新疆超高产棉花冠层光分布特征及其与群体光合生产的关系

以新疆超高产棉田(皮棉产量在4000 kg·hm^-2以上)为研究对象,分析不同生育时期棉花冠层光分布、群体光合速率和干物质积累量的变化,研究不同产量水平棉田冠层的光环境变化特征及其与群体光合生产的关系.结果表明： 超高产田盛花期到盛铃后期冠层上、中、下层光吸收率的比例为2∶2∶1,呈均匀分布,群体散射辐射和直射辐射透过系数分别为0.20～0.55和0.22～0.56,处于较适宜范围,中、下层叶片受光良好,冠层各层次叶片群体光合速率差异较小.与高产(3500 kg·hm^-2)和一般高产(3000 kg·hm^-2)棉田相比,超高产田在盛铃前期具有较高的叶面积指数和群体光合速率峰值,在初絮期和盛絮期的叶面积指数下降缓慢,群体光合速率峰值仍保持较高值,非叶绿色器官对产量形成的光合贡献增大,群体干物质积累量较高.在栽培过程中,调节冠层结构,使垂直方向上光辐射和群体光合能力分布均匀是确保棉花高效利用光能、实现超高产的重要途径.     

棉花缺钾引起的形态和生理异常

随着棉花新品种特别是转Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)基因抗虫棉应用于生产和单位面积产量不断提高,棉花缺钾现象在许多植棉国家已越来越普遍和严重。棉花缺钾症状通常首先表现在棉株中下部的老叶上,但近年来也发现症状首先表现在中上部嫩叶上的状况。缺钾导致棉花生育异常,突出表现为叶面积系数,光合速率和于物质生产降低,但比叶重提高、棉花早熟。土壤供钾不足,钾吸收受抑,高产转基因棉花品种的应用以及不良环境因子的胁迫等是导致缺钾的重要原因。缺钾时单叶光合速率的下降主要是叶片气孔导度降低、叶绿素含量减少、叶绿体超微结构受损、光合产物运转不畅、RuBP羧化酶活性降低等所致。群体光合能力的下降则源于单叶光合速率降低和叶面积系数下降。棉株上部功能叶的叶片和叶柄中的K^ 含量可作为缺钾的诊断指标。     

氮素水平对马铃薯全生育期光合特性及产量的影响

为了研究施氮量对马铃薯全生育期光合特性及产量的影响,在田间试验条件下,以延薯四号作为供试材料,设置4个施氮水平CK(不施氮)、N1(低氮)、N2(中氮)、N3(高氮),在马铃薯全生育期进行了叶面积指数、功能叶片的净光合速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度及SPAD等相关指标的测定。研究结果表明,本试验条件下,合理施氮有助于提高马铃薯叶片的光合性能。在一定范围内,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积指数、SPAD值、生物产量显著增加;全生育期马铃薯SPAD值与产量呈极显著正相关;马铃薯生育前期,叶面积指数与产量呈极显著正相关;块茎膨大后期,光合速率与产量呈极显著正相关。本试验条件下,施氮量为N2(纯氮150 kg/hm2)时经济产量最高。     

大豆杂优豆1号及双亲的光合特性分析

以夏大豆杂交种杂优豆1号及亲本(W931A和WR016)为材料,进行了光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2值、水分利用效率(WUE)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光合势等光合特性的测定,以探究杂优豆1号光合特性方面的杂种优势规律,为大豆的高光效育种提供理论指导。结果表明:杂优豆1号的净光合速率日变化呈现单峰曲线,在8:00时净光合速率显著高于W931A和WR016;杂优豆1号与亲本相比具有较低的光补偿点和较高的光饱和点,从而说明杂优豆1号较强利用强光和弱光的能力;从群体光合势分析,杂优豆1号的叶面积指数和光合势在盛花期、结荚期、鼓粒期3个不同时期都显著高于W931A和WR016,从盛花期到结荚期、结荚期到鼓粒期叶面积指数和光合势都呈现逐渐上升的趋势。杂优豆1号较强的光利用能力、较高的叶面积指数和光合势有利于产量的提高。     

