刺芹侧耳自交S1代若干性状的遗传分化

本文选用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii24号(广杏)为自交材料,对其自交S1代群体的质量性状(颜色、畸形、生长特性)和数量性状(形状、产量、大小、数目)进行了综合分析。分析结果表明:自交后代的出菇率为70%,自交导致后代群体菌丝平均生长速度和平均产量都低于亲本,16%的后代菌株单产高于亲本,最高单产达204.0g,高出亲本45.7%。木屑培养基上菌丝日均生长速度与产量无显著相关性(R=-0.028)。均菇数目与单产成显著正相关性(R=0.543)。大部分菌株(52%)菌盖颜色为亲本颜色(灰色),自交后代出现20%非亲本形状(棒状)菌株,畸形菇占19%。后代群体盖径、柄径、柄长的变异程度相当,差异性不显著。可根据育种目标对自交子代的较优菌株进行定向选择利用。     

自交选育秀珍菇新菌株“申秀1号”

【目的】对自交子代群体主要栽培和商品性状进行综合分析,并选育综合性状优良的秀珍菇新菌株。【方法】以秀珍菇商业菌株“3108”为亲本进行自交,综合分析其自交子代群体的菌丝生长速度、产量、菇型、抗杂、抗逆性和栽培周期等性状以选育新菌株,利用ISSR (Inter-sample sequence repeat)鉴定新菌株和亲本菌株之间遗传差异性。【结果】自交子代中,菌丝生长速度和产量分别有19.5%和8.9%的菌株优于亲本;子代群体中菌丝生长速度和子实体产量之间无相关性(R=0.102,P>0.05);37%的菌株栽培周期比亲本短;菇盖平展、厚且不易碎分别占53%、11%,菌柄直径和长度变化幅度分别为5?13 mm和21?75 mm;发生黄枯病,出现萎缩、死菇现象以及畸形分别占23%、19%、5%。【结论】通过对子代群体各性状综合分析,从中选育出生长快、产量高、菇盖厚且不易碎、柄粗长、抗杂和抗逆性强、栽培周期短等优良性状的秀珍菇新菌株“申秀1号”,前三潮菇平均单袋产量334 g,生物学效率高达74%,比亲本菌株增产7.1%,且种性稳定。经ISSR鉴定表明,该菌株具有自身特异性。     

金针菇自交后代生物学特性的研究

选用6个生产用金针菇菌种(白色品种菌株F10、F4、FM、F21,黄色品种菌株F29、F3)分别进行自交,对其S1代自交群体的菌丝生长速度、产量、原基发生早晚、农艺性状进行综合分析。结果表明,自交导致后代群体的平均生长速度、平均产量降低。黄色自交子代菌株平均生长速度快于白色自交子代菌株。菌丝生长速度与产量不具有相关性,产量与现原基早晚有较强相关性,相同自交系中黄色品种现原基早于白色品种,F3菌株黄色后代现原基早于白色后代。在各菌株自交子代群体中,FM菌株子代具有高产优势,F3菌株子代有短菌龄优势,F10菌株子代有较好的商品表型特征,可根据育种目标选择自交子代群体中的优势菌株加以利用。     

香菇沪香F2菌株重要农艺性状在F2和F3代中的遗传规律

以香菇菌株“沪香F2”及其自交优良F2代菌株“申香1504”为实验材料,收集孢子单核体,对其交配型进行鉴定,然后通过单孢自交的方法,构建F2和F3代群体,并对孢子单核体、F2、F3代群体各阶段培养、出菇情况以及重要农艺性状进行详细统计分析,研究各性状表型分化的情况及遗传规律。结果表明：2个亲本所获得的孢子单核体中A₂B₁交配型比例均为最高,根据孢子单核体交配型数量分别设计了1 028和972个F2和F3代自交配对组合。在2个群体中,配对阶段,分别有15.47%和23.56%的配对组合由于菌丝生长缓慢无法获得后代双核体菌株,且F3代显著高于F2代;生产种培养阶段,出现不良性状的菌株数量分别为7.78%和9.57%;菌棒培养阶段,出现不良性状的菌株数量分别为41.05%和49.28%,且F3代退化菌株比例显著高于F2代,不转色菌株比例显著低于F2代;出菇阶段,分别有3.11%和4.32%的菌株不现蕾,分别有13.04%和4.32%的菌株出畸形菇,分别有19.55%和8.95%的菌株能出正常菇,且F2代出正常菇的菌株比例显著高于F3代。“沪香F2”和“申香1504”分别有26个和8个孢子单核体,多次配对获得的杂交子,出正常菇的概率达50%以上。2个群体的平均单棒产量、平均单棒菇数、平均单菇重表现出明显的分化现象,且两个群体之间均存在极显著性差异。与F2代相比,F3代的产量分布、菇数分布表现出偏分离现象,平均单棒产量低于F2代43.84%,平均单棒菇数低于F2代56.77%。香菇“沪香F2”菌株在F3代中的培养、出菇情况以及农艺性状整体表现劣于F2代,且在F2代中获得表现优于亲本的高产品种,在F3代中获得大朵型品种,对香菇优良菌株选育具有重要的指导作用。     

