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1.
Schneider L 《Journal of the history of biology》2012,45(3):525-556
Michurinist biology was introduced to China in 1948; granted a state supported monopoly in 1952; and reduced to parity with western genetics from 1956. The Soviets exported it through the propaganda agencies Sino Soviet Friendship Association (SSFA) and VOKS (Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries). China’s Ministry of Agriculture achieved broad public awareness and acceptance of Michurinist biology through a translation, publication, and Soviet guest speakers campaign – all managed by a team of agriculturalists led by Luo Tianyu, a veteran CCP (Communist Party) cadre. The campaign grew exponentially, but did not affect university or Chinese Academy of Sciences biology. Luo Tianyu’s failed attempt to force Michurinist biology on a Beijing university triggered its second stage: monopoly status and a ban on “Mendelist-Morganist” biology in teaching, research, and publication. The CCP Central Committee supported this policy believing that Michurinst biology would increase agricultural production for the forthcoming first Five Year Plan; whereas, western genetics had no practical value. Michurinist biology flourished at all levels of education, research, and science literature; Western genetics was completely shut down. This only began to change when the CCP Central Committee became wary of China’s dependency on Soviet technical expertise and failure to fully utilize that of China. Change was further promoted by significant attacks on Michurinist biology by Soviet and East German biologists. Soon, these developments informed China’s “genetics question,” which became a test case for larger questions about the definition of science and the relationship between scientists and the state. Under the guidance of Lu Dingyi’s Central Committee Propaganda Department, the CCP eventually decided that, henceforth, science controversies would only be resolved by the science community; and that monopolies or ideological orthodoxies would not be imposed on science. At the same time, the CCP rescinded Michurinist biology’s monopoly and the ban on western genetics. By the mid-1960s western genetics had successfully restored itself, largely due to the leadership of C. C. Tan, a former student of Dobzhansky. Michurinist biology’s presence shrank and it became marginalized. 相似文献
2.
Sharon E. Kingsland 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(2):289-324
In Landscapes and Labscapes Robert Kohler emphasized the separation between laboratory and field cultures and the creation of new “hybrid” or mixed practices
as field sciences matured in the early twentieth century. This article explores related changes in laboratory practices, especially
novel designs for the analysis of organism–environment relations in the mid-twentieth century. American ecologist Victor Shelford
argued in 1929 that technological improvements and indoor climate control should be applied to ecological laboratories, but
his recommendations were too ambitious for the time. In the postwar period Frits W. Went, plant physiologist at the California
Institute of Technology, created a new high-tech laboratory, dubbed a “phytotron”, in the hope that it would transform plant
sciences by allowing for unprecedented control of environmental variables. Went’s aspirations, the research conducted in his
laboratory, and its impact in initiating an international movement, are considered. Went’s laboratory can be seen as a “hybrid
culture” evolving in the laboratory, complementing and intersecting with some of the field practices that Kohler describes.
It was also a countercultural movement against the reductionist trends of molecular biology in the 1950s and 1960s. By considering
the history of the laboratory in relation to field sciences, we can explore how new funding sources and cross-disciplinary
relations affected the development of field sciences, especially in the postwar period. 相似文献
3.
