二点委夜蛾飞行行为特征

【目的】本研究旨在阐明二点委夜蛾的飞行行为特征,丰富二点委夜蛾飞行生物学理论,提高其预测预报水平。【方法】利用昆虫飞行磨被动吊飞系统和主动飞行监测系统,系统研究了二点委夜蛾Athdtis lepigone(M(o|¨)schler)被动飞行能力和主动飞行意愿。【结果】成虫具有较强的被动飞行潜力。室内连续吊飞80 h,雌雄蛾最远飞行距离分别达106.71 km和148.32 km,最长飞行时间分别达43.05 h和40.01h,最快飞行速度分别达7.60 km/h和8.14 km/h。雄蛾飞行潜力显著强于雌蛾,体现在飞行距离和飞行时间显著高于雌蛾,但飞行速度差异不显著。成虫蛾龄显著影响成虫飞行能力。对不同蛾龄成虫吊飞12 h的结果表明,1日龄即具备一定的飞行能力,之后逐渐增强,3日龄时飞行能力最强,雌雄蛾平均飞行距离分别为29.61 km和27.55 km,飞行时间分别为10.04 h和9.46 h,平均飞行速度分别达2.76 kn/h和2.46km/h,4日龄成虫飞行能力开始下降,但不同性别间成虫飞行能力差异不显著。蛾龄间飞行能力差异主要是由于不同蛾龄成虫的强、弱飞行个体比例不同。二点委夜蛾主动飞行呈现明显的节律行为,飞行活动主要集中在暗期(19:00—次日5:00),在光期(5:00—19:00)基本不飞行。成虫初羽化(1日龄)主动飞行意愿增强,之后飞行活动减少,但产卵开始时主动飞行活动又开始增强,到7日龄达到峰值。【结论】二点委夜蛾成虫具有较强的飞行能力,其飞行能力受蛾龄,雌雄等因素影响;飞行具有明显的节律性。     

取食不同寄主植物的桃小食心虫飞行能力

【目的】评测取食不同寄主植物的桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii飞行能力,为该虫预测预报和防控提供参考。【方法】使用飞行磨装置测定了取食不同寄主植物(海棠、苹果和杏)的桃小食心虫雌雄成虫的飞行能力,比较了取食同一寄主植物的雌雄成虫间和取食不同寄主植物的同一性别个体间平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间、平均飞行速度和最大飞行速度4个飞行参数。【结果】在12 h的飞行测试中,桃食心虫成虫最长飞行距离为24.54 km,最长飞行时间接近12 h,最大飞行速度为5.88 km/h,飞行11~12h的个体占比最高(36.98%)。取食同一寄主的雌成虫各飞行参数值均大于雄成虫。取食苹果和海棠的成虫的平均飞行距离在雌雄间存在显著差异,取食苹果的雌成虫的平均飞行距离显著大于取食杏的个体,取食苹果的雌成虫平均飞行速度和最大飞行速度显著大于取食另外两种寄主的个体;但是取食不同寄主植物的雄成虫间各飞行参数值差异不显著。【结论】桃小食心虫成虫飞行能力较强,取食同一寄主植物的雌雄成虫间以及取食不同寄主植物的雌成虫间飞行能力存在差异。     

取食和交配对苹小吉丁飞行能力的影响

【目的】苹小吉丁Agrilus mali是一种严重危害苹果树的钻蛀性害虫。本研究旨在明确苹小吉丁的飞行扩散能力及对其飞行能力产生影响的关键因子。【方法】以SUN-FL型智能飞行磨系统对苹小吉丁不同日龄雌雄成虫的飞行能力进行了测定,同时评价了取食和交配情况对其飞行能力的影响。【结果】苹小吉丁飞行能力均随日龄的增加先增强后逐渐降低,初羽化的成虫飞行能力最低,11日龄成虫的飞行能力最强。雌成虫飞行能力强于雄成虫。在24 h内雌雄成虫的最长飞行距离分别为0.4165和0.3559 km;最长飞行时间分别为0.4582和0.4873 h;最大飞行速度分别为2.4639和1.8561 km/h。取食的3日龄雌成虫的平均飞行距离和平均飞行时间分别为0.047 km和0.048 h,雄成虫的分别为0.044 km和0.042 h;而未取食的雌成虫平均飞行距离和平均飞行时间仅分别为0.016 km和0.013 h,雄成虫的仅分别为0.013 km和0.012 h。交配对飞行能力的影响存在性别差异,已交配雌成虫的飞行能力要强于未交配雌成虫的,而已交配雄成虫的飞行能力却低于未交配雄成虫的。【结论】日龄对苹小吉丁成虫的飞行能力影响作用显著。取食显著提高苹小吉丁雌雄成虫的飞行能力,交配显著提高雌成虫飞行能力。     

