Sprunghafter Anstieg von Brutst?rungen bei H?hlenbrütern

Summary From 1986 onwards increasing numbers of Great Tits (Parus major) and Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus) were registered breeding on empty nests. In 1987 and 1988 up to 4% of all found sitting on nests did not lay any egg. The rate of breeding failures might be considerably higher because many individuals breeding on empty nests could have been overlooked by weekly checks of the nest boxes.     

Zugverlauf und Zugziele von Transsaharaziehern w?hrend des Frühjahrs in Südwestspanien

Zusammenfassung Der Nachtzug der passeriformen Transsaharazieher und der Singvögel, die im Mittelmeerraum überwintern, läßt sich am Radar nicht unterscheiden. Wir bauten darum in Sanlucar de Barrameda (Provinz Cadiz) eine Fangstation auf und berechneten für den Heimzug den täglichen Prozentsatz der Transsaharazieher in Relation zu allen nächtlich ziehenden Singvögeln in 4 Jahren. Für den Beginn der Auswertung der Radarbeobachtungen wurde der 15. 4. als Stichtag festgesetzt. An diesem Tag machen die Transsaharazieher 70% des Singvogelzuges aus. Der Sektor, in dem die Fernfunde, von SW-Spanien aus gesehen, liegen, ist wesentlich kleiner als der Streuungssektor der nächtlichen Zugrichtungen. Das liegt z. T. daran, daß die Vögel nicht auf direktem Wege in ihre Zielgebiete fliegen. Der Anteil britischer Fernfunde ist sehr hoch und deutet auf populationsspezifische Zugrouten.

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The passage and migration goals of transsaharan migrants in SW-Spain during spring migration.

Summary Homing passerine transsaharan migrants and short distance migrants wintering in the Mediterranean region cannot be separated by radar. Thus we set up a ringing station in Sancular de Barrameda and calculated the daily percentage of night migrating transsaharan migrants in relation to all nightly migrating songbirds. We decided to start the radar research in this region on april, 15, as at this date at least 70% of the songbirds are transsaharan migrants. Viewed from SW-Spain, the angle, within which the long distance recoveries of ringed birds were found, is very small in relation to the angle of nightly migration directions. Probably the birds do not migrate directly to their destinations. The high percentage of recoveries from the British Isles indicate population specific migration routes.

     

Anti-Müllerian hormone: Hormone or growth factor?

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein member of the TGF-β family. It is synthesized by immature Sertoli cells, and, to a lesser degree, by adult Sertoli and granulosa cells. AMH is responsible for the regression of Müllerian ducts in the male fetus; it also has deleterious effects on the female fetal reproductive tract, destroying Müllerian primordia and germ cells, and masculinizing the fetal ovary on the rare occasions female fetuses become exposed to its effects. All other suggested actions for AMH—retardation of oocyte meiosis, inhibition of EGF receptor autophosphorylation, anti-cancer activity—have been reported with crude hormone preparations, and have not been confirmed using pure AMH. Its relatively limited sphere of action—the fetal genital tract—and the fact that it is secreted into the general circulation and can act at long range, imply that AMH is more like a hormone than a growth factor, but the complex interaction between hormones and growth factors make a formal distinction impossible.     

M?nnchen-überschu? bei Schwarzspechtnestlingen (Dryocopus martius)?

Zusammenfassung Von 1979 bis 1991 wurde auf einer etwa 200 km² großen Mischwaldfläche in Süddeutschland bei 445 Schwarzspechtnestlingen (140 Bruten; Alter der Jungvögel: 14 bis 20 Tage) eine Geschlechtsbestimmung vorgenommen. Das Gesamtgeschlechterverhältnis (0,92 :1 ; alle Daten von 1979 bis 1991 zusammengefaßt) sowie die Geschlechterverhältnisse der Einzeljahre wichen nicht signifikant von einem ausgeglichenen Geschlechterverhältnis ab. Eine statistische Überprüfung aller zum sekundären Geschlechterverhältnis beim Schwarzspecht vorliegenden Literaturangaben ergab ebenfalls in keinem Fall einen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den ermittelten Geschlechterverhältnissen und einem Verhältnis von 1:1. Die mehrmals in der Literatur vertretene Meinung, bei Schwarzspechtnestlingen sei ein -Überschuß festzustellen, ist somit nicht länger haltbar.

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Is there a surplus of males in Black Woodpecker nestlings (Dryocopus martius)?