菊花自交衰退现象初步研究

为揭示菊花的自交衰退现象,对菊花品种'rm1-3'(Dendranthema morifolium 'rm1-3' )和'02-42-6'(D. morifolium '02-42-6' )亲本及其自交后代(I_1代、I_2代和I_3代)的生长性状及部分表型性状进行了比较分析.结果表明,品种'rm1-3' I_1代和I_2代的单花结实数分别比亲本减少89.5%和97.2%,品种 '02-42-6'I_1代和I_2代的单花结实数分别比亲本减少91.2%和92.0%,差异极显著(P<0.01).2个品种自交后代的平均出苗率呈现随自交世代的增加逐渐降低的趋势, 其中品种'rm1-3'自交后代各世代间的平均出苗率均有极显著差异(P< 0.01);品种'02-42-6'的I_3代平均出苗率极显著低于I_1代和I_2代(P<0.01).2个品种亲本与其自交后代间叶片长度没有显著差异,但亲本的存活率、株高、开花率和花径均显著高于自交后代,且在自交后代中,I_1代的存活率、株高、开花率和花径均高于I_2代和I_3代.2个品种自交后代的冠幅和单株花数也低于各自的亲本,但I_1代的冠幅和单株花数与亲本无显著差异.品种'rm1-3'的I_1代、I_2代、I_3代和品种'02-42-6'的I_1代、I_2代的开花时间较亲本分别推迟了9.4、8.9、5.9、11.9和7.6 d,且随自交世代的增加逐渐缩短;但品种'02-42-6' 的I_3代开花时间却较亲本提前了10.7 d.研究结果说明菊花自交后代存在严重的衰退现象.     

掘氏疫霉遗传学研究 Ⅰ.自交后代(S_1)生物学性状的遗传与变异

测定了掘氏疫霉Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker生长速率、菌落形态、菌体形态、产孢能力、耐35℃高温生长、致病力等生物学性状在自交S_1代的遗传与变异。2个掘氏疫霉野生型菌株(A_1、A_2各1株)经聚碳膜间隔配对诱导自交产生的卵孢子(保存110天左右)在S+L培养基上萌发,分别获得30和35个单卵孢株(萌发率10%左右)。测定结果表明,上述生物学性状在2个亲本自交后代均发生变异,部分单卵孢株生长速度减慢、菌落形态明显改变、孢子囊和菌丝畸形、产孢能力增强、在35℃中弱生长或不生长,或致病力减弱直至无致病力。在亲本的单游动孢子无性系后代未观察到上述变异,说明上述生物学性状变异主要因亲本遗传因子的杂合性所致。从遗传学角度探讨了在自然条件下掘氏疫霉生物学性状的变异性以及某些分类依据不稳定的原因,指出有性生殖过程中的基因重组可能是引起掘氏疫霉生物学性状变异的主要原因之一。     

香菇‘申香1644’的选育报告

香菇‘申香1644’是以传统优质栽培品种‘申香215’为亲本,采用多孢自交育种技术选育的新品种。其菌盖纵切面呈凸形,菌盖直径(6.15±0.38) cm,菌盖厚度(2.27±0.42) cm,菇型圆整,菇质紧实,产量高,生物学转化率95%以上。与亲本相比,‘申香1644’在分子标记和栽培性状上均具有明显差异性,其菌盖为浅黄褐色,颜色较亲本浅;菌龄100-105 d,较亲本缩短5-10 d。‘申香1644’菌丝生长适宜温度为22-26 ℃,原基发育适宜温度为16-22 ℃,可在全国范围内进行代料栽培。     