枣实蝇成虫飞行能力的测定

【目的】为了明确枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana Costa成虫飞行扩散能力及相关因子对其飞行能力的影响。【方法】本研究以SUN-FL型智能昆虫飞行信息系统（飞行磨）吊飞方法, 测定了不同日龄、性别的枣实蝇成虫的飞行能力, 并探究了温度对枣实蝇飞行能力的影响。【结果】羽化后12 d左右的枣实蝇飞行能力最强, 雌虫平均飞行距离和最远飞行距离分别为1.037和3.192 km, 雄虫分别为0.943和3.085 km; 枣实蝇飞行能力随着日龄的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势; 相同日龄的雌成虫平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间略高于雄虫, 雌、雄虫的平均飞行距离、平均最快飞行速度、平均飞行时间之间没有显著性差异; 环境温度28～34℃为枣实蝇最佳飞行温度区间, 且31℃条件下飞行能力最强。【结论】由此可见, 枣实蝇成虫具有较强的迁飞扩散能力。     

Flight of the Chinese white pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in relation to sex, body weight and energy reserve

The flight distance, flight time and individual flight activities of males and females of Dendroctonus armandi were recorded during 96-h flight trials using a flight mill system. The body weight, glucose, glycogen and lipid content of four treatments (naturally emerged, starved, phloem-fed and water-fed) were compared among pre-flight, post-flight and unflown controls. There was no significant difference between males and females in total flight distance and flight time in a given 24-h period. The flight distance and flight time of females showed a significant linear decline as the tethered flying continued, but the sustained flight ability of females was better than that of males. The females had higher glycogen and lipid content than the males; however, there was no significant difference between both sexes in glucose content. Water-feeding and phloem-feeding had significant effects on longevity, survival days and flight potential of D. armandi, which resulted in longer feeding days, poorer flight potential and lower energy substrate content. Our results demonstrate that flight distances in general do not differ between water-fed and starved individuals, whereas phloem-fed females and males fly better than water-fed and starved individuals.     

Analysis of the aerodynamic performance of birds during bounding flight

A new analysis of bounding flight is presented. The rise and fall in this style of flight are explicitly taken into account, and the aerodynamic performance required to achieve curvature of the flight path during the powered phase is included. It is shown that this flight style may be viewed as a strategy for increasing flight speed without incurring the penalty of increased energy expenditure associated with increased flight speed under conditions of steady horizontal flight.     

Oogenesis-flight syndrome in crickets: age-dependent egg production, flight performance, and biochemical composition of the flight muscles in adult female Gryllus bimaculatus

Age-dependent changes in flight performance, biochemical composition of flight muscles, and fresh mass of the flight muscles and ovaries were analysed in adult female two-spotted crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus. After the final moult the flight muscle mass increased significantly to a maximum at days 2 and 3. On day 2 the highest flight activity was also observed. Between days 2 and 3 the ovary weight started to rapidly increase due to vitellogenic egg growth, which continued at a high rate until day 10. With the onset of ovarial growth, flight performance decreased and the flight muscles started to histolyse. A high correlation between flight muscle mass and the content of protein, lipid, glycogen, and free carbohydrate in the flight muscle indicated that energy-rich substrates from the degrading flight muscles were used to fuel oogenesis, although flight muscle histolysis can provide only a small fraction of the substrates needed for egg production. In general, there was a clear trade-off between egg production and flight ability. Surprisingly, however, some females possessed well-developed ovaries but displayed no signs of flight muscle histolysis. This observation was corroborated by flight experiments which revealed that, although most flying females had small ovaries, some of them carried an appreciable amount of mature eggs, and thus, somehow managed to evade the oogenesis-flight syndrome.     