3个纤维颜色不同的棉花近等基因系主茎功能叶生理特性变化与产量因素的相关性分析

本研究选用3个纤维颜色不同的棉花近等基因系—绿色棉、棕色棉和白色棉为材料,研究参试材料的主茎功能叶片在整个生育期的生理特性变化,并对生理指标与产量因素进行相关性分析。结果表明:整个生育期2种彩色棉的净光合速率均低于白色棉;除吐絮期外,彩色棉总叶绿素含量、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性均低于白色棉;净光合速率与单株铃数、单铃重及单株产量呈显著正相关;总叶绿素含量与单铃重、单株产量呈极显著正相关;蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性与单铃重呈极显著正相关,与单株产量呈显著正相关。本研究结果将为彩色棉高产品种选育提供理论依据。     

光质对花生幼苗叶片光合色素含量及光合特性的影响

在单色LED灯光照条件下,以青花6号花生品种为材料,研究了不同光质对花生幼苗光合色素含量及光合特性的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,蓝光(445~470 nm)可显著提高花生幼苗比叶面积、叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高,胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高;红光(610~660 nm)显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量,降低了比叶面积、叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量,光合效率低于自然光照;绿光(515~520 nm)和黄光(590~595 nm)不利于光合色素的积累,显著抑制了花生幼苗叶片的光合作用.     

超级高产小麦旗叶荧光动力学研究

探明超级小麦品种的旗叶光合作用与荧光动力学特性,为超级小麦品种选育利用提供理论依据。以超级小麦临麦4号为试验材料,应用CI-301PS型便携式光合作用测定系统和FMS-2便携式荧光测定仪(英国Hansatech公司)在田间试验中测定旗叶光合作用与荧光动力学参数。结果表明,与普通高产对照品种皖麦52和烟农19相比,超级小麦临麦4号的光合作用参数光合速率、光饱和点和CO2饱和点、羧化效率高,光补偿点和CO2补偿点低;光合机构系统工作参数PSII实际的光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSII反应中心的激发能捕获效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo和电子传递速率(ETR)值高,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)值低。这表明超级小麦临麦4号的光合机构系统工作能力强和工作效率高,保证旗叶光合作用的高效运行,为子粒灌浆提供充足的能量和碳水化合物。     

棕色棉与白色棉缩合单宁单体儿茶素动态变化的比较

以棕色棉ANL-1’和白色棉‘泗棉3号’为材料,利用HPLc检测棉纤维发育过程中儿茶素的动态变化,结果表明：棉种皮中的儿茶素含量高于棉纤维中的,各种儿茶素单体（EGC、C、EC、EGCG、GCG、ECG、cG）的含量在花后30d迅速下降,其中在白色棉纤维中的下降幅度最大;棕色棉和白色棉发育期棉纤维中儿茶素存在很大差异,如棕色棉纤维中有Ec、CG,但在白色棉纤维中却没有发现。初步推断棕色棉与白色棉纤维中缩合单宁结构有较大不同,可能导致棉纤维颜色发生差异。     

种植密度对新疆高产棉花群体光合作用、冠层结构及产量形成的影响

 在新疆气候生态条件下,研究了种植密度对棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）群体光合作用、冠层结构和产量形成的影响,探讨了新疆棉花高产的生理机理及进一步提高产量的途径。结果表明：群体光合速率在盛铃期以前随密度增加明显增强,盛铃期以后,低密度6万株·hm-2的群体光合速率仍为最低,高密度30万株·hm-2群体光合速率迅速下降,中密度18万株·hm-2则保持较高水平。叶面积指数的变化与群体光合速率的变化相似,其峰值出现在盛铃期。冠层结构各指标的变化表现为,随密度增加平均叶簇倾角变大,株型变紧凑,但密度过大,群体散射辐射与直射辐射透过系数小,冠层结构不良,造成生育后期群体光合速率较快下降。增加密度能增加单位面积总铃数,但密度过高削弱了棉株个体发育,生育后期群体光合速率下降早,造成单铃重降低。群体总光合物质累积与群体光合速率在各生育时期呈显著正相关,籽棉产量与群体光合速率仅在盛铃期和吐絮期呈显著正相关;生产上要实现棉花高产及超高产,应使棉花生育前期群体光合速率稳定上升,至盛铃期达到高峰值,吐絮期群体光合速率保持较高水平     