掘氏疫霉遗传学研究I．自交后代(S1)生物学性状的遗传与变异

测定了掘氏疫霉Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker生长速率、菌落形态、菌体形态、产孢能力、耐35℃高温生长、致病力等生物学性状在自交S1代的遗传与变异。2个掘氏疫霉野生型菌株(A1、A2各1株)经聚碳膜间隔配对诱导自交产生的卵孢子(保存110天左右)在S+L培养基上萌发,分别获得30和35个单卵孢株(萌发率10％左右)。测定结果表明,上述生物学性状在2个亲本自交后代均发生变异,部分单卵孢株生长速度减慢、菌落形态明显改变、孢子囊和菌丝畸形、产孢能力增强、在35℃中弱生长或不生长,或致病力减弱直至无致病力。在亲本的单游动孢子无性系后代未观察到上述变异,说明上述生物学性状变异主要因亲本遗传因子的杂合性所致。从遗传学角度探讨了在自然条件下掘氏疫霉生物学性状的变异性以及某些分类依据不稳定的原因,指出有性生殖过程中的基因重组可能是引起掘氏疫霉生物学性状变异的主要原因之一。     

恶疫霉致病力和对甲霜灵敏感性的遗传与变异*

以分离自黑龙江腐烂苹果的恶疫霉Phytophthora cactorum Schroeter野生型菌株Ap14为亲本,采用菌丝块创伤接种法测定了恶疫霉对苹果的致病力在无性繁殖和有性生殖后代的遗传。结果是连续2代单游动孢子后代在苹果上所致病斑半径分别为22.4~24.1mm和21.8~23.4mm,与亲本所致病斑半径22.5mm无显著差异;而其20个自交后代个体所致病斑半径为21.4~25.8mm,与亲本有显著差异,其中2株致病力显著强于亲本,其余与亲本相似。表明恶疫霉对苹果的致病力在无性后代可稳定遗传,而在自交有性后代发生分离。同时在含甲霜灵0.05μg/ml的LBA平板上测定了恶疫霉菌丝生长对甲霜灵的敏感性在无性和有性后代的遗传。结果是恶疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性在无性单孢后代无显著变异,而在50个自交有性后代中,上述浓度对其菌丝生长的抑制率分布范围为67.3~97.1%,与亲本78.3%有极显著差异,其中3株高于亲本,3株低于亲本,44株与亲本相似。表明恶疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性同样在无性后代稳定遗传而在有性后代发生变异。上述结果提示,供试恶疫霉菌株中上述性状可能由细胞核杂合基因控制。     

香菇单孢杂交子代群体灰色关联度和ISSR分析

以香菇Lentinula edodes栽培菌株秋6和K95-1为亲本,通过单孢菌株配对杂交获得21个杂交子,观察杂交子及亲本菌丝体生长情况,进行栽培出菇试验。采用灰色关联度分析法,对9个正常出菇的杂交子从8个性状方面进行综合评价,结果表明,杂交子QK-8和QK-15关联度仅次于亲本秋6,农艺性状和子实体性状表现最好。采用ISSR技术对21个杂交子及亲本进行DNA多态性聚类分析,单孢杂交后代遗传分化十分明显,归于同一类群的杂交子在菌丝生长、子实体形态和农艺性状等方面常表现相似,ISSR分析能为优良杂交子初步筛选提供重要参考。     

两种泥鳅RAPD标记遗传稳定性分析

用从20个随机引物中筛选出的7个引物对泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）和大鳞副泥鳅（Paramisgurnus dabryanus）及其自交与杂交子代进行了RAPD遗传稳定性分析。结果表明,RAPD谱带主要呈孟德尔式遗传,该类带纹明亮稳定,在泥鳅子代中占99．11％;在大鳞副泥鳅子代中占100％;在杂交子代中占99．36％。也存在非孟德尔式遗传谱带,该类带纹较暗、稳定性差,在泥鳅子代中为0．89％;在杂交子代中为0．64％;在大鳞副泥鳅中未见此类带纹。实验结果说明RAPD谱带具有很高的遗传稳定性。     

RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SELFED AND OUTCROSSED PROGENY IN IMPATIENS CAPENSIS

This study compares survival and growth of progeny derived from chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers in Impatiens capensis, a forest annual. When progeny were grown in the field, CH seeds had significantly higher survival rates over winter (64% versus 56%), and the survival advantage of outcrossed progeny was not attributable to seed weight differences. No differences in seedling growth were detected. Greenhouse comparisons revealed no difference in seed survival but a 30% growth advantage to CH seedlings. We found no changes in developmental homeostasis of three leaf shape characters between inbred and outbred progeny, nor was there any difference in variability within CH and CL families. The outcrossing advantage observed in these experiments could not have been caused by avoidance of sib competition. Theory predicts that self-pollinated progenies may be more variable than outcrossed progenies if rare, recessive alleles are important contributors to genetic variances. Electrophoretic markers indicate that progeny derived from CH flowers are predominantly outcrossed (at least 54-97%).     