Summary A population of Black Woodpeckers was studied in an area of about 200 km² in southern Germany from 1978 up to 1991. Once a year the nesting trees were visited to record the age and number of young and to ring the nestlings. In 1979 the sex of seven birds (two broods) was determined additionally (crown feathers showing red from tenth day in , bluish-black in — only nape is red). From 1980 onwards the young of all broods censused were sexed (445 birds; 140 broods; age of the birds: 14 to 20 days). In contrast to several studies which had pointed to a -biased secondary sex ratio in the Black Woodpecker, but corresponding to findings in various bird species sexually monomorphic in size, neither the overall sex ratio (0,92 :1 ; pooled data from 1979 to 1991) nor the ratios of single years showed any significant deviations from 1:1. Likewise, we did not find any differences between the sex ratios of Black Woodpecker nestlings reported in the literature and a balanced ratio. For these reasons it is not tenable any longer to speak about a surplus of in Black Woodpecker nestlings.

     

Source-sink partitioning. Do we need Münch?

The simulation of phloem translocation by the Münch theory commonly uses resistances from sources to sinks: the resistances are therefore regarded as important in partitioning. Although resistance is generally a set constant, it is in fact strongly affected by viscosity, and thus the concentration of the transported solute. In this paper, the model of partitioning proposed by Minchin et al. was first corrected for variations in viscosity. The model was further modified, with the source considered as an activity of solute production rather than as a compartment concentration. When so defined, the source cannot differ from the sum of sink activities, largely outdating the source- or sink-limitation concepts. The corrected model confined the effect of resistances on the partitioning to low source activities. In the example of wheat grain filling analysed, such activities would be so low that they would correspond only to pathological conditions. In that case, the use of resistances in modelling is therefore just a mathematical burden, not even easily quantifiable since they are related to anatomical traits that are difficult to access. Leaving out resistances, it becomes easy to calculate the sink activities directly from the source activities, using an intuitive, accessible parametrization. The conditions for such a simplification are discussed.     

Agathaea coelestis — colchicininduzierte Polyploide als anbauwürdige Zierpflanzen?

Zusammenfassung Durch Behandlung der Plumula mit Colchicin-Tragantschleim gelang es, tetra- und octoploide Pflanzen bei der südafrikanischen CompositeAgathaea coelestis Cass. (2n=18) zu erzielen. Lediglich die Tetraploiden erwiesen sich auf die Dauer als lebensfähig; vergleichend mit der Ausgangsform werden ihr cytologisches Verhalten und ihre habituellen Merkmale geschildert, die die für induzierte Polyploide charakteristischen Eigenheiten zeigen. Besonders erwähnenswert sind die Pollenform—tetraploid 4, diploid 3 Keimporen — und der fast störungsfreie Ablauf der Meiosis mit 18 Bivalenten bei den Tetraploiden. Wenn es gelingt, den in der Tetraploidiestufe bereits um 25% größeren Durchmesser der Blütenkörbchen durch weitere Züchtungsarbeit noch mehr zu steigern, dürfte derAgathaea eine erhöhte Bedeutung als Zierpflanze zukommen.Mit 7 Textabbildungen     

FrühblühendeAesculus-Bäume

Zusammenfassung EinAesculus-Baum, der sich im Frühling alljährlich vorzeitig belaubt, entlaubt sich im Herbst auffallend spät. Die Knospen dieses Baumes haben eine sehr kurze freiwillige Winterruhe, bei günstigen Temperaturen treiben sie bereits Mitte Dezember aus, ein Warmbad verzögert das Austreiben. Die frühtreibenden Kastanien sind durch Spätfröste, ja selbst durch Winterfröste gefährdet, denn ihre vorzeitig in Saft stehenden Knospen und Triebe fallen dem Frost leichter zum Opfer als diejenigen der länger ruhenden Bäume.Herrn Prof. Dr. H. v.Guttenberg zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Die genetischen Reserven Südamerikas für die Kulturpflanzenzüchtung