鸟类的飞翔

本文综述了目前对鸟类飞翔的研究 ,包括飞翔机制、运动学和形态适应等问题。首先讨论动力产生的基础包括翼型运动和气体旋涡以及飞翔需要的动力 ,而后论述振翅飞翔和姿势变换的运动学原理及量化飞翔强度 ,阐明了翼部和尾部外形对飞翔的重要作用 ,并分析了始祖鸟的飞翔能力     

Seasonal and daily flight timing of oviposition in several stonefly species (plecoptera) in the field

Peak preovipositional flight season and peak preovipositional flight time of day were compared among 12 species of Nemouridae, Chloroperlidae, Perlodidae and Perlidae. Species with a later peak date of preovipositional flight were found to have a later peak preovipositional flight time of day than species with an earlier peak in preovipositional flight season. A later peak preovipositional flight season correlated with a lower light intensity. Similarly, a later peak preovipositional flight time of day correlated with a lower light intensity and a later sunset. Individuals of one species (Sweltsa sp.), whose preovipositional flight date was later, flew over the stream at a later time of day. Species differences in peak preovipositional flight season and peak preovipositional flight time of day may be driven by species specific sensitivity for different light intensities.     

Flight behavior of the bean bug,Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), relative to adult age,sex and season

Studies related to the flight behavior of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus, an insect pest of soybean, provide information, which can aid the development of management tactics. R. clavatus flight activities were determined using the tethered flight technique in the laboratory and a field study. We compared the flight parameters (flight distance, duration, speed and frequency) of laboratory-reared mated or unmated females and males of different adult age groups, and field-collected females and males from different seasons in a year. Mating effect was only significant for flight frequency, which was higher for unmated adults. Only the flight frequency was different between females and males. Among age groups, 25 d old individuals were shown to have higher flight parameters while the 35 or 45 d old groups showed the lower flight. Among the season, flight activities decreased as the season progressed. The flight distance of R. clavatus in a day was estimated to be 1.6–5.1 km with an average speed of 0.8 m/s from the laboratory data. However, from the field study, it was shown that bean bugs flew a 45–54 m distance with a flight speed of 3.0–3.6 m/s for the first single flight. The second flight was much shorter and slower. We discuss the possible difference of flight parameters between the laboratory and field studies with features of flight mill, variable field conditions and host plant finding behaviors. Further study on flight behavior may provide a better understanding of R. clavatus biology which may guide proper management.     

甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae Linnaeus飞行能力研究

【目的】测定日龄、性别、交配等因素对农业迁飞性害虫甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae Linnaeus飞行能力的影响,为其迁飞行为研究和异地测报提供理论依据。【方法】在气温为(24±1)℃、相对湿度为75%±5%的实验室环境下,利用飞行磨系统对甘蓝夜蛾实验室种群1~5日龄未交配个体、已交配的3日龄个体以及野外迁飞种群分别进行连续24 h吊飞测试,记录其累计飞行时间、累计飞行距离、平均飞行速率等参数。【结果】甘蓝夜蛾实验室种群的飞行能力随日龄增长而变化,初羽化时即具有较强的飞行能力,2~3日龄达到峰值,4~5日龄的飞行能力显著下降;雌性甘蓝夜蛾的飞行能力强于雄性甘蓝夜蛾;交配的甘蓝夜蛾平均飞行速率显著小于处女甘蓝夜蛾,但二者的平均飞行时间和飞行距离均无显著差异。此外,渤海湾迁飞种群中晚季节南迁种群的飞行能力显著强于早季节北迁种群和过渡种群。【结论】日龄和交配状态是影响甘蓝夜蛾飞行能力的关键因素。     

黄地老虎飞行能力研究

黄地老虎Agrotis segetum是一种重要的农业迁飞性害虫,研究飞行生物学对明确其迁飞机理有重要意义。本项研究利用昆虫飞行磨系统对黄地老虎的飞行能力进行了测定。对实验室种群飞行能力的测定结果表明:1日龄成虫的飞行能力最弱;3日龄飞行能力最强,其24 h平均飞行时间、平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率分别达到12.16±0.74 h、48.94±3.40 km和3.76±0.12 km/h。雌蛾与雄蛾间的各项飞行参数均无显著差异,但处女成虫平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率均显著高于已交配个体。对渤海湾野外迁飞种群飞行能力的测定显示,早季节北迁个体和晚季节回迁个体的平均飞行时间和平均飞行距离无显著差异,但皆显著低于实验室种群。黄地老虎具有较强的飞行能力,日龄和交配是影响其飞行能力的关键因素。     

Morphological correlates of migratory distance and flight display in the avian genus Anthus

Conflicting pressures on the evolution of wing morphology are exemplified within the avian genus Anthus , where different migratory and flight display behaviours might be expected to exert different effects on the evolution of wing morphology. A phylogenetically controlled study of wing shape in relation to migratory distance and flight display suggests that migration has a larger impact on wing morphology than does flight display, despite the fact that flight display is generally the more heavily used flight-type. Correlations between single measures of morphology and migration were found only in males, although principal components analysis suggests that overall wing shape is correlated with migratory distance in both sexes. With regard to flight display, males, but not females, show a positive relationship between flight display type and the length of a flight feather that is highly elongated relative to other flight feathers. This exceptionally long flight feather is also found in other genera that perform flight displays.     

