.     

克隆植物的水分生理整合及其生态效应

水分生理整合是克隆植物生理整合过程中非常重要的一部分,是克隆植物生长发育和生态适应过程中的重要机制之一。本文主要从理论上对克隆植物水分生理整合的存在性、方向性、整合的程度、范围及其与克隆植物的功能分工、表型可塑性和觅养行为、风险分摊等行为表现的关系进行了深入分析,并对迄今有关克隆植物水分整合的最新研究进展和研究方法进行了系统总结和评述。提出克隆植物的水分生理整合包括水平和垂直两个方向,而水力提降为垂直方向的水分生理整合提供了一个重要途径。认为在今后,应加强对克隆植物水分生理整合的精确定量化研究,同时,应运用生态学、生理学、生物化学及分子生物学等方法,综合深入地研究克隆植物水分整合的机理。     

高温胁迫对海岛棉光合生理及棉铃发育的影响

该试验于2018和2019年在新疆阿克苏地区阿瓦提县新疆农业科学院试验基地进行,采用田间搭设增温棚的方式于盛花期进行为期 3 d(H3)、6 d(H6)和 9 d(H9)的增温处理,以大田自然状态为对照(CK),研究花铃期增温对海岛棉光合生理及棉铃发育的影响。结果显示：(1)花铃期不同天数高温胁迫均导致棉铃对位叶蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间 CO₂浓度(C_i)上升, 净光合速率(P_n)下降。(2)随着高温处理时间的延长,棉铃对位叶PSⅡ 的最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ 的实际光量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、光合电子传递的相对速率(ETR)呈规律性降低趋势,而初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈上升趋势,且H3、H6和 H9 处理较CK差异显著(P<0.05),其中各参数快速上升或下降的阶段大多发生在高温持续3～6 d。(3)随着高温胁迫时间的增加,棉籽、纤维干物质量降低趋势明显;单株结铃数、单铃重、衣分、皮棉产量均呈显著下降趋势;高温还影响了棉铃发育,造成棉铃长度、体积减小。研究表明,在短期高温胁迫下,海岛棉铃对位叶光合能力的显著下降,主要是由非气孔因素导致的;持续高温胁迫导致PSⅡ的开放程度减小,电子传递能力下降,光合作用受到抑制,棉铃发育和产量构成因素均受到负面影响,最终导致产量降低。     

The Effect of the Herbicide Dichlorophen on the Physiology and Growth of Two Bryophytes

Dichlorophen (2, 2'-methylene-bis(4 chlorophenol)) has beenused frequently as a commercial eradicates of bryophytes. Usingthe moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and the thalloid liverwortMarchantia polymorpha, it has been shown that dichlorophen inducesloss of intracellular potassium and magnesium, inhibits photosynthesisand, depending on concentration, either stimulates or depressesthe production of CO₂ in the dark, suggesting that death maybe caused by membrane damage. Sensitivity of the moss appearsto be related to the age of the tissue but to be unaffectedby light before, during or after exposure. Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Marchantia polymorpha, dichlorophen, membrane damage, inhibition of growth, photosynthesis and respiration     

高压静电场对草莓采后一些生理指标的影响

草莓果实经-50和-100 kV*m-1高压静电场处理后,呼吸速率受到明显抑制,果实中可溶性固形物含量较高,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶活性降低,果实硬度下降缓慢.