Zusammenfassung Die genetischen Reserven Südamerikas, das der Welt mehr als hundert Nutzpflanzen geliefert hat, sind noch lange nicht erschöpft. Im Gegenteil sind unter den einheimischen Wildarten mehrere potentielle Nutzpflanzen enthalten, deren züchterische Verbesserung erstrebenswert ist. Unter den Solanaceen sind es vor allemS. muricatum, S. topiro undS. quitoense, fernerCyphomandra betacea und einigePhysalis-Arten, welche Mutations-Experimenten und planmäßiger Hybridisierung und Selektion unterworfen werden, um daraus neue Fruchtarten für die tropischen Breiten (einschließlich der kühlen Tropengebirge) zu schaffen. Im Gegensatz zu andern Solanaceen, wie Tomate und Kartoffel (welche im vorliegenden Artikel nicht berührt werden), leiden sie nicht unter Virosen und andern Pathogenen. Die antiken Körnerfrüchte der andinen Bevölkerung aus den Gruppen der Amaranthaceen und Chenopodiaceen mit hunderten verschiedener Landsorten und Primitivtypen sind in Gefahr, ihren Gen-Reichtum zu verlieren, weil durch Getreide-Importe in die Anden-Staaten ihr Anbau stark vermindert wird. Aus beiden Gruppen, die genetisch und pflanzenzüchterisch noch nicht bearbeitet wurden, können frostfeste, trockenresistente und massenwüchsige Futterpflanzen für Marginalgebiete entwickelt werden. Von den zahlreichen südamerikanischen autochthonen Knollen- und Wurzelfrüchten haben sich einige bereits über alle Kontinente ausgedehnt, andere, wie die UmbellifereArracacia, sind noch kaum außerhalb ihrer lokalen Anbaugebiete bekannt geworden. Bei den südamerikanischen Leguminosen lassen sich ausPhaseolus candidus undCanavalia ensiformis proteinreiche Grünfutterpflanzen entwickeln; ähnliches gilt für einige trockenresistente perennierendeArachis-Arten. Unter den zahlreichen südamerikanischen Lupinen-Arten gibt es einige semi-domestizierte Species, wieLupinus perennis undLupinus mutabilis, mit weichschaligen Samen und nichtplatzenden Hülsen, aber hohem Alkaloidgehalt. Es sind bereits erfolgreiche Mutationsversuche im Gange, um ungiftige Biotypen zu erzeugen. Auf diese Weise besteht die Hoffnung, den Proteinmangel der südamerikanischen Anden-Gebiete durch autochthone Süß-Lupinen beheben zu helfen, nachdem sich gezeigt hat, daß die vonv. Sengbusch entwickelten Süßlupinen-Stämme vonL. luteus undL. albus sich den photoperiodischen Bedingungen Südamerikas nicht anpassen. Schließlich wird nachdrücklich darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß die reichen Potenzen des südamerikanischen Gen-Reservoirs bereits im Schwinden sind. In einigen Fällen hat bereits die Extermination züchterisch wertvoller Landsorten und Gen-Träger eingesetzt. Darum sollte keine Zeit mehr verloren werden, ein praktisch realisierbares Programm zur Rettung der Gene-Pools in Südamerika durchzuführen.

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South America's genetic reserves for the breeding of cultivated plants

Summary The genetic reserves of South America, a continent that has contributed more than 100 crop plants to the world, are by no means exhausted. On the contrary; among the native wild varieties are many potentially useful plants whose improvement through breeding is worth undertaking. Among the Solanaceae are especiallyS. muricatum, S. topiro, andS. quitoense, furthermoreCyphomandra betacea and certain species ofPhysalis, some of which are being subjected to mutation experiments, hybridization and selection in order to create new crop varieties for tropical latitudes (including the cool tropical mountains). Contrary to other Solanaceae like tomato and potato (not discussed in this paper) they are immune to viruses and other pathogens. The ancient Andean grains from populations ofAmaranthaceae andChenopodiaceae with their hundreds of different landrassen and types are in danger of losing their wealth of genes, because grain import to the Andean states has greatly decreased the extent of their cultivation. From both families, on which no genetic or breeding experiments have yet been undertaken, frost- and droughtresistant fodder plants could be developed for marginal areas. Some of the numerous South American indigenous rootcrops have already been extended to all continents, others, like the umbelliferousArracacia, are hardly known outside of their local areas of growth. Among the South AmericanLeguminosae, protein-rich green fodder plants can be developed fromPhaseolus candidus andCanavalia ensiformis, similarly from some drought-resistant perennialArachis species. Among the numerous South American species of lupines are some semi-domesticated ones, likeLupinus perennis andLupinus mutabilis, with softshell seeds and non-opening pods but with high alkaloid content. Mutation experiments have been initiated successfully at Caracas for obtaining nonpoisonous biotypes. There is hope that the protein shortage of the South American Andes region can be alleviated by autochthonous sweet lupines, since the sweet lupine strainsL. luteus andL. albus developed byv. Sengbusch are not suited to the photoperiodic conditions of South America. Finally, it must seriously be pointed out that the rich potencies of the South American gene pool are quickly decreasing. In some cases the extermination of valuable gene carriers is in full course. No more time should therefore be lost in carrying out a practical, feasible program to save the gene pools of cultivated plants in South America.

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Herrn Professor Dr.R. v. Sengbusch zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Ursachen für Bestandseinbu?en europ?ischer Singv?gel: eine Analyse der Fangdaten des Mettnau-Reit-Illmitz-Programms

Zusammenfassung Um Ursachen für die Bestandseinbußen europäischer Singvögel herauszufinden, wurden die Zugvogel-Fangdaten des 1974–1983 von der Vogelwarte Radolfzell durchgeführten Mettnau-Reit-Illmitz-Programms analysiert. Entwicklungen im Brut- und Winterhabitat waren signifikant mit den Bestandsentwicklungen der 34 Singvogelarten korreliert, Ernährung während der Brutzeit, Zugverhalten und Überwinterungsregion nicht. Bestandseinbrüche bei den Vögeln von Feuchtgebieten, offener Kulturlandschaft und Savanne standen ausgeglichenen Beständen von Siedlungs- und Waldarten gegenüber. Da Wälder in den Überwinterungsgebieten in Afrika überdurchschnittlich abnahmen, müßten die Bestandseinbußen durch Lebensraumzerstörung in den Brutgebieten verursacht worden sein.

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Causes for the decline of European songbirds: an analysis of the migratory bird trapping data of the Mettnau-Reit-Illmitz-Program

Summary Trapping data of migratory birds collected 1974–1983 by the Mettnau-Reit-Illmitz-Program of the Vogelwarte Radolfzell were analyzed to understand the causes for population declines of European songbirds. Changes in breeding and wintering habitat were significantly correlated with population trends of the 34 species of songbirds; diet during the breeding season, migratory status and wintering area were not. Population declines of species inhabiting wetlands, open countryside and savanna were contrasted by stable populations of species inhabiting settlements and forests. As forests declined severely in the wintering regions of Africa the population declines could be attributed to habitat destruction on the breeding grounds.

     

Gibt es Tomatensorten,die gegenüberSynchytrium endobioticum resisten sind?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 328 Tomatensorten auf ihr Verhalten gegenüberSynchytrium endobioticum geprüft. Sämtliche Sorten erwiesen sich als hochanfällig.

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Summary 328 tomato varieties were tested for their reaction toSynchytrium endobioticum. All varieties were shown to be highly susceptible.

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Mit 1 Abbildung     

Für welche Pflanzenarten hat die Schweiz eine internationale Verantwortung?

Eggenberg S. and Landolt E. 2006. For which plant species does Switzerland have an international responsibility? Bot. Helv. 116: 119 – 133. Priorities in plant species conservation are often based on national Red Lists. In an international context, however, the Red List status (threat) of a species within a limited territory may be misleading because the local disappearance of a species may or may not have serious implications for its global persistence. A second important aspect to consider in species conservation is therefore the responsibility of a country for the species, i.e. the importance of the conservation of local populations for the persistence of the species worldwide. In this contribution, we assess the responsibility of Switzerland for its vascular flora using three biogeographical criteria: (1) the Swiss portion of the species range (high responsibility for species with a large fraction of the range in Switzerland), (2) the degree of endemism (high responsibility for species with a small total range) and (3) the degree of isolation (high responsibility for isolated outposts, which may contain a large part of a species’ genetic variation). The three criteria were derived for each species from global and European distribution maps, and were then combined to an overall index of responsibility. On this basis, 397 taxa for which Switzerland has an intermediate to high international responsibility were identified. These are almost 15% of the whole vascular flora of Switzerland. Of the 397 taxa, 75% are endemic species of the Alps, and 48% are threatened taxa within Switzerland. The Responsibility List can be used together with the Red List to set priorities in plant conservation or to identify areas of particular floristic value. Manuskript angenommen am 11. September 2006     

Mosaiktrisomie 8p11.21q11.21 als Pr?disposition für myeloische Leuk?mien

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a unique myeloproliferative disorder of early childhood in which mutations in NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, NF1 and CBL are frequently found. Using high-resolution oligo array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), 20 JMML samples were investigated for submicroscopic genomic copy number alterations. Besides known cytogenetic aberrations, ten samples displayed additional submicroscopic alterations. Interestingly, an almost identical gain of chromosome 8 was identified in two patients. Subsequently, fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated a constitutional partial trisomy 8 mosaic (cT8M) in both patients. A survey on 27 cT8M patients with reported malignancies showed a predominance of myeloid malignancies including JMML. Our results dramatically reduce the critical region on chromosome 8 to 8p11.21q11.21. To determine how constitutional partial trisomy 8 mosaicisms may contribute to leukemogenesis in different mutational subtypes of JMML and other myeloid malignancies, further investigations are required.     

über den Feinbau von öldrüsen

Zusammenfassung Die ölkanÄle vonHeracleum sphondylium undDorema ammoniacum wurden elektronen-mikroskopisch untersucht, um Aufschlüsse über den Exkretionsproze\ zu gewinnen. Die Drüsenepithelzellen vonHeracleum enthalten zahlreiche glatte, tubulÄre Elemente des endoplasmatischen Reticulums. Die Leukoplasten sind teilweise vom endoplasmatischen Reticulum eingehüllt. Sie enthalten viele tubulÄre Strukturen. Die Dictyosomen bilden Sekretvesikel, die vermutlich Wandmaterial und Schleim extruieren. Die Drüsenzellen vonDorema sind im Prinzip Ähnlich gebaut. Jedoch haben die Leukoplasten noch mehr Tubuli, und das tubulÄre, glatte endoplasmatische Reticulum ist nicht so stark entwickelt. Der Kanalinhalt ist anders zusammengesetzt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Angaben aus der Literatur verglichen, und verschiedene Möglichkeiten für den Weg des Exkretes werden diskutiert.

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The fine structure of oil glandsIV. The oil channels of umbelliferae:Heracleum sphondylium andDorema ammoniacum

Summary The oil channels ofHeracleum sphondylium andDorema ammoniacum were studied by electron microscopy in different stages of development with regard to the excretion process. Characteristic features of theHeracleum gland cells are a smooth endoplasmic reticulum consisting of a network of tubules, elements of the endoplasmic reticulum which envelope partly the leucoplasts, and irregular tubular structures within these plastids. The dictyosomes extrude secretion vesicles which may contain wall substances and the mucilagous constituents of the excretion. The content of the channel is poorly preserved in its arrangement. The gland cells ofDorema have a similar structure. There are certain differences in the content of the channel. The tubular elements within the leucoplasts are more prominent. The smooth, tubular endoplasmic reticulum is not so conspicuous. The results were compared with other reports, and possibilities for the way of the excretion were discussed.

     

Die Züchtung eines frühreifen Speisemohns

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Pflanzengesellschaften Der Küstendünen Von Argentinien,Uruguay Und Südbrasilien

