一种促使乳酸芽孢杆菌大量生成芽孢的方法

报道了一种促使乳酸芽孢杆菌大量生成芽孢的方法,其要点是在培养菌体后往培养基中添加适量的固态介质。实验结果证明这种方法具有：（1）芽孢易形成,并可在一些不能形成芽孢的培养基添加固态介质后形成芽孢。在所用的几种乳酸菌培养基中,这种添加方法均适用。（2）芽孢形成率高。可达95％以上。（3）芽孢形成时间短,添加后一般静置培养48h芽孢就可以形成。     

生防用枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵工艺的研究

目的:提高一株生防用枯草芽孢杆菌固体发酵生产过程中的芽孢产量。方法:研究通过优化固体发酵培养基及发酵生产工艺条件等方法提高了固体发酵枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢产量。结果:固体发酵过程中,豆饼粉作用显著,能显著提高固体发酵枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢数,可达到7.1×1010CFU/g。结论:该枯草芽孢杆菌的最优培养基为:麸皮84.4%、稻壳粉10%、豆饼粉5%、硫酸铵0.5%、硫酸镁0.1%、硫酸锰0.05%。生产工艺为料水比为1:1.2,发酵温度为37℃,发酵培养时间为52 h。     

一种球形芽孢杆菌的选择性培养基

一种球形芽孢杆菌的选择性培养基袁志明,陈宗胜,刘娥英,张用梅,蔡全信（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）球形芽孢杆菌（ＢａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃｕｓＮｅｉｄｅ）是一种孢子囊末端膨大、芽孢球形的好氧性芽孢杆菌。其中ＤＮＡ同源型ⅡＡ型,血...     

作物根际联合固氮芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及生态分布

本文报导一种富集和分离根际联合固氮芽孢杆菌的方法,该方法以果胶为唯一碳源的培养基进行富集,中性红为指示剂的培养基进行分离,根据固氮芽孢杆菌能产气以及在分离培养基平板上菌落为红色两个重要的鉴别性特征即可检出,准确性高,简便快速;应用此法从１５个地点６种作物共８８个根系样品中分离出５１株固氮芽孢杆菌,经鉴定均为多粘芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｐｏｌｙｍｙｘａ）;还初步讨论了多粘芽孢杆菌在几种作物根际的分布情况。     

抗病促生复合芽孢杆菌水分散粒剂的研制与应用

【背景】乳油、可湿性粉剂和粉剂等生物制剂含有苯类有机溶剂及粉尘,会对环境造成污染,而水分散粒剂具有环境友好性、附加值高、市场潜力大等优点,被认为是最具发展前景的剂型之一,然而关于复合芽孢杆菌水分散颗粒的研究却很少。【目的】利用解淀粉芽孢杆菌BZ6-1和短小芽孢杆菌SC-12研制成一种复合芽孢杆菌水分散粒剂。【方法】通过生物相容性实验,研究不同载体和助剂对两种芽孢杆菌孢子的影响,以筛选出最佳载体和添加剂。通过质量检测实验,研究不同筛孔直径、干燥温度、干燥时间对水分散性颗粒质量的影响,以优化制粒条件。在辣椒定植后,使用不同剂量的水分散粒剂进行田间辣椒试验。【结果】复合芽孢杆菌水分散粒剂最佳配方：润湿剂4%十二烷基硫酸钠,分散剂6%羧甲基纤维素钠,崩解剂4%硫酸铵,粘结剂4%聚乙二醇,载体82%硅藻土;最佳造粒条件为：筛孔粒径0.8 mm,烘干温度40 °C,烘干时间45 min。研制出的复合芽孢杆菌水分散粒剂含菌量为2.52×108 cfu/g,悬浮率为79.3%,pH 6.8,水分含量为4.5%,湿润时间为19.6 s,崩解时间为86.4 s,颗粒强度适中,符合水分散粒剂国家标准。【结论】研制出的复合芽孢杆菌水分散粒剂能够有效防治辣椒青枯病,并提高辣椒的产量和品质,推荐复合芽孢杆菌水分散粒剂最适用量为3.0 kg/hm2。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌培养基优化及间歇发酵

