植物对增强UV-B辐射的防御机制研究进展

由于大气同温层的臭氧层逐渐被破坏变薄,增加了太阳UV-B辐射抵达地球表面的强度,对植物产生不同程度的影响.本文综述了近年来有关植物对增强UV-B辐射的防御机制,包括植物在生长、繁育与次生代谢过程中存在的防御机制、植物体内生物大分子对于UV-B辐射增强的防御和不同植物对于UV-B辐射增强的防御能力的差异,以及如何有效地利用该机制;同时提出了今后研究的方向和重点.     

云南报春花SOD、POD酶量月际性变化与UV-B辐射关系的研究

利用低纬高原地区获得部分不同地区紫外辐射观测资料,研究不同地区紫外辐射月际性差异引起云南报春花SOD、POD酶量的差异变化,探讨在自然环境条件下,UV-B辐射对植物体内SOD、POD的影响。结果表明: (1)在低纬高原地区UV-B辐射强度变化具有特殊性和复杂性;(2)当报春花处于幼苗生长期(2月)时,UV-B辐射强度小,SOD、POD活性表现较弱;进入生长旺盛期和开花期(3月、4月),UV-B辐射增强,此时SOD、POD活性也随之增强;进入衰老期(5月),而UV-B继续增强,植物SOD、POD酶活性下降。     

植物对UV-B辐射增强应答的分子机制及信号级联研究进展

地表的UV-B辐射量伴随着大气平流层臭氧层的变薄而不断增强,给地球生态系统带来严重影响.UV-B主要通过抑制植物光合作用、伤害生物膜及DNA等生物大分子来影响其生长发育,最终导致生物量及产量降低,甚至致死.植物在进化过程中形成了自我防护及防御机制,如DNA损伤的自我修复,活性氧自由基的酶促及非酶促清除机制,以及紫外吸收物质的诱导合成等;同时,在植物中也有许多物质及不同途径来感受和应答UV-B胁迫.本文从UV-B辐射增强对植物造成损伤的主要途径、植物对UV-B辐射增强的应答机制及信号级联过程等方面的研究进展进行综述.     

植物酶系统对UV-B辐射的响应机制

紫外辐射作为一种自然界存在的环境因子,影响着植物的生长发育。在植物从太阳辐射中获得光照和热量的同时,不可避免地要受到UV-B辐射的胁迫。植物在长期对环境的适应中,在体内形成了防御系统,以保护自身的安全,酶系统是其中之一。植物酶系统在实施防护的同时也受到了UV-B辐射的影响,信号分子对调节酶响应UV-B胁迫起了关键作用。本文重点论述了UV-B辐射增强下,植物酶系统的变化、植物酶系统的响应机制以及酶系统与信号物质的关系,并对该领域未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

增强UV-B辐射和氮素互作对植物生长代谢影响的研究进展

不同氮源条件下,UV-B辐射增强能改变植株对氮的吸收利用以及植株叶片的碳氢比和碳氮比,增加氨基酸的生物合成.缺氮条件下, UV-B辐射增强使植物叶片中SOD、POD活性增强,MDA含量增加;氮素过量时,UV-B辐射增强会降低植物对UV-B辐射的耐性.UV-B辐射增强和氮缺乏相互作用会降低叶片的光合速率、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖及淀粉含量,从而抑制植物的生长,降低生物量.该文对近年来国内外有关UV-B辐射增强与氮素相互作用对植物抗氧化系统、氮代谢、光合作用、生物量和形态结构的影响进行综述.     