Instability of the minisatellite sequence in the first intron of the rat renin gene and localization of the gene to chromosome 13q13 between FH and PEPC loci.

A minisatellite sequence in the first intron of the rat renin gene showed five-allelic polymorphism in 11 inbred rat strains. A new allelic variant, which was thought to be generated in the germ line, was observed in 136 animals of two sets of backcross progenies originating from parental strains with different alleles. These facts suggested that the minisatellite is genetically unstable. A linkage analysis using the backcross progenies confirmed the assignment of renin locus (REN) on linkage group (LG) X at a site between FH (fumarate hydratase) and PEPC (peptidase) loci. Fluorescence in situ hybridization allowed mapping of the renin gene on rat chromosome 13q13.     

A field experiment in Ghana on the tolerance of cocoa seedlings to cocoa swollen-shoot and cocoa mottle-leaf viruses

Seedings of Amelonado Cocoa and of two progenies obtained by crossing Iquitos (Upper Amazon) parents were infected with three strains of cocoa swollen-shoot virus (CSSV) and with cocoa mottle-leaf virus (CMLV). CSSV strain I A had the most severe effects on the growth and canopy condition of all varieties. All four virus isolates had more effect on the growth of Amelonado than on the Iquitos progenies, except that CSSV strain I W affected the growth of Amelonado and one of the Iquitos progenies equally, as did CMLV which caused the greatest decrease in the first crop of all varieties. The relative virulence of different CSSV strains in any one variety can be assessed from single criteria such as length of latent period or effect on growth; CMLV had a shorter latent period than CSSV Strain I A but less effect on growth.     

Microsatellite documentation of male-mediated outcrossing between inbred laboratory strains of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias Marmoratus)

Primers for 36 microsatellite loci were developed and employed to characterize genetic stocks and detect possible outcrossing between highly inbred laboratory strains of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. From attempted crosses involving hermaphrodites from particular geographic strains and gonochoristic males from others, 2 among a total of 32 surveyed progenies (6.2%) displayed multilocus heterozygosity clearly indicative of interstrain gametic syngamy. One of these outcross hybrids was allowed to resume self-fertilization, and microsatellite assays of progeny showed that heterozygosity decreased by approximately 50% after one generation, as expected. Although populations of K. marmoratus consist mostly of synchronous hermaphrodites with efficient mechanisms of internal self-fertilization, these laboratory findings experimentally confirm that conspecific males can mediate occasional outcross events and that this process can release extensive genic heterozygosity.     

Physical performance and soleus muscle fiber composition in wild-derived and laboratory inbred mouse strains.

We compared four inbred mouse strains in their physical performance, measured as a maximal treadmill running time, characteristics of soleus muscle, anatomic character, and growth. The strains used were Mus musculus domesticus [C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c], Mus musculus molossinus (MSM/Ms), and Mus spretus. Maximal running time was significantly different among these four mouse strains. Running time until exhaustion was highest in MSM/Ms and lowest in M. spretus. Maximal times for the laboratory mouse strains were nearly identical. Soleus muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area also differed significantly among the species. In particular, M. spretus was significantly different from the other inbred mouse strains. Growth in the wild-derived inbred mice appeared to be complete earlier than in the laboratory mice, and the body size of the wild strains was about half that of the laboratory strains. From these results, we propose that wild-derived inbred mouse strains are useful models for enhancing phenotypic variation in physical performance and adaptability.     

Trait mean depression for second-generation inbred strawberry populations with and without parent selection

 Strawberry genotypes selected for superior fruit yield or chosen at random from first-generation self, full-sib, and half-sib populations were crossed to provide second-generation inbred progenies and composite cross-fertilized control populations. Mean yields for inbred offspring from crosses among selected parents exceeded those from the offspring of unselected parents by 87%, 23%, and 37% for self, full-sib, and half-sib populations, respectively; yields for offspring from unrelated crosses among selected parents were 54% larger than those for crosses among unselected parents. Selection for yield also resulted in significant correlated response for fruit number and plant diameter. Mean yields for second-generation half-sib and full-sib offspring from selected parents were greater than those for offspring from the unselected but non-inbred control population. This suggests that selection can be a powerful force in counteracting most of the inbreeding depression expected in cross-fertilized strawberry breeding programs. Selection treatment× inbreeding rate interactions were non-significant for all traits; thus, selection among partially inbred offspring did not have a large effect on the rate of genetic progress. Differential realized selection intensity among individuals with differing levels of homozygosity accumulated due to inbreeding is suggested as the most likely explanation for the absence of association between pedigree inbreeding coefficients and cross performance detected previously in strawberry. Received: 21 July 1996 / Accepted: 7 March 1997