Summary The study on the vegetation of the coastal dunes and sandy beaches of Argentine, Uruguay and southern Brazil deals with the following plant communities:¹²⁾ 1. Cakiletea maritimae Tx. et Prsg. ap. Tx. 1950 - p. 221 Halo- and nitrophil plant communities on tidal drift of the holarctic sea shores; in Argentine and Uruguay represented by the neophyticCakile maritima on fringes of tidal drift in the area of the Calycero-Panicetum racemosi. 2. Spartinetum coarctatae Cabr. 1941 - p. 222 Plant community consisting mainly of the sparse, perennial tussocks ofSpartina coarctata, which settles on the salt-water moistened sandy beach above the MHW, flooded only by spring tides; coast of Argentine and Uruguay in the area of the Senecioni-Panicetum urvilleani and the Calycero-Panicetum racemosi. 3. Sporoboletea rigentis (prov.) 3.1 Sporoboletalia rigentis (prov.) - p. 236 Perennial plant communities on the mobil dunes in the arid to semiarid, temperate to subtropical zones (see fig. 2) of the coast and in the interior of Argentine. 3.11 Sporoboli-Panicion urvilleani all. nova - p. 236 Thin plant communities formed mainly by grasses with subterranean stolones, on dunes with intense accumulation of sand. 3.111 Panico-Sporoboletum rigentis (Cabr. 1941) emend. - p. 207–208 On dunes of the arid temperate area of the coast and in the arid to semi-arid, temperate to subtropical interior of Argentine. This association probably will have to be divided in two or three associations, when more information on the dunes of the interior is obtainable. 3.112 Senecioni-Panicetum urvilleani ass. nova - p. 210–211 On coastal dunes in the semi-arid zone of Argentine, from Bahía Blanca to Necochea. 3.12 Sporoboli-Baccharidion (prov.) - p. 237 Sparsely covering communities of dwarf shrubs and grasses on dunes with little sand accumulation. 3.121 Sporoboli-Baccharidetum divaricatae ass. nova - p. 224–225 On the coastal dunes in the arid (to subarid) temperate zone of Argentine; with some floristical affinity to the Baccharidi-Androtrichion (Baccharis genistifolia, Poa lanuginosa), but predominating elements of the Sporoboletea. 3.122 Sporoboli-Psiletum spartioidis ass. nova - p. 225 The community, formed mainly byPsila spartioides Sporobolus rigens andGlycyrrhiza astragalina, settles on dunes in the arid temperate South of the Prov. of Mendoza. AsCabreras's (1945) andCano & Movia's (1967) fitosociological tables show, the communities on fossil dunes in the western part of the Prov. of Buenos Aires and in the South of San Luis, where sometimesPanicum urvilleanum andHyalis argentea grow together withElyonurus muticus, Poa ligularis, Aristida jubata and other species, cannot be placed in the Sporoboletea rigentis, but are related with other communities of the “steppe”. In the same area the Panico-Sporoboletum rigentis can be found on dunes that recovered movement by influence of man (Cabrera 1945). 4. Panicetea racemosi cl. nova 4.1 Panicetalia racemosi ord. nov. 4.11 Panicion racemosi all. nova Thin, evergreen communities consisting principally of geophyta rhizomatosa, which settle on coastal dunes with intense accumulation of sand; distributed mainly over the humid to perhumid, temperate to subtropical regions of Argentine, Uruguay and southern Brazil. 4.111 Calycero-Panicetum racemosi (Cabr. 1941) emend.- p. 212–213, 238 Grows on the coastal dunes of Argentine and Uruguay in a humid to perhumid temperate climate. 4.112 Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi ass. nova - p. 214–215, 238 Regional community on the coastal dunes in the perhumid subtropical climate of Río Grande do Sul. Also as an initial phase of succession on dunes in the tropical area, where it merges with communities of the Canavaletea maritimae. 4.113 Paspalo-Philoxeretum portulacoidis (Hueck 1955) emend. - p. 223 Community of the fordunes, consisting almost exclusively ofPhiloxerus portulacoides andPaspalum vaginatum; narrowly related to the Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi in the subtropical area, and to the Canavaletea maritimae in the tropical zone. 5. Canavaletea maritimae cl. nova - p. 239 Perennial evergreen plant communities, which consist principally of geophyta and chamaephyta with long stolones creeping below or above the soil surface; on dunes and sandy beaches of all the tropical sea shores throughout the world. In America distributed from Florida and the Bermudas Islands southward to Santa Catarina (Laguna). Still cannot be established orders and alliances. 5.001 Acicarpho-Alternantheretum maritimae ass. nova - p. 219–220 Community of the beach banks, known from the Brazilean coast from Santa Catarina to Cabo Frío. 5.002 Spartinetum ciliatae Hueck 1955 - p. 217 On the coastal dunes of tropical southern Brazil. The community probably is to be divided in regional associations, e.g.: Senecioni-Spartinetum ciliatae (prov.) - p. 239 From Santa Catarina to Paraná. Plantagino-Spartinetum ciliatae (prov.) - p. 239 On the shore of S?o Paulo, and probably northward. According to literature,Spartina ciliata andAcicarpha spathulata are distributed along the american coast only,Alternanthera maritima is to be found also in Westafrica; the Canavaletea maritimae of India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Oceania, and the Philipines are differentiated bySpinifex squarrosus. Pedley & Isbell (1971) indicated two north-australian fordune communities withIpomoea pes-caprae, Oenothera drummondii, Tridax procumbens andSpinifex longifolius. On coastal dunes on HawaiiIpomoea pes-caprae is associated withNama sandwicense. Tribulus cistoides, Vigna marina andCuscuta sandwichiana (Knapp 1965). 6. Dwarf-Shrub Communities 6.01 Baccharidi-Androtrichion all. nova - p. 240 Plant communities with predominance of dwarf shrubs, which form a kind of heath on fixed dunes with no or with only little sand accumulation along the atlantic coast from Argentine (Prov. of Buenos Aires) to southern Brazil (Santa Catarina). 6.011 Hyalidi-Baccharidetum genistifoliae (prov.) - p. 226 This community represents the “Heath ofBaccharis” in the semiarid temperate part of the coast of the Prov. of Buenos Aires; it is syndynamically related to the Senecioni-Panicetum urvilleani; still unsufficiently studied. 6.012 Androtricho-Baccharidetum genistifoliae (Cabr. 1941) emend. - p. 227–228 Baccharis Heath of the coastal dunes in the humid to perhumid temperate area of the Prov. of Buenos Aires; follows the Calycero-Panicetum racemosi in succession. 6.013 Androtricho-Baccharidetum gnaphalioidis ass. nova - p. 228–229 On the dunes in the perhumid temperate to subtropical area of the coast of Uruguay and Río Grande do Sul, where in succession it follows the Calycero-Panicetum (var. of Philoxerus) and the Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi. 6.014 Androtricho-Baccharidetum leucopappae (prov.) - p. 229–230 Plant community till now only known as fragments, which settle on the dunes in the northern, perhumid subtropical area of the coast of Río Grande do Sul and in the South of Santa Catarina; syndynamically related to the Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi. The sociological position of theBaccharis Heathes among plant communities is still unknown; by species likeMargvricarpus pinnatus andAchyrocline satureioides, Baccharis rufescens, Solidago chilensis, Aster calendulaceus and others, they may be related to communities of the interior, e.g. to the Elyonuro-Panicetum racemosi Mart.-Crov. 1962. Similar communities were found in Uruguay and in Río Grande do Sul, but they are not yet sufficiently studied that their systematic place might be judged.