To fly or not to fly: high flight costs in a large sea duck do not imply an expensive lifestyle

A perennial question in ornithology is whether flight has evolved mostly to facilitate access to food or as an anti-predator strategy. However, flight is an expensive mode of locomotion and species using flight regularly are associated with an expensive lifestyle. Using heart rate (HR) data loggers implanted in 13 female common eiders (Somateria mollissima), our objective was to test the hypothesis that a high level of flight activity increases their energy budget. We used the long-term recording (seven months) of HR as an index of energy expenditure and the HR flight signature to compile all flight events. Our results indicate that the eider is one of the thriftiest volant birds with only 10 minutes of flight time per day. Consequently, we were not able to detect any effect of flight activity on their energy budget despite very high flight costs (123-149 W), suggesting that flight was controlled by energy budget limitations. However, the low flight activity of that species may also be related to their prey landscape requiring few or no large-scale movements. Nevertheless, we suggest that the (fitness) benefits of keeping flight ability in this species exceed the costs by allowing a higher survival in relation to predation and environmental harshness.     

Adipokinetic hormone and flight metabolism in the locust

In adult male Schistocerca 20 min of tethered flight causes a halving of the haemolymph carbohydrate concentration. Injection of a proteinaceous emulsion of diglyceride 30 min before flight reduces both flight speed and carbohydrate utilisation. This effect can be overcome by the injection of trehalose immediately before the flight. If, in addition to the diglyceride, a dilute extract of the glandular lobes of the corpora cardiaca is injected immediately before flight, either with or without additional trehalose, carbohydrate utilisation is drastically reduced whereas flight speed is unaffected. It is argued that diglyceride competes with trehalose as a substrate for the flight muscles and that adipokinetic hormone from the glandular lobes of the corpora cardiaca stimulates the oxidation of diglyceride in these muscles during flight. This brings about a more complete (non-competitive) inhibition of trehalose utilisation by the flight muscles.     

Flight-oogenesis syndrome in a blood-sucking bug: biochemical aspects of lipid metabolism

Lipophorin (Lp), either labeled in diacylglycerol moiety with [(3)H]-Palmitic acid or in phospholipid moiety with (32)Pi, was injected into Rhodnius prolixus females. Insects were induced to flight for different times. In just a few minutes of flight, the transfer of radioactivity to ovaries decreased, accompanied by its increase to flight muscles. After one hour of flight, Lp density was higher (1.132 g/mL) than before flight (1.116 g/mL). Lp purified from insects after flight was analyzed by gel filtration chromatography and a polyacrylamide gel pore limit electrophoresis. Both analyses demonstrated a decrease in Lp molecular mass after flight but no changes in apoLp-III amounts were observed. Time-course experiments showed that only 30 min of flight are required for the detection of changes in Lp density and molecular mass. About the same time of rest is necessary for Lp density and molecular mass to return to the baseline value. The lipid content from Lp particles, determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), showed a decrease in total lipids after flight. At the same time, an increase of many classes of lipids was observed in flight muscles except for triacylglycerol, which was reduced. The increase of flight muscle lipids was accompanied by a decrease of the ovaries lipid content. The insects subjected to daily exhaustive flight showed a significant decrease in total number of eggs produced. But insects subjected to a single exhaustive flight showed only a small reduction in total number of eggs. Lp density variation during the flight activity of Rhodnius prolixus females is discussed in association with physiological events such as oogenesis.     