超级早籼稻“中早39”的高产育种研究

利用高产早籼嘉育253和高产抗稻瘟病早籼品种中组3号为亲本,采用分离世代自然病圃鉴定结合稻瘟病混合菌株人工接种抗性筛选方法,通过系谱法和产量比较试验,最终选育获得高产抗稻瘟病早籼稻新品种中早39。对超级早籼稻品种中早39及其系谱亲本嘉育253和中组3号进行产量相关性状、光合特性、叶面积指数和光合色素含量等测定和比较分析,发现中早39的每穗总粒数和结实率优于其系谱亲本,库容优势明显;中早39在齐穗后20天保持最高的净光合速率,其叶面积指数和各光合色素含量也优于系谱亲本;因此,中早39具有超高产光合生理特性。育种初期选用了高产亲本,且在生育后期中早39比其系谱亲本具有更优的光合生理特性,是水稻高产育种中优良性状的整合和后期功能型超级稻特性的体现;中早39超高产优势来自于品种选育过程中源库的优化、株叶形态的改善;中早39的选育研究为水稻高产育种提供了参考信息。     

彩色棉种质资源农艺性状和纤维品质鉴定与分析

基于农艺性状和纤维品质对61份彩色棉种质材料进行鉴定分析,结果表明：材料间衣分、2．5％跨长、马克隆值呈极显著差异,整齐度、伸长率、比强度和单株铃数存在显著差异,株高、果枝数、单铃重差异不显著;供试材料纤维品质较差,除中国农业科学院棉花研究所选育的棕125、棕絮1号等材料外,大部分种质系2．5％跨长、比强度等指标不能满足纺织工业的需求,但仍有31份种质系单一性状较优,如棕2—63（IAA）、棕3-944等。采用类平均法对供试材料进行聚类分析,61份材料聚为7个类群,供试材料表现型性状相似较低,尤其部分基础彩色棉遗传材料与其他材料相似性极低,单独构成一类,如皱缩红鸡角叶棕絮、hunan绿等。综合分析表明,供试材料农艺性状和纤维品质较差,遗传多样性较丰富。     

Anthocyanin accumulation enhanced in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lc</Emphasis>-transgenic cotton under light and increased resistance to bollworm

Breeding of naturally colored cotton fiber has been hampered by the limited germplasm, an alternative way is to use transgenic approach to create more germplasm for breeding. Here, we report our effort to engineer anthocyanin production in cotton. The maize Lc gene, under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter, was introduced into cotton through genetic transformation. Our data showed that the expression of the Lc gene alone is sufficient to trigger the accumulation of anthocyanin in a variety of cell types including fiber cells in cotton. However, the accumulation of colored anthocyanin in cotton fibers requires the participation of light signaling. These data indicate that it is feasible to engineer colored fibers through transgenic approach in cotton. Furthermore, we showed that the Lc-transgenic cotton plants are resistant to cotton bollworm. These transgenic plants are, therefore, potentially useful for cotton breeding against cotton bollworm.     

天然彩色棉研究现状与展望

本文通过天然彩色棉的种质资源、纤维颜色的遗传控制、国内外天然彩色棉研究趋势的叙述,指出以常规育种与生物技术的密切结合是未来天然彩色棉发展的方向,将推动天然彩色棉纤维品质改良和颜色创新的飞跃发展。     

绿盲蝽取食诱导后棉花叶片内防御酶活力与基因表达量的变化

本研究以抗性棉皖棉小黄花为材料,室内条件下测定绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Mayer-Dür)取食、机械损伤、外源水杨酸和外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导处理后棉叶中苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(pal)、过氧化物酶基因(pod)和过氧化氢酶基因(cat)的相对表达量,并以健康植株为对照。结果表明:绿盲蝽取食诱导与外源信号物质诱导相似,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低;PAL、POD和CAT活力变化与本文中选取的pal、pod和cat基因表达量变化趋势存在差异。本研究说明,绿盲蝽取食既激活了水杨酸介导的防御信号转导途径,也激活了茉莉酸介导的信号转导途径;PAL、POD和CAT 3种酶活力不完全由本文中选取的pal、pod和cat 3个基因所调控。     

The Negative Correlation between Fiber Color and Quality Traits Revealed by QTL Analysis