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Resúmen El estudio de la vegetación de las playas arenosas y dunas maritimas de la Argentina, del Uruguay y del Brasil Meridional abarca las siguientes comunidades vegetales:¹¹⁾ 1. Cakileteamaritimae Tx. et Prsg. ap. Tx. 1950 - p. 221 Comunidades halo y nitrófilas de las franjas de resaca en las costas marítimas holárcticas, representadas en la Argentina y en el Uruguay por el neófitoCakile maritima que ocupa franjas de resaca en el área del Calycero-Panicetum racemosi. 2. Spartinetum coarctatae Cabr. 1941 - p. 222 Comunidad vegetal formada principalmente por las aisladas matas perennes y siempreverdes deSpartina coarctata; habita las playas arenosas empapadas por agua del mar, inundadas solamente por mareas vivas, en el área templada subárida a perhúmeda de la Argentina y del Uruguay. 3. Sporoboletea rigentis (prov.) 3.1 Sporoboletalia rigentis (prov.) 236 Comunidades perennes de las dunas vivas del clima árido y subárido templado a subtropical del litoral y del interior de la República Argentina. 3.11 Sporoboli-Panicion urvilleani all. nova - p. 236 Comunidades abiertas formadas mayormente por gramíneas con estolones subterráneos, sobre dunas con ± fuerte acumulación de arena. 3.111 Panico-Sporoboletum rigentis (Cabr. 1941) emend. - p. 207–208 Sobre dunas de la costa marítima y del interior en el clima árido. Al disponer de mas observaciones, probablemente habría que desmembrar la asociación. 3.112 Senecioni-Panicetum urvilleani ass.nova - p. 210–211 Sobre dunas marítimas del clima subárido templado (Bahía Blanca a Necochea). 3.12 Sporoboli-Baccharidion (prov.) - p. 237 Comunidades ± abiertas con predominancia de arbustos enanos y gramíneas, sobre dunas con poca acumulación de arena. 3.121 Sporoboli-Baccharidetum divaricatae ass. nova - p. 224–225 Sobre dunas marítimas del clima árido (a subárido) templado; con alguna afinidad florística a las comunidades del Baccharidi-Androtrichion; dominan, sin embargo, los elementos de los Sporoboletea rigentis. 3.122 Sporoboli-Psiletum spartioidis ass. nova - p. 225 La comunidad, pobre en especies y con predominancia dePsila spartioides ySporobolus rigens, habita dunas en el árido sur de la Prov. de Mendoza. Las comunidades conElyonurus muticus de las dunas fósiles en el oeste de la Prov. de Buenos Aires y en el sur de la Prov. de San Luis, las que en parte contienenPanicum urvilleanum yHyalis argentea, no pueden incorporarse en los Sporoboletearigentis, según permiten reconocer las tablas sociológicas deCabrera (1945) y deCano & Movia (1967), sino que están relacionadas con otras comunidades de la “estepa”. En la misma zona se encuentra el Panico-Sporoboletum rigentis sobre dunas vivas que por la influencia del hombre volvieron a moverse (Cabrera 1945). 4. Panicetea racemosi cl. nova 4.1 Panicetalia racemosi ord. nov. 4.11 Panicion racemosi all. nova - p. Comunidades siempreverdes de poca cobertura, formadas principalmente por geophyta rhizomatosa, que habitan las dunas marítimas con ± fuerte acumulación de arena en el área húmeda a perhúmeda templada a subtropical de la Argentina, del Uruguay y del Brasil Meridional. 4.111 Calycero-Panicetum racemosi (Cabr. 1941) emend.- p. 212–213,238 Comunidad de las dunas marítimas argentinas y uruguayas en el clima húmedo a perhúmedo templado. 4.112 Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi ass. nova - p. 214–215,238 Comunidad regional de las dunas en el clima perhúmedo subtropical del litoral de Río Grande do Sul. Como fase pionera del desarrollo de la vegetación se halla también sobre dunas del área tropical, donde queda, por lo demas, absorbida por las comunidades de los Canavaletea maritimae. 4.113 Paspalo-Philoxeretum portulacoidis (Hueck 1955) emend. - p. 223 Comunidad de las antedunas, compuesta casi exclusivamente porPaspalum vaginatum yPhiloxerus portulacoides; en el área subtropical estrechamente relacionada con el Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi, en la zona tropical con los Canavaletea maritimae. 