适用于蚜虫等微小昆虫的飞行磨系统

介绍了一套采用计算机进行控制和数据采集的适用于蚜虫等微小昆虫的飞行磨系统。该系统能同时对32头昆虫进行飞行测试,并对测试数据进行自动分析处理。利用该飞行磨系统对不同日龄禾缢管蚜的飞行能力进行了初步测试。结果表明,禾缢管蚜在第1至第5日龄的飞行能力最强,明显高于第7和第9日龄。平均飞行时间在各日龄之间差异不显著,但平均飞行速度随日龄的增加而逐渐降低。本文对飞行磨结构、数据采集接口板电路原理和软件流程设计等方面均进行了较为详细的介绍。并简要介绍了不同日龄禾缢管蚜的飞行能力测试结果。对开展微小型昆虫的飞行行为学研究具有较为重要的参考价值。     

温、湿度对粘虫蛾飞行能源物质利用的影响

系统研究了不同温、湿度对粘虫蛾飞行能源物质消耗的影响,结果表明,温、湿度对成虫飞行能源物质消耗有显著影响,在适宜的温、湿度下飞行时,粘虫蛾主要飞行能源物质（甘油三酯和糖原）消耗最少,其飞行单位距离所需的甘油三酯也最少,即能源利用效率最高,随着温,湿度从适宜到不适宜,甘油三酯消耗有逐渐增多的趋势,但温,湿度对成虫飞行能源物质消耗会因蛾龄及性别的不同而异,在所测试的几种温,湿度下（高温35℃除外）,5日龄成虫在飞行中消耗的甘油三酯最多,低龄和高龄时消耗均较少,高温下飞行时,雄蛾比雌蛾消耗的能源物质多,而在高温或低湿条件下,雌蛾比雄蛾消耗的多,进一步对影响成虫飞行能源物质消耗的海藻糖酶活力及呼吸强度研究表明,温、湿度对海藻糖酶活性有明显影响,在适宜的温,湿度下,酶的活性高,反之,酶的活性降低,其中高温对酶活性的抑制作用比低温明显,但高湿和低湿对酶活性的抑制作用基本一致,成虫呼吸强度随温度的升降而升降,飞行初期成虫呼吸强度急剧增加,但0.5h后开始下降并维持在一个较稳定的水平,根据所获结果对温、湿度与粘虫蛾飞行能源物质消耗之间的内在联系进行了讨论.     

温、湿度综合效应对粘虫蛾飞行能力的影响

采用D—饱和最优理论设计系统研究了不同温、湿度组合对粘虫蛾飞行能力的影响以及其与不同蛾龄、性别成虫飞行能力之间的关系。拟合的5日龄蛾吊飞12h的飞行距离与温、湿度的回归方程式为：Y^＝60．20-16．53X1 1．99X2—26．98X1^2-7．03X2^2—0．64X1X2(Y^代表飞行距离(km),Xl代表温度编码值,X2代表相对湿度编码值)。粘虫蛾飞行的最适温、湿度分别为18．1℃、69．7％RH,适于成虫飞行的适宜温度范围为18—26℃,相对湿度范围为55％-75％,高于或低于这些范围,成虫飞行能力便会受到不利的影响,并且温度对粘虫蛾飞行的影响要比湿度大。这与单因素试验(温度或湿度)结果基本一致。成虫飞行能力受温、湿度影响程度会因蛾龄及性别而异,高日龄成虫在高温、低湿的条件下飞行能力较低日龄成虫弱。雌蛾在高温条件下的飞行能力比雄蛾强,而雄蛾在不适宜的湿度条件下飞行能力较雌蛾强。     

Accelerated and Synchronized Oviposition Induced by Flight of Young Females May Intensify Larval Outbreaks of the Rice Leaf Roller

Physiological management of migration-reproduction trade-offs in energy allocation often includes a package of adaptions referred to as the oogenesis-flight syndrome. In some species, this trade-off may be overestimated, because factors like flight behavior and environmental conditions may mitigate it. In this study, we examined the reproductive consequences induced by different flight scenarios in an economically-important Asian migrant insect, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. We found that the influences of flight on reproduction are not absolutely positive or negative, but instead depend on the age at which the moth begins flight, flight duration, and how many consecutive nights they are flown. Adult flight on the 1st or 2nd night after emergence, flight for 6 h or 12 h nightly, and flight on the first two consecutive nights after emergence significantly accelerated onset of oviposition or enhanced synchrony of egg-laying. The latter can contribute to subsequent larval outbreaks. However, flight after the 3rd night, flight for 18 h at any age, or flight on more than 3 consecutive nights after adult emergence did not promote reproductive development, and in some scenarios even constrained adult reproduction. These results indicate that there is a migration/reproduction trade-off in C.medinalis, but that it is mitigated or eliminated by flight under appropriate conditions. The strategy of advanced and synchronized oviposition triggered by migratory flight of young females may be common in other migratory insect pests.