Naturally existing colored cotton was far from perfection due to having genetic factors for lower yield, poor fiber quality and monotonous color. These factors posed a challenge to colored cotton breeding and innovation. To identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fiber color along with understanding of correlation between fiber color and quality in colored cotton, a RIL and two F₂ populations were generated from crosses among Zong128 (Brown fiber cotton) and two white fiber cotton lines which were then analyzed in four environments. Two stable and major QTLs (qLC-7-1, qFC-7-1) for fiber lint and fuzz color were detected accounting for 16.01%-59.85% of the phenotypic variation across multiple generations and environments. Meanwhile, some minor QTLs were also identified on chromosomes 5, 14, 21 and 24 providing low phenotypic variation (<5%) from only F2 populations, not from the RILs population. Especially, a multiple-effect locus for fiber color and quality has been detected between flanking markers NAU1043 and NAU3654 on chromosome 7 (A genome) over multiple environments. Of which, qLC-7-1, qFC-7-1 were responsible for positive effects and improved fiber color in offsprings. Meanwhile, the QTLs (qFL-7-1, qFU-7-1, qFF-7-1, qFE-7-1, and qFS-7-1) for fiber quality had negative effects and explained 2.19%-8.78% of the phenotypic variation. This multiple-effect locus for fiber color and quality may reveal the negative correlation between the two types of above traits, so paving the way towards cotton genetic improvement.     

18个彩色棉品系的SSR指纹分析

本研究利用SSR技术建立了18个彩色棉品系的DNA指纹图谱,在110对SSR引物中筛选到10对扩增效果较好的引物,应用其中的4对构建了18个彩色棉的分子检索模式图。同时用这10对引物对18个彩色棉进行了聚类分析,对它们的亲缘关系作了初步探讨。     

Assessment of fennel aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their predators in fennel intercropped with cotton with colored fibers

The fennel aphid, Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major pest of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller in northeast region of Brazil. We hypothesize that intercropping can be used as an alternative pest management strategy to reduce aphid yield loss in fennel. Thus, we investigated the severity of fennel plant damage in relation to infestation by the fennel aphid and predation by Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (spotless lady beetle), green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and Scymnus spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in sole fennel plots and plots of fennel intercropped with cotton with colored fibers. The fennel aphid populations in nontreated plots were significantly larger in sole fennel plots than in intercropped plots. The highest densities of C. sanguinea, green lacewings and Scymnus spp., associated with the suppression of fennel aphid populations was found in fennel in the intercropping systems. Fennel aphids reduced the fennel seed yield by 80% in the sole fennel plots compared with approximately 30% for all intercropping systems. The results obtained in this research are of practical significance for designing appropriate strategies for fennel aphid control in fennel-cotton intercropping systems. In summary, intercropping fennel with cotton with colored fibers apparently promoted biocontrol of fennel aphid in fennel.     

Research and application of biotechnology in textile industries in China

Textile industry is a conventional and pillar industry in China, which possesses a considerable proportion of the national economy. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the application of biotechnology in textile industries in China. As an interdiscipline between natural science and engineering science, textile biotechnology has much effect on China's textile industry. This paper summarizes current developments and highlights those areas where biotechnology might play an increasingly important role in China's textile industry as follows:

(1) Development of new types of textile fibers and polymers, such as Bt cotton naturally colored cotton, colored silk and silk gene-sequence, spider silk non-wovens, chitin fiber and chitosan derivatives, etc.

(2) Application of enzyme technology in textile wet processing, such as alkaline pectinase, PVA-degrading enzyme, cutinase and catalase used for cotton preparation, neutral cellulase for denim washing, transglutaminase for wool modification, protease for silk degumming as well as pectinase and hemicellulases for retting of bast fibers.

(3) Treatment of textile effluents with biotechnology.

新疆棕色棉纤维中花色苷的提取及初步鉴定

以新疆深棕色棉品系‘棕86’的成熟纤维为材料,用甲醇溶液(VMeOH∶VHCl=99∶1)避光冷浸提取15d后,浓缩成浸膏.用适量蒸馏水溶解浸膏,乙酸乙酯萃取除杂,水相用HP-20大孔树脂纯化色素组分;采用紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,并结合高效液相色谱方法,对天然彩色棉纤维色素组分进行鉴定,为彩色棉花新色彩的分子改良提供参考.结果显示,棕色棉纤维提取液中含有花色苷,且至少含有4种不同的花色苷成分.对棕色棉纤维提取液中花色苷的降解分析显示,棕色棉中的色素物质很不稳定.研究表明,花色苷是棕色棉纤维色素中的一种重要组成成分,进一步补充了彩棉色素的物质基础.