Desmond A 《Journal of the history of biology》2001,34(1):3-50
A summary of revisionist accounts of the contextual meaning of`“professional” and “amateur,” as applied to the mid-Victorian
X Club, is followed by an analysis of the liberal goals and inner tensions of this coalition of gentlemen specialists and
government teachers. The changing status of amateurs is appraised, as are the new sites for the emerging laboratory discipline
of “biology.” Various historiographical strategies for recovering the women’s role are considered. The relationship of science
journalism to professionalization, and the constructive engagement of X Club publicists with their empowering audiences, are
discussed. Finally, the article assesses how far the content and boundary closure of ``biology,' forged by Thomas Henry Huxley,
were related to `professional' and political goals. Purebiology’s social and medical roots are examined, and the way inter-professional
and wider Darwinian conflicts resulted in anew lexicon of words for the X Clubbers around 1870, including“evolution” and “agnosticism,”
as well as “biology.” Biology’srole in the forging of British national identity is discussed, as are its relationship to the
social strategies of liberal, Dissenting, and industrial groups in the country, whose authority sustained the new laboratory
rhetoric.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Susie Fisher 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(4):661-696
During the 1960s, Howard M. Temin (1934–1994), dared to advocate a “heretical” hypothesis that appeared to be at variance
with the central dogma of molecular biology, understood by many to imply that information transfer in nature occurred only
from DNA to RNA. Temin’s provirus hypothesis offered a simple explanation of both virus replication and viral-induced cancer
and stated that Rous sarcoma virus, an RNA virus, is replicated via a DNA intermediate. Popular accounts of this scientific
episode, written after the discovery of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase in 1970, tend to describe the reaction to his proposition
as ardent opposition. Typically these accounts use a ‹molecular biology’ standpoint emphasizing the central dogma’s part in
its rejection. In this article, however, this episode will be examined from a joint perspective of virology and experimental
cancer research. From this perspective it is clear that Temin’s work was well within the epistemological and methodological
boundaries of virology and cancer research. Still, scientists did have␣reasons to doubt the provirus hypothesis, but these
do not seem to be good enough to either justify an account that portrays Temin as a renegade or his ideas as heretical. 相似文献
5.
Jane Carruthers 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(2):203-236
In recent decades conservation biology has achieved a high position among the sciences. This is certainly true of South Africa,
a small country, but the third most biodiverse in the world. This article traces some aspects of the transformation of South
African wildlife management during the 1930s to the 1960s from game reserves based on custodianship and the “balance of nature”
into scientifically managed national parks with a philosophy of “command and control” or “management by intervention.” In
1910 the four British colonies had formed the Union of South Africa, and by the 1920s there was wide acceptance of national
parks, a development influenced by their success in the United States. It was not, however, until after the Second World War,
that management of the expanding conservation estate altered from a rather unsystematic laissez faire variety, into more scientifically informed management practices with an efficient bureaucracy in charge. This was achieved
by modifications in organizational structures and institutional cultures initiated by a change of government in 1948 which,
this article argues, impacted in turn on wildlife management and shaped and professionalized many aspects of that field science.
“Management by intervention” was the hallmark of South African wildlife and conservation biology from the 1960s until recently,
when there have been shifts towards “adaptive resource management” in a period of further change in the country’s politics. 相似文献
6.
Summary In this paper we analyze Carl Gegenbaur’s conception of the relationship between embryology (“Ontogenie”) and comparative
anatomy and his related ideas about homology. We argue that Gegenbaur’s conviction of the primacy of comparative anatomy and
his careful consideration of caenogenesis led him to a more balanced view about the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny
than his good friend Ernst Haeckel. We also argue that Gegenbaur’s ideas about the centrality of comparative anatomy and his
definitions of homology actually laid the conceptual foundations for Hans Spemann’s (1915) later analysis of homology.
We also analyze Gegenbaur’s reception in the United States and how the discussions between E.B. Wilson and Edwin Conklin about
the role of the “embryological criterion of homology” and the latter’s argument for an even earlier concept of cellular homology
reflect the recurring theme of preformism in ontogeny, a theme that finds its modern equivalent in various genetic definitions
of homology, only recently challenged by the emerging synthesis of evolutionary developmental biology. Finally, we conclude
that Gegenbaur’s own careful methodological principles can serve as an important model for proponents of present day “evo-devo”,
especially with respect to the integration of ontogeny with phylogeny embedded in comparative anatomy. 相似文献
7.
Biological systems are inherently noisy. Predicting the outcome of a perturbation is extremely challenging. Traditional reductionist
approach of describing properties of parts, vis-a-vis higher level behaviour has led to enormous understanding of fundamental
molecular level biology. This approach typically consists of converting genes into junk (knock-down) and garbage (knock-out)
and observe how a system responds. To enable broader understanding of biological dynamics, an integrated computational and
experimental strategy was formally proposed in mid 1990s leading to the re-emergence of Systems Biology. However, soon it
became clear that natural systems were far more complex than expected. A new strategy to address biological complexity was
proposed at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in June 2004, when the first meeting of synthetic biology was held.
