MXR1基因对毕赤酵母工程茵代谢调控的影响

为了研究毕赤酵母中转录因子Mxrlp在毕赤酵母代谢调控中所起的作用,构建一株以南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B基因(CALB)作为报告基因,MXR1基因完全缺失的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株.将重组质粒pPIC9K-CALB转化毕赤酵母GS115,利用三丁酸甘油酯平板筛选得到分泌表达CALB的重组茵GS115/pPIC9K-CALB.通过重叠延伸PCR方法获得一段中间含有博来霉素抗性基因sh ble,两翼大约各有1 200 bp与毕赤酵母MXR1基因上下游同源的基因片段,将此片段用氯化锂法转化毕赤酵母细胞GS1 15/pPIC9 K-CALB后,利用博来霉素抗性及CALB酶活力丧失双重筛选的方法得到一株MXR1基因完全缺失的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株.该菌株在以甲醇为唯一碳源的培养基中不生长,在以乙醇、葡萄糖或者甘油为唯一碳源的培养基中生长缓慢.结果表明转录Mxrlp因子在毕赤酵母中的多条代谢途径中起着关键性的作用,主要涉及甲醇、乙醇、甘油和葡萄糖等代谢途径.     

FAD依赖的葡萄糖脱氢酶多拷贝毕赤酵母菌株的构建及高效表达

通过体外多拷贝构建实现FAD依赖的葡萄糖脱氢酶(FAD-GDH)在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)X33菌株中的高效表达。将前期构建的经密码子偏好性优化FAD-GDH基因插入到pPICZαA质粒中，通过同尾酶法酶切酶连构建含1～4个表达盒的重组表达质粒，分别电转至毕赤酵母X33中，成功筛选到各种重组菌株。qRT-PCR测定结果表明，载体所含的表达盒数目与嵌合进毕赤酵母基因组中的GDH基因拷贝数之间存在正相关关系。重组菌在试管水平用甲醇诱导72 h,酶活达到最高，其中4拷贝的转化子表达水平最高；选择1拷贝和4拷贝转化子进行10 L发酵罐扩大培养，1拷贝菌株诱导108 h酶活达到最高697.125 U/mL,4拷贝菌株诱导132 h酶活达到最高1 063.279 U/mL,比1拷贝酶活提高52.52%。结果表明通过增加目的基因拷贝数策略有助于提高FAD-GDH的表达量，为其进一步扩大生产提供参考。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xα21和稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-d2激酶蛋白质在毕赤酵母中的表达及条件优化

[目的]白叶枯病和稻瘟病是最主要的水稻病害,Xα21是水稻白叶枯病抗性基因,Pi-d2是稻瘟病抗性基因,二者都编码类受体激酶蛋白质.本研究旨在毕赤酵母系统中表达XA21和PI-D2激酶蛋白质.[方法]用Xα21和Pi-d2的激酶区PCR产物,构建了pPICZαA-Xα21K、pPICZαA-Pi-d2K重组质粒,酶切及测序验证后,将重组质粒线性化,转化到毕赤酵母菌株中,系统地比较了不同酵母菌株(KM71、GS115、X33),不同甲醇浓度(1%、2%、3%),不同pH(pH5、pH6、pH7、pH8)值,不同诱导时间(24 h、48 h、72 h)条件下激酶蛋白质的表达情况.[结果]XA21和PI-D2激酶蛋白质可以在毕赤酵母中表达,但表达的蛋白质不能分泌到培养基上清中,而只能在菌体中检测到,对表达条件的系统比较发现,毕赤酵母菌株KM71和X33、2%的甲醇诱导浓度、pH5和48 h以上的诱导时间有利于激酶蛋白质的表达,最后我们在酵母裂解物上清中获得了纯化的考染可见的激酶蛋白质.[结论]在毕赤酵母中表达了XA21和PI-D2激酶蛋白质,为下一步生化特性研究奠定了基础.     

里氏木霉内切葡萄糖苷酶Ⅳ在毕赤酵母中的表达

进行了内切葡萄糖苷酶Ⅳ（EGⅣ）在毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）表达系统中的表达。采用RT—PCR的方法从里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）中分离到eg4基因。将eg4基因与毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA连接,得到重组质粒pPICZαA-eg4。将该重组质粒线性化后转化毕赤酵母GS115,eg4基因通过同源重组被整合到毕赤酵母的染色体上,并处于酵母α因子的下游,得到重组菌株P.pastoris—EGⅣ1。在甲醇诱导下,重组菌株P.pastoris-EGⅣ1可以合成并分泌EGⅣ,培养液的CMC活力达到2．11U／mL。     

人防御素6基因的克隆、亚克隆及在酵母中的分泌表达

探讨人防御素6(HD-6)在毕赤酵母中表达的可行性,为进一步研究HD6的功能提供理论依据和实验基础。采用PCR方法,设计引物从cDNA文库中扩增出人α防御素6基因片段,并将其插入到克隆载体pMD-18T中,再与毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA重组,以得到重组的HD-6酵母表达载体pPICZαA/HD-6,并进行琼脂糖电泳和测序鉴定。再将构建好的毕赤酵母重组表达质粒pPICZαA/HD-6经SacⅠ线性化后,应用LiCl法转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115感受态中,Zeocin平板筛选,PCR鉴定转化子。经摇瓶发酵和甲醇诱导,SDSPAGE分析重组HD-6的表达。从cDNA文库中扩增出的HD-6基因片断大小正确;电泳和测序结果均证明已将此片段克隆到酵母表达载体pPICZαA内;线性化的重组质粒pPICZαA/HD-6成功转化进入毕赤酵母感受态中,PCR鉴定结果与预期相符;蛋白电泳证实重组HD-6在酵母中获得分泌表达。提示重组HD-6可以在毕赤酵母中实现分泌表达。     