UV-B辐射增强对陆地植物次生代谢的影响

平流层臭氧的减薄已导致地表中波紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)增强,由于UV-B能被许多生物大分子如蛋白质和核酸吸收并引起分子构象的变化,因此可对植物的各方面产生影响。本文将近年来特别是近5年的UV-B辐射增强对植物次生代谢物影响的研究工作进行了综述。主要包括：UV-B辐射增强对植物紫外吸收物的影响和可能的机制;环境因子的复合作用对植物紫外吸收物的影响和可能的机制;UV-B辐射增强对次生代谢物影响的生态学意义。并对该领域未来的研究作了展望。     

增强UV-B辐射对作物生理代谢、DNA和蛋白质的影响研究进展

大气平流层的臭氧层逐渐破坏导致太阳辐射中抵达地球表面的UV-B辐射增加,对作物产生不同程度的影响.本文讨论了UV-B辐射增强对作物生理代谢、DNA损伤和蛋白质含量的影响.UV-B辐射增强,作物叶片类黄酮含量增加、叶绿素含量降低、光合作用减弱,同时UV-B辐射诱致基因活性变化,导致DNA损伤和蛋白质含量的改变.     

紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢的影响

综述了UV-B辐射增强对植物叶片、茎、根、果实以及籽粒中糖含量影响的研究现状与动态,从生理学角度分析了UV-B辐射对植物糖含量和糖代谢相关的一些重要反应及其影响植物糖含量和糖代谢的关键酶的响应,并从植物的光合碳固定、糖的合成与分解等方面阐述了UV-B影响糖含量及糖代谢的可能机理。展望了今后紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢影响的研究重点和研究方向。     

UV-B辐射对植物影响的分子水平研究进展

大气平流层中的臭氧层被破坏,导致到达地球表面太阳的UV-B辐射增强,对植物产生了多方面影响,其中包括对DNA、抗氧化酶系统、光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的作用以及植物体内类黄酮等保护物质的生物合成等。UV-B辐射也是环境中重要的非生物因子,植物在长期的进化演替过程中,形成了对它的适应机制,可能被作为一种环境信号调节植物体内一系列的基因表达过程。本文论述了近些年来在分子水平上UV-B辐射对植物DNA损伤的修复、抗氧化酶和光系统Ⅱ的基因表达影响,以及有关UV-B信号传导,并对UV-B辐射的植物分子生物学研究作了展望。     

克隆整合提高异质性UV-B辐射下活血丹抗氧化酶活力

增强UV-B辐射会对植物生长和生理生化过程产生有害效应。克隆植物中,相连的克隆分株对经常共享资源和激素,然而鲜有关于异质性UV-B辐射下抗氧化酶活力变化的报道。本研究模拟同质(克隆分株片段均处于自然背景辐射)和异质(克隆分株一端处于自然背景辐射,另一端处于补加的UV-B辐射)UV-B辐射,以克隆植物活血丹为材料,进行连接和隔断处理,研究异质性UV-B辐射下,克隆整合对活血丹抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT))活力的影响。结果表明:与处于同质UV-B辐射环境相比,异质UV-B辐射下连接处理中的活血丹UV-B辐射端抗氧化酶活力显著增加,说明克隆植物生理整合存在,且克隆整合提高了活血丹抗氧化酶活力。表明异质UV-B辐射环境中,UV-B辐射胁迫端克隆分株通过生理整合从非胁迫端获益,最大化地利用资源。     

芒果老叶在增强UV-B辐射处理下的损伤和保护反应

以‘台衣一号’芒果盆栽苗离体老叶为试材,研究增强UV—B辐射条件下芒果老叶的损伤和保护反应。结果表明：UV—B辐射处理使芒果叶片MDA含量和相对电导率升高、叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b降低,表明叶片受到损伤,且随处理时间延长叶片损伤加重。UV—B辐射处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、POD）活性、保护色素（类胡萝卜素、类黄酮）和还原型GSH含量显著高于对照叶片,UV—B辐射处理叶片维生素C含量显著低于对照叶片,表明增强UV—B辐射可诱导叶片细胞通过提高活性氧清除能力和积累保护色素而直接吸收部分UV—B辐射来提高抗增强UV—B辐射损伤的能力。     

不同灌水量下限对高羊茅绿期及抗寒性生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了秋末冬初不同灌水量下限\[分别占田间持水量(FC)的80%、70%、60%、50%\]对高羊茅绿期及抗寒性生理指标的影响.结果表明：在冬季低温条件下,80%和70%FC灌水处理使高羊茅叶片相对含水量、保护酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性、叶绿素、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量维持在较高水平,丙二醛含量和电解质外渗率降低,高羊茅的抗寒性增强.80%FC灌水处理分别较70%、60%和50%FC处理的草坪草绿期延长4、22和28 d,到达枯黄休眠的时间最晚,完成返青的时间最早.综合考虑节水和提高水分利用效率等多种因素,70%FC灌水处理为高羊茅秋末冬初季节最佳的灌水下限.     