Though the term ‘synthetic biology’ was proposed during 1970s (Szybalski in Control of gene expression, Plenum Press, New
York, 1974), the usage of the original concept found an experimental proof in 2000 with the demonstration of a three-gene circuit called
repressilator (Elowitz and Leibler in Nature, 403:335–338, 2000). This encouraged people to think of forward engineering biology from a set of well described parts. 相似文献
8.
Thomas M 《Journal of the history of biology》2005,38(3):425-460
Historians of science have only just begun to sample the wealth of different approaches to the study of animal behavior undertaken
in the twentieth century. To date, more attention has been given to Lorenzian ethology and American behaviorism than to other
work and traditions, but different approaches are equally worthy of the historian’s attention, reflecting not only the broader
range of questions that could be asked about animal behavior and the “animal mind” but also the different contexts in which
these questions were important. One such approach is that represented by the work of the French zoologist Louis Boutan (1859–1934).
This paper explores the intellectual and cultural history of Boutan’s work on animal language and the animal mind, and contextualizes
the place of animal behavior studies within late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century French biology. I explore the ways
in which Boutan addressed the philosophical issue of whether language was necessary for abstract thought and show how he shifted
from the idea that animals were endowed with a purely affective language to the notion that of they were capable of “rudimentary”
reasoning. I argue that the scientific and broader socio-cultural contexts in which Boutan operated played a role in this
transition. Then I show how Boutan’s linguistic and psychological experiments with a gibbon and children provide insights
into his conception of “naturalness.” Although Boutan reared his gibbon at home and studied it in the controlled environment
of his laboratory, he continued to identify its behavior as “natural.” I specifically demonstrate the importance of the milieu of the French Third Republic in shaping Boutan’s understanding not only of animal intelligence and child education, but also
his definition of nature. Finally, I argue that Boutan’s studies on the primate mind provide us with a lens through which
we can examine the co-invention of animal and child psychology in early-twentieth-century France. 相似文献
9.
Patricia Adair Gowaty 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1992,3(3):217-249
Evolutionary biology and feminism share a variety of philosophical and practical concerns. I have tried to describe how a
perspective from both evolutionary biology and feminism can accelerate the achievement of goals for both feminists and evolutionary
biologists. In an early section of this paper I discuss the importance of variation to the disciplines of evolutionary biology
and feminism. In the section entitled “Control of Female Reproduction” I demonstrate how insight provided by participation
in life as woman and also as a feminist suggests testable hypotheses about the evolution of social behavior—hypotheses that
are applicable to our investigations of the evolution of social behavior in nonhuman animals. In the section on “Deceit, Self-deception,
and Patriarchal Reversals” I have overtly conceded that evolutionary biology, a scientific discipline, also represents a human
cultural practice that, like other human cultural practices, may in parts and at times be characterized by deceit and self-deception.
In the section on “Femininity” I have indicated how questions cast and answered and hypotheses tested from an evolutionary
perspective can serve women and men struggling with sexist oppression.
Patricia Adair Gowaty studies the evolution of social behavior, particularly mating systems and sex allocation, primarily
in birds. She is most well-known for her long-term studies of eastern bluebirds, which began in 1977 and are on-going. She
was an undergraduate at H. Sophie Newcomb College of Tulane University (1963–1967). In the late sixties and early seventies,
while employed at the Bronx Zoo (New York Zoological Society), she belonged to a feminist “consciousness-raising” group. She
started graduate school in 1974 at the University of Georgia and received her Ph.D. from Clemson University (1980). She had
a postdoctoral position at the University of Oklahoma (1982–1983) and a visiting faculty position at Cornell University through
the Visiting Professorships for Women NSF program (1983–1984) before returning to her bluebird study sites at Clemson in 1985.
She has supported herself and her research efforts throughout her academic career on a series of awards and grants. She is
currently (1990–1995) supported by a Research Scientist Development Award from The National Institute of Mental Health. 相似文献
10.