一种增加毕赤酵母生产胰岛素前体的方法

为了提高胰岛素前体(PI)的产量,构建了p PIC9K-PI表达载体并电转化至毕赤酵母菌株GS115中,在浓度为4.0 mg/m L的G418抗性平板上筛选到了1株拷贝数为12的菌株CL012。将SNAREs(可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子受体蛋白)组分中的SNC2和SNC2-SSO2分别转入菌株CL012中,并在摇瓶和5 L发酵罐水平上检测SNAREs对PI产量的影响。结果表明:摇瓶水平上,甲醇诱导96 h后,菌株CL012的PI产量为1.53 mg/L;表达SNC2和SNC2-SSO2的菌株的PI产量分别为1.89 mg/L和2.21 mg/L,分别比菌株CL012提高了23.53%和44.44%。在5 L发酵罐上进行高密度发酵,甲醇诱导96 h后菌株CL012的PI产量为53 mg/L,是摇瓶水平的34.64倍;表达SNC2和SNC2-SSO2的菌株的PI产量分别达到64 mg/L和78 mg/L,分别比菌株CL012提高了20.75%和47.17%。由此得出结论 SNAREs可以促进胰岛素前体的分泌,从而提高在毕赤酵母中的异源表达。     

新型重组毕赤酵母产人胰岛素前体的表达工艺研究

以毕赤酵母为异源表达宿主合成人胰岛素前体,在实验室研究和工业生产中已有广泛应用。目前研究主要使用天然甲醇诱导型AOX1启动子,以甲醇为单一基础碳源进行胰岛素前体的诱导发酵生产。但在毕赤酵母高密度发酵生产过程中,甲醇代谢过程耗氧大、产热高,补料控制工艺复杂,限制了发酵生产的放大。基于前期对启动子AOX1的转录调控设计研究,提出以人工设计的高效组成型转录调控器件CSAD_5驱动胰岛素前体基因表达,开发了以葡萄糖为碳源的发酵生产工艺,以解决甲醇体系中的产热、耗氧及工艺控制问题。在此基础上,通过增强筛选压力提高异源基因拷贝,获得了一株胰岛素前体高表达重组毕赤酵母,利用优化的培养工艺在5L反应器水平发酵生产,胰岛素前体产量在108h达到1. 85g/L,为目前报道以葡萄糖为碳源,生产人胰岛素前体的最高水平,为胰岛素前体的工业生产及毕赤酵母的应用提供了新的思路和方法。     

重组人表皮生长因子在毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化及其复合可溶性微针的制备

目的:利用毕赤酵母X33表达重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF),纯化后以透明质酸(HA)为基质制备rhEGF-可溶性微针贴片,以期增强rhEGF的透皮能力。方法:合成EGF-His编码基因,PCR扩增后连入pPICZαA质粒构建重组表达载体,线性化pPICZαA-hEGF-His载体后电转化毕赤酵母X33感受态,涂布高浓度博来霉素YPD平板,筛选高表达单克隆菌株;甲醇诱导表达,以硫酸铵沉淀及镍填料亲和层析方法纯化获得rhEGF;利用微模板浇铸法以HA为基质制备rhEGF-可溶性微针贴片,通过猪皮穿刺实验验证此贴片的穿透性及可溶性。结果:构建了pPICZαA-hEGFHis表达载体,通过筛选获得高表达X33菌株,经两步纯化后的EGF-His蛋白纯度约为90%;制备了rhEGF-可溶性微针贴片,此贴片能够穿透猪皮。结论:利用毕赤酵母表达并纯化获得高纯度的EGF-His蛋白;将EGF-His蛋白与微针技术相结合制备的rhEGF-可溶性微针贴片具有较好的穿刺性和溶解性。     

RT-PCR检测毕赤酵母外源β-甘露聚糖酶基因拷贝数

利用荧光定量PCR方法检测毕赤酵母外源β-甘露聚糖酶基因(man)拷贝数。以毕赤酵母中高度保守基因三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因(gap)为内参基因,分别构建含有gap和man的克隆质粒,进行RT-PCR反应构建gap和man双标准曲线;获得的双标准曲线具有良好的重复性,其相关系数(R2)均为0.999,其扩增效率分别为105.1%和102.2%。提取含有外源man基因的毕赤酵母基因组进行RT-PCR检测,通过双标准曲线计算出外源man基因的拷贝数。结果显示:预先经过博莱霉素(Zeoicn)抗性筛选得到的10株毕赤酵母重组菌株中含有1、2、3、4、5和7个不等拷贝的β-甘露聚糖酶基因。结果表明该方法能够高效快速筛选和鉴定出含有不同外源β-甘露聚糖酶基因拷贝数的毕赤酵母重组菌株。     

抗速灭威单链抗体基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达及性质研究

选用巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)系统表达特异性抗速灭威单链抗体(scFv)基因,以为速灭威特异性抗体的大量制备奠定基础。设计引物扩增阳性克隆scFv基因,亚克隆至表达载体pPICZαC,获得重组酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-scFv,线性化pPICZαC-scFv并高效电转P.pastoris(X-33),对转化子进行抗性梯度筛选得到一株高效表达的X-33-Pp-SMW-12-6菌株。对获得的菌株先后进行表达条件的优化、优化条件下的诱导表达及单链抗体性质研究。结果表明:P.pastoris-scFv的质量接近其亲本E.coli-scFv的质量,X-33-Pp-SMW12-6在优化条件下的表达产量达28mg/L,比未优化前的产量提高了约8mg/L,经纯化后抗体纯度可达85%以上。因此,利用P.pastoris表达系统制备抗速灭威单链抗体比细菌表达系统更有效、更经济。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.