Effects of Enhanced UV- B Radiation on Protein Metabolism of Bean Leaves

Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse condition under UV-B (280 ~ 320 nm) radiation and an UV-B-free control condition. At early stage of bean growth, UV-B radiation(UV- BBE: 16 kJ·m-2·d-1 ) increased the synthetic rate of protein in bean leaves. UV-B radiation decreased the synthetic rate of protein and the content of soluble protein, increased the activities of caseolytic enzymes and the content of total amino acids in bean leaves at later growth stage. The results of SDS-PAGE indicated that UV-B radiation increased the contents of polypeptide in a range of 99 kD, 88 kD, 76 kD, 42 kD, 35 kD and 33 kD at the early stage, and increased that of 10 ~ 14 kD, 29 kD, 33 kD and 35 kD at later growth stage. It is suggested that the increase of these polypeptides is an adaptation response of plants to the enhanced UV-B radiation.     

UV-B induced stress responses in three rice cultivars

UV-B responses of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Sasanishiki, Norin 1 and Surjamkhi) with different photolyase activity were investigated. Carbon dioxide assimilation data support that Sasanishiki was less sensitive to UV-B than Norin 1 and Surjamkhi. UV-B radiation sharply decreased the content of Rubisco protein in Surjamkhi and has no effect in Sasanishiki. The photochemical activities of photosystem (PS) 1 and PS 2 was slightly affected by UV-B treatment. The content of H₂O₂ and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), peroxides (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were enhanced after UV-B treatment. The activities of CAT and POX isoenzymes in Sasanishiki were more enhanced by UV-B radiation than those in Norin 1 and Surjamkhi.     

水稻对UV-B辐射增强的抗性遗传及其生理生化特性研究

本研究结果表明紫外线B(UVB,280～330nm)能严重影响水稻秧苗生长发育,从而引起植株矮化,叶片干枯,叶绿素含量降低,单株干物质减少甚至死亡。不同水稻基因型对紫外线的反应存在明显差异。在3个供试品种(HR、M63、Hr)中,HR最抗UVB危害。遗传分析表明水稻抗UVB的性状为数量遗传性状且受多对隐性基因控制,生化分析表明水稻秧苗经UVB处理后,在0～3d内,随着时间推移,秧苗保护酶活性明显增强,之后,保护酶活性逐惭下降,MDA含量相应增加。抗UVB品种HR比感UVB品种Hr保护酶活性一直较高,膜质过氧化程度较低,反映了保护酶对抵抗UVB危害的重要作用。     

UV-B induced changes in antioxidant enzymes and their isoforms in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons

To assess the role of antioxidant defense system on exposure to ultra-violet-B (UV-B) radiation, the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), as well as the level of antioxidants ascorbic acid (AA) and alpha-tocopherol were monitored in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var long green) cotyledons. UV-B enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well as AA content, but decreased the level of alpha-tocopherol. Significant increase was observed in the activities of SOD and GPX. Analysis of isoforms of antioxidant enzymes by native-PAGE and activity staining revealed three isoforms of GPX in unexposed dark-grown cotyledons (control), and their intensity was enhanced by UV-B exposure. In addition, four new isoforms of GPX were observed in cotyledons after UV-B exposure. Although no new isoforms were observed for the other antioxidant enzymes, the activities of their existing isoforms were enhanced by UV-B.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on ingestion, fecundity, population dynamics and antioxidant enzyme activities of Schmackeria inopinus (Copepoda Calanoida)

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet B (UV-B, 280-320 nm) on copepods have gained particular attention in recent years. In this study, we investigated the effects of UV-B radiation on ingestion, fecundity, population dynamics and antioxidant enzyme activities of copepod Schmackeria inopinus exposed to varying doses of UV-B irradiance. Artificial UV-B radiation resulted in an increased mortality of nauplii, copepodites and adults with increasing UV-B doses. Nauplii and copepodites were more sensitive to UV-B radiation than adults, and adult males had a higher UV-B radiation susceptivity in comparison with adult females. Both ingestion rates and proportion of gravid females decreased with the increase of UV-B doses; and at the same time, we also observed that adult females had higher ingestion rates as compared with adult males. In comparison with the control, the abundance of the treatment significantly decreased. Antioxidant enzyme (GPx and GR) activities attained a significant increase at lower UV-B radiation doses when compared to the control, but declined at higher UV-B doses. These results suggested that enhanced UV-B radiation might change the species composition of copepods. Our study also showed that antioxidant enzymes might protect S. inopinus against UV-induced oxidative damage.     

Induction of heat shock-like proteins in Vigna sinensis seedlings growing under ultraviolet-B (280-320 nm) enhanced radiation

The effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) enhanced fluorescent radiation on protein profile and protein synthesis has been investigated in Vigna sinensis L. cv. Walp seedlings growing at various temperatures. In seedlings growing at 30°C, UV-B radiation decreased the level of several proteins as seen in Coomassie brilliant blue stained gel. However, fluorography of the same gel indicates induction of three sets of proteins in the range of 70. 53 and 16 k Da. Such induction under UV-B enhanced radiation resembled that found after heat shock treatments. In seedlings at 10 and 20°C, induction of such proteins varied both qualitatively and quantitatively. At 40°C. UV-B enhanced radiation caused a cumulative effect with temperature. Strong induction of specific proteins by UV-B radiation in seedlings growing under normal temperature indicates a possible protective role.     

紫外线-B辐射对植物DNA及蛋白质的影响

大气平流层中的臭氧衰减,导致太阳辐射中的紫外辐射量有明显的增加,其中UV-B辐射对植物会产生不同程度的影响。分子生态学理论认为,UV-B辐射对植物造成的损伤,首先伤害植物的生物大分子,即进行光化学修饰。本文就臭氧衰减对生态环境和植物的影响途径进行了讨论,重点论述了UV-B辐射对植物蛋白质合成的抑制和DNA的损伤修复途径。并应用分子生物学技术研究植物对UV-B辐射的抗性机理和DNA修复技术的前景进行了展望。     

Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on the Activity and Expression of Alternative Oxidase in Red Kidney Bean Leaves

An increase in ultraviolet （UV） B radiation on the earth＇s surface is a feature of current global climate changes. It has been reported that alternative oxidase （AOX） may have a protective role against oxidative stress induced by environmental stresses, such as UV-B. To better understand the characteristic tolerance of plants to UV-B radiation, the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the activity and expression of AOX in red kidney bean （Phaseolus vulgaris） leaves were investigated in the present study. The results show that the total respiration rate and AOX activity in red kidney bean leaves increased significantly during treatment with enhanced UV-B. However, cytochrome oxidase （COX） activity did not change significantly. The H2O2 content was also markedly increased and reached a maximum of 4.45 mmol·L^-1·g^-1 DW （dry weight） at 24 h of UV-B treatment, before dropping rapidly. Both alternative pathway content and alternative pathway activity were increased in the presence of exogenous H2O2. Immunoblotting analysis with anti-AOX monoclonal antibody revealed that expression of the AOX protein increased in red kidney bean leaves under enhanced UV-B radiation, reaching a peak at 72 h. In addition, AOX expression in red kidney bean leaves was induced by exogenous H2O2. These data indicate that the increase in AOX activity in red kidney bean leaves under enhanced UV-B radiation was mainly due to H2O2-induced AOX expression.