Adams MB 《Journal of the history of biology》2000,33(3):457-491
This paper seeks to reinterpret the life and work of J. B. S. Haldane by focusing on an illuminating but largely ignored essay
he published in1927, “The Last Judgment” – the sequel to his better known work, Daedalus (1924). This astonishing essay expresses a vision of the human future over the next 40,000,000 years, one that revises and
updates Wellsian futurism with the long range implications of the “new biology” for human destiny. That vision served as a
kind of lifelong credo, one that infused and informed his diverse scientific work, political activities, and popular writing,
and that gave unity and coherence to his remarkable career.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Maree Porter Ian H. Kerridge Christopher F. C. Jordens 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2012,9(1):41-47
Umbilical cord blood banking is one of many biomedical innovations that confront pregnant women with new choices about what
they should do to secure their own and their child’s best interests. Many mothers can now choose to donate their baby’s umbilical
cord blood (UCB) to a public cord blood bank or pay to store it in a private cord blood bank. Donation to a public bank is
widely regarded as an altruistic act of civic responsibility. Paying to store UCB may be regarded as a “unique opportunity”
to provide “insurance” for the child’s future. This paper reports findings from a survey of Australian women that investigated
the decision to either donate or store UCB. We conclude that mothers are faced with competing discourses that force them to
choose between being a “good mother” and fulfilling their role as a “good citizen.” We discuss this finding with reference
to the concept of value pluralism. 相似文献
12.
James Tabery 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(4):717-761
This essay examines the origin(s) of genotype–environment interaction, or G × E. “Origin(s)” and not “the origin” because the thesis is that there were actually two distinct concepts of G × E at this beginning: a
biometric concept, or G × EB, and a developmental concept, or G × ED. R. A. Fisher, one of the founders of population genetics and the creator of the statistical analysis of variance, introduced
the biometric concept as he attempted to resolve one of the main problems in the biometric tradition of biology – partitioning
the relative contributions of nature and nurture responsible for variation in a population. Lancelot Hogben, an experimental
embryologist and also a statistician, introduced the developmental concept as he attempted to resolve one of the main problems
in the developmental tradition of biology – determining the role that developmental relationships between genotype and environment
played in the generation of variation. To argue for this thesis, I outline Fisher and Hogben’s separate routes to their respective
concepts of G × E; then these separate interpretations of G × E are drawn on to explicate a debate between Fisher and Hogben
over the importance of G × E, the first installment of a persistent controversy. Finally, Fisher’s G × EB and Hogben’s G × ED are traced beyond their own work into mid-20th century population and developmental genetics, and then into the infamous
IQ Controversy of the 1970s. 相似文献
13.
The notion of “pressure” as an evolutionary “force” that “causes” evolution is a pervasive linguistic feature of biology textbooks,
journal articles, and student explanatory discourse. We investigated the consequences of using a textbook and curriculum that
incorporate so-called force-talk. We examined the frequency with which biology majors spontaneously used notions of evolutionary
“pressures” in their explanations, students’ definitions and explanations of what they meant when they used pressures, and
the structure of explanatory models that incorporated evolutionary pressures and forces. We found that 12–20 percent of undergraduates
spontaneously used “pressures” and/or “forces” as explanatory factors but significantly more often in trait gain scenarios
than in trait loss scenarios. The majority of explanations using “force-talk” were characterized by faulty evolutionary reasoning.
We discuss the conceptual similarity between faulty notions of evolutionary pressures and linguists’ force-dynamic models
of everyday reasoning and ultimately question the appropriateness of force-talk in evolution education. 相似文献
14.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
15.
Mackay AL 《Journal of biosciences》2003,28(5):539-546
Conclusion We must conclude that the sub-title of Bernal’s “The Social Function of Science” — “What science does: what science could
do” is still the relevant challenge and indicates Bernal’s chief contribution, besides the foundation of molecular biology
to our civilization. It is manifest that resources spent on armaments are a monstrous pathological symptom of our social structure.
The ancient problem of “what is property” and what may be “owned” and by whom or by what organs of society is awakening. 相似文献
16.
Paula Sánchez-Hernández Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla Miguel Molina-Borja 《Acta ethologica》2012,15(1):65-71
There have been relatively few attempts to quantitatively describe behaviours in scincid lizards. Chalcides viridanus is a small body-sized skink endemic of Tenerife (Canary Islands). We describe and quantify 18 behaviour patterns (both social
and agonistic) of this species, some of which have not been described before for other scincids. Video recordings of male–male,
female–female, and male–female interactions were made under laboratory conditions, with controlled light–dark cycle and temperature.
We describe several agonistic and courtship behaviour patterns. Within the first context, we detected a new agonistic behaviour
for a scincid, “Snout to body”, that appeared at the beginning of agonistic sequences; it consisted of each animal placing
its snout in contact with the other individual’s lateral side of the body. The amplitude of head movement during “Head bobbing”
was lower than that described for many other lizard species. Agonistic behaviours were shown in intrasexual staged encounters
both within males and females. The comparison of behaviour patterns of both types of intrasexual encounters showed that females
were more active, exhibiting significantly higher frequencies of behaviour than males. Specifically, females showed the “Snout
to body” pattern more frequently than males. In male–female encounters we detected courtship and copulation patterns only
in April, when males performed “Bites” and “Snout to body” directed at females. 相似文献
17.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(3):548-559
A weblog (“blog”) is an publication on the WorldWideWeb in which brief entries are displayed in date order, much like a diary
or journal. I describe the general characteristics of blogs, contrasting blogs with other of WWW formats for self-publishing.
I describe four categories for blogs about evolutionary biology: “professional,” “amateur,” “apostolic,” and “imaginative.”
I also discuss blog networks. I identify paradigms of each category. Throughout, I aim to illuminate blogs about evolutionary
biology from the point of view of a user looking for information about the topic. I conclude that blogs are not the best type
of source for systematic and authoritative information about evolution, and that they are best used by the information-seeker
as a way of identifying what issues are of interest in the community of evolutionists and for generating research leads or
fresh insights on one’s own work.
相似文献
Adam M. GoldsteinEmail: |
18.
Nicolas Rashevsky's Mathematical Biophysics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tara H. Abraham 《Journal of the history of biology》2004,37(2):333-385
This paper explores the work of Nicolas Rashevsky, a Russian émigré theoretical physicist who developed a program in “mathematical
biophysics” at the University of Chicago during the 1930s. Stressing the complexity of many biological phenomena, Rashevsky
argued that the methods of theoretical physics – namely mathematics – were needed to “simplify” complex biological processes
such as cell division and nerve conduction. A maverick of sorts, Rashevsky was a conspicuous figure in the biological community
during the 1930s and early 1940s: he participated in several Cold Spring Harbor symposia and received several years of funding
from the Rockefeller Foundation. However, in contrast to many other physicists who moved into biology, Rashevsky's work was
almost entirely theoretical, and he eventually faced resistance to his mathematical methods. Through an examination of the
conceptual, institutional, and scientific context of Rashevsky's work, this paper seeks to understand some of the reasons
behind this resistance.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Air movement preferences observed in office buildings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang H Arens E Fard SA Huizenga C Paliaga G Brager G Zagreus L 《International journal of biometeorology》2007,51(5):349-360
Office workers’ preferences for air movement have been extracted from a database of indoor environmental quality surveys performed
in over 200 buildings. Dissatisfaction with the amount of air motion is very common, with too little air movement cited far
more commonly than too much air movement. Workers were also surveyed in a detailed two-season study of a single naturally
ventilated building. About one-half the building’s population wanted more air movement and only 4% wanted less. This same
ratio applied when the air movement in workspaces was higher than 0.2 m/s, the de facto draft limit in the current ASHRAE
and ISO thermal environment standards. Preference for “less air motion” exceeded that for “more” only at thermal sensations
of −2 (cool) or colder. These results raise questions about the consequences of the ASHRAE and ISO standards’ restrictions
on air movement, especially for neutral and warm conditions. 相似文献
20.
Evolutionary biology owes much to Charles Darwin, whose discussions of common descent and natural selection provide the foundations
of the discipline. But evolutionary biology has expanded well beyond its foundations to encompass many theories and concepts
unknown in the 19th century. The term “Darwinism” is, therefore, ambiguous and misleading. Compounding the problem of “Darwinism”
is the hijacking of the term by creationists to portray evolution as a dangerous ideology—an “ism”—that has no place in the
science classroom. When scientists and teachers use “Darwinism” as synonymous with evolutionary biology, it reinforces such
a misleading portrayal and hinders efforts to present the scientific standing of evolution accurately. Accordingly, the term
“Darwinism” should be abandoned as a synonym for evolutionary biology. 相似文献