5. Canavaletea maritimae cl. nova - p. 239 Comunidades perennes y siempreverdes, formadas principalmente por geófitos y caméfitos provistos de largos estolones aéreos o subterráneos, sobre dunas y cordones de playa de todas las costas tropicales. En America se extienden desde Florida y las Islas Bermudas hasta el extremo sur del Estado de Santa Catarina. Todavía no se pueden establecer ordenes y alianzas. 5.001 Acicarpho-Alternantheretum maritimae ass. nova - p. 219–220 Comunidad de cordon de playa, conocida hasta ahora para la costa brasile?a desde Santa Catarina hasta Cabo Frío. 5.002 Spartinetum ciliatae Hueck 1955 - p. 217 Comunidad de las dunas maritimas del sur del Brasil, la que en base de observaciones mas detalladas se desmembraría en asociaciones regionales, por ejemplo: Senecioni-Spartinetum ciliatae (prov.) - p. 239 Dunas marítimas de Santa Catarina hasta Paraná. Plantagino-Spartinetum ciliatae (prov.) - p. 239 Dunas marítimas de S?o Paulo o Paraná al norte. Según la literatura,Spartina ciliata yAcicarpha spathulata están restringidas a América, el área deAlternanthera maritima abarca America y la costa occidental de Africa, y los Canavaletea maritimae de la India, de Malaysia, Indonesia, Oceania y de las Filipinas se distinguen porSpinifex squarrosus. Del norte de Australia se indicaron dos comunidades de la anteduna conIpomoea pes-caprae, Oenothera drummondii, Tridax procumbens ySpinifex longifolius (Pedley & Isbell 1971). Sobre dunas marítimas de Hawaii,Ipomoea pes-caprae se asocia conNama sandwicense, Tribulus cistoides, Vigna marina yCuscuta sandwichiana (Knapp 1965). 6. Comunidades de Arbustos Enanos 6.01 Baccharidi-Androtrichion all. nova - p. 240 Comunidades fisionómicamente ± parecidas a las landas deCalluna yErica de Europa, con predominancia de arbustos enanos; habitan dunas fijas sin o con muy poca acumulación de arena a lo largo de la costa atlántica desde la Argentina (Prov. de Buenos Aires) hasta el sur del Brasil (Santa Catarina) bajo condiciones climáticas subáridas a perhúmedas, templadas hasta subtropicales. 6.011 Hyalidi-Baccharidetum genistifoliae (prov.) (- p. 226–227) Representante de las landas deBaccharis en la parte subárida templada de la costa bonariense, relacionado como comunidad de sucesión con el Senecioni-Panicetum urvilleani. Todavía insuficientemente estudiado. 6.012 Androtricho-Baccharidetum genistifoliae (Cabr. 1941) emend. - p. 227–228 Landa deBaccharis de las dunas en el área húmeda a perhúmeda templada de la costa bonariense, comunidad de sucesión del Calycero-Panicetum racemosi. 6.013 Androtricho-Baccharidetum gnaphalioidis ass. nova - p. 228–229 Sobre las dunas del área perhúmeda templada a subtropical de la costa uruguayense y riograndense, comunidad de sucesión del Calycero-Panicetum (var. de Philoxerus) y del Philoxero-Panicetum racemosi. 6.014 Androtricho-Baccharidetum leucopappae (prov.) - p. 229–230 Comunidad hasta ahora conocida solamente en forma de fragmentos que habitan las dunas muy pastoreadas en el área perhúmeda subtropical de la costa de Río Grande de Sul y Santa Catarina. La posición de las landas deBaccharis entre las demás comunidades vegetales todavía es incierta; especies comoMargvricarpus pinnatus yAchyrocline satureioides, Baccharis rufescens, Solidago chilensis, Aster calendulaceus y otras las relacionan probablemente con comunidades del interior, por ejemplo con el Elyonuro-Panicetum racemosi Mart.-Crov. 1962. En Uruguay y en Río Grande do Sul se hallaron comunidades mas o menos parecidas, todavía insuficientemente estudiadas para juzgar su ubicación sociológico-sistemática.

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Dem Altmeister der Vegetationskunde Argentiniens, Dr.Angel Lulio Cabrera, in Verehrung gewidmet.