对苏云金芽孢杆菌的培养基配方进行室内摇瓶优化筛选,首先用摇瓶培养筛选到Ⅱ号培养基,在此配方的基础上,将培养基组分划分为氮源、碳源及无机盐三因素,采用三因素二水平正交旋转组合设计的方法进行培养基优化组合研究,建立其芽孢产量依氮源、碳源、无机盐的响应面方程。借助此方程获得响应面最佳点即培养基各组分的最佳配比。实验结果表明,该方法是苏云金芽孢杆菌培养基优化中十分简便、实用、快速的途径。此外,对其间歇发酵过程也进行了初步考察。     

地衣芽孢杆菌感受态细胞的形成及高效电转化

芽孢杆菌在营养缺乏的饥饿状态下,细胞易产生感受态因子,处于生长芽孢时期的芽孢杆菌更容易产生感受态。基于此原则利用芽孢杆菌极限营养培养基通过体外处理诱导使地衣芽孢杆菌产生感受态性能,同时调整参数,建立了感受态细胞对质粒pAPR的高效电转化方法。当质粒DNA浓度为1．5μg/ml、转化时电压为1750V的时候,可以得到261个转化子,经鉴定均为阳性克隆子。而常规电转化的最高仅为20个转化子。为以芽孢杆菌为宿主进行高效电转化提供了模型,也为建立适合工业应用的分泌型表达载体的构建打下了一定基础。     

炭疽杆菌与其他需氧芽孢杆菌鉴别方法的研究

炭疽杆菌与其他需氧芽孢杆菌间的鉴別至今尚无较可靠方法。本文乃报导43株标准炭疽杆菌,33株标准的其他需氧芽孢杆菌及212株新分离的需氧芽孢杆菌实验结果:（1）串珠试验,43株标准炭疽杆菌中95.3%阳性,80株新分离炭疽杆菌92.5%为阳性而165株其他需氧芽孢杆菌全部为阴性。（2）W噬菌体裂解试验,所有炭疽杆菌全部被裂解,其他的需氧芽孢杆菌中仅有1株新分离的蜡样杆菌被裂解,其余全不被裂解。（3）碳酸氢钠培养基上CO2培养试验,43株标准炭疽杆菌中除7株弱毒株外,均出现粘液菌落,80株新分离的炭疽杆菌中78株出现粘液菌落而其他的则均不出现粘液菌落。（4）青霉素抑制试验、水杨苷发酵试验、动力试验及溶血试验在炭疽杆菌为阴性,在其他需氧芽孢杆菌中则不一致。因此提出,串珠试验、W噬菌体裂解试验及碳酸氢钠培养基上CO2培养下菌落的观察可作为炭疽与非炭疽杆菌的主要鉴別方法;而普通培养基上菌落的观察、青霉秦抑制试验、水杨苷发酵试验、动力试验及溶血试验可作为辅助的鉴別方法。     

分离嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌单个菌落的方法

本文研究了平板培养基的量、培养温度、培养湿度、培养基类型、培养时间对运动性较强的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌WF—146平板分离的影响。结果表明,控制好上述因素,嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌WF—146在平板上培养可较好形成单菌落。     

枯草芽孢杆菌内切木聚糖酶的分离纯化与鉴定

目的：建立一种简便、快速的木聚糖酶分离和提取方法。方法：采用活性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和均质提取法相结合,分离纯化枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)固体培养基发酵产物中的木聚糖酶,进一步用薄层色谱和高压液相色谱对木聚糖酶进行鉴定。结果：采用活性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和均质提取法相结合,从枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)固体培养基发酵产物中分离得到了两种内切木聚糖酶,酶解桦木木聚糖的产要产物以木二糖和木三糖为主。结论：活性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和均质提取法相结合是一种新的分离纯化木聚糖酶的简便、有效方法。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor