天津蓟县桃花园明清家族墓地人骨的身高推算(Ⅰ)

通过对天津蓟县桃花园墓地2004年和2005年出土的171例成年人骨标本的身高推算,得出桃花园组男性居民的平均身高约为167.19cm,女性居民的平均身高约为152.89cm。男性居民的平均身高普遍高于古代北方居民,而低于现代北方居民。女性居民身高水平低于古代北方居民和我国现代北方居民。     

内蒙古和林格尔县大堡山墓地古代居民的肢骨研究

本文对内蒙古和林格尔县大堡山墓地2011年发掘出土的古代人类肢骨进行了测量与研究,并依据相关的身高计算公式对其身高进行了推算;在与内蒙古中南部地区其他古代对比组进行比较分析后,得出以下结论:大堡山地区两性居民的肱骨粗壮程度发育较弱,股骨粗壮程度相对居中、股骨骨干上端一般扁平、股骨嵴相对发达;大堡山墓地古代居民的男性身高水平较高,女性身高水平中等;根据两性差异性指数,内蒙古中南部地区东周时期女性的主体经济地位普遍偏低。     

内蒙古和林格尔县新店子墓地古代居民的身高研究

本文对内蒙古和林格尔县新店子墓地出土东周时期的长骨标本进行了观察和测量,并根据相关公式推测出该组居民的身高,研究结果表明,该组男性居民的身高在内蒙古长城地带同时期的人群中最低,而女性居民则最高,是一个男女两性居民身高差异较小的古代群体。     

郑州汪沟遗址仰韶文化居民的牙齿磨耗及口腔健康状况

对汪沟遗址出土的174例仰韶文化居民的2816枚牙齿进行统计与分析,计算出牙齿的平均磨耗等级和前后部牙齿磨耗差别指数,统计特殊磨耗、龋齿、骨质隆起在样本中的出现率.结果显示,汪沟组牙齿平均磨耗等级为3.403262级,男性牙齿平均磨耗等级为3.63级,女性为3.61级;男女两性牙齿磨耗差异不显著(p＞0.05);前后部...     

中国现代人群两性身高差异分布及其影响因素

本文对中国现代人群的两性身高差异分布状况及其影响因素进行了分析。选用152处中国现代人群（含69处汉族人群和83处少数民族人群）的男、女性身高数据,计算两性身高差异指数,并对比该指数在南、北方汉族和少数民族人群间的分布差异,同时分析纬度、气候、体格大小与城乡环境因素对两性身高差异程度的影响。结果表明,中国男性的平均身高比女性高出约7.16%(4.72%~9.26%）;南、北方汉族和少数民族之间的两性身高差异程度相似,北方汉族和南方汉族两性身高差异程度相似,但北方少数民族的两性身高差异明显大于南方少数民族。此外,两性身高差异程度与纬度、气温年较差和年均风速呈低度线性正相关,与年均气温、年均降水量和年均相对湿度呈低度线性负相关,而与体格大小和城乡环境并无显著关联。这提示遗传和自然环境因素在中国现代人群两性身高差异的区域化演变中更趋主导性,而社会环境因素的影响程度相对较低。     

广西灰窑田史前遗址人类髌骨的形态变异

距今约7000～6000年的广西灰窑田遗址是顶蛳山文化的重要遗址之一,其所出人类遗骸为探讨岭南地区史前时期渔猎-采集型人群的肢体活动方式、活动强度以及两性劳动分工等问题提供了重要的研究样本。髌骨作为膝关节的重要组成,其形态变异特征在一定程度上可以反应个体膝关节的活动程度与特点。本文采用三维几何形态测量方法对该遗址出土的43例人类髌骨进行分析,从侧别对称性、性别二态性以及年龄差异性等三个方面考察了髌骨的大小和形态差异。研究结果表明,该遗址古人类髌骨发育存在明显的左侧优势,髌尖呈右偏趋势。男性髌骨尺寸较大,但两性髌骨形态未见显著差异。该遗址个体髌骨形态随年龄增长呈现出与股四头肌力量增强、屈伸运动强度与频率增加相关的变化特征。     

吉林省白城市双塔遗址东周时期人骨研究

双塔遗址是近年来松嫩平原先秦时期最为重要的考古发现,该遗址为建立白城西部乃至科尔沁沙地东部地区汉以前考古学文化的编年序列,廓清相关诸考古学文化的谱系关系,奠定了重要基础;为判断同类遗存年代提供了重要标尺,特别是东周时期人骨标本的发现,是迄今在科尔沁沙地东部地区发现的唯一一份保存较为完整的人骨资料。本文对出土9例东周时期的颅骨(男性6例,女性3例)进行了体质人类学的研究,该组颅骨在种族特征上可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种中的北亚人种范围。在若干古代和现代对比组中,双塔组东周时期居民的体质特征与井沟子东周时期居民、近代蒙古人最为接近,属于先秦时期我国北方地区的"古蒙古高原类型",佐证了这一时期该地区的人口流动。     

169例男性假两性畸形患者的治疗体会

目的:总结男性假两性畸形治疗的临床经验.方法:回顾性分析169例男性假两性畸形患者治疗后的临床资料.结果:169例男性假两性畸形患者,97例选择女性性别,72例选择男性性别,手术平均年龄为7岁.选择男性性别的患者术后阴茎平均长度为5.2 cm,35例出现尿后滴沥,18例再次行手术治疗,8例因阴茎小行手术,5例因尿瘘再行手术修补,5例因尿道狭窄行重吻合术,28例因尿道狭窄需行定期扩张,30例对治疗效果不满意,31例男性担心阴茎小,44例术后社会适应良好.选择女性性别的患者术后无尿失禁及排尿困难,2例再次行手术治疗,其中1例阴蒂肥大,1例尿道阴道瘘,17例因阴道狭窄需定期行阴道扩张(阴道成形术后2例),6例对治疗效果不满意,80例术后社会适应良好的.结论:男性假两性畸形治疗性别选择需在医生的指导下,根据患者及家庭意愿慎重决择,选择男性治疗难度大,术后并发症和社会适应困难比选择女性更明显.     

内蒙古和林格尔县土城子遗址战国时期人群的体质量

体质量推算作为体质人类学的一项重要研究方法,为衡量古代居民体型提供了新的途径,同时也为解决考古学、历史学问题提供了新的研究思路。本文通过"生物力学"和"形态测量学"两种方法对内蒙古和林格尔县土城子遗址2005年出土的34例战国时期人骨标本进行了体质量推算。统计分析结果表明,该组男性居民的平均体质量约为67.21kg,女性居民的平均体质量约为54.63kg,男女两性之间的差异显著。通过与战国时期内蒙古长城地带井沟子居民的比较分析,土城子男性居民在平均体质量上明显大于井沟子男性居民,并且体质量值整体分布偏高,而女性组则差异不显著。结合考古学、历史学相关研究材料,该数据为土城子居民为戍边军士的身份提供了进一步的证据。     

统万城遗址出土人骨颅面测量性状

统万城遗址位于陕西省靖边县,是十六国时期大夏国都城所在,历经北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、北宋七个朝代共575年。其所处中国北方农牧交错地带,一直是人群往来、交融之地。本文参照《人体测量手册》所列方法对统万城遗址出土人骨进行颅面形态特征的分析。结果表明,统万城遗址出土颅骨是以亚洲蒙古人种为主体,在形态上既存在古人种类型的差异,又表现出多种古人种类型融合的特点,另外还有个体表现出少量欧罗巴人群的性状。统万城遗址居民颅面特征的多态性与融合性,和古代人群演化的历时性特点相吻合,与统万城历史上频繁的人群往来相关,欧罗巴人种因素可能来自粟特人的影响。男女两性居民的主体构成可能有不同来源,随着政治权力主体变化,农人与牧人所占比重也发生了变化。     

Body size among Holocene foragers of the Cape Ecozone, southern Africa

Temporal and geographic variability in adult body size can be a useful indicator of a population's adaptation. The southern African Cape supported foraging populations exclusively until some pastoralism is seen, ca. 2000 BP. This paper describes and interprets body-size patterns among foragers, as deduced from maximum femoral lengths and femoral head diameters, using 127 individually dated adult skeletons from the western (70) and southern (57) regions of the Cape (64 male, 60 female, 3 sex undetermined). Estimated statures are comparable to historic Khoesan samples, but show lower values and greater variance during the fifth/fourth millennium before the present among both sexes and both biomes. Variation in femoral length does not correlate with diet protein, as reflected in stable isotope (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) values. Positive correlations between femoral head diameter and isotopic indicators suggest greater body mass with more reliance on marine protein. A decline in femoral length begins at around 4000 BP, a time when archaeologists suggest that population growth led to the incorporation of lower-ranked food resources, and to reduced mobility. A clearly identifiable linear recovery, beginning at around 3000 BP, greatly predates the earliest evidence of pastoralism on the Cape. Apparent problems of food sufficiency were addressed and solved, within a hunting and gathering economy.     

Periodic climate cooling enhanced natural disasters and wars in China during AD 10–1900

Recent studies have linked climatic and social instabilities in ancient China; the underlying causal mechanisms have, however, often not been quantitatively assessed. Here, using historical records and palaeoclimatic reconstructions during AD 10–1900, we demonstrate that war frequency, price of rice, locust plague, drought frequency, flood frequency and temperature in China show two predominant periodic bands around 160 and 320 years where they interact significantly with each other. Temperature cooling shows direct positive association with the frequency of external aggression war to the Chinese dynasties mostly from the northern pastoral nomadic societies, and indirect positive association with the frequency of internal war within the Chinese dynasties through drought and locust plagues. The collapses of the agricultural dynasties of the Han, Tang, Song and Ming are more closely associated with low temperature. Our study suggests that food production during the last two millennia has been more unstable during cooler periods, resulting in more social conflicts owing to rebellions within the dynasties or/and southward aggressions from northern pastoral nomadic societies in ancient China.     

宋朝中国人的姓氏分布与群体结构分化

姓氏是一种十分有用的文化遗传因子,它的传递方式类似于Ｙ染色体的表现。１０００年前宋朝（公元９６０￣１１７９年）中国人姓氏频率的分布,是一组十分吻合Ｋａｒｌｉｎ－ＭｃＧｒｅｇｏｒ的中性等位基因分布理论的随机数据。１６个省区的姓氏种类丰度的相对参数α和迁移率的相对参数ｖ的分析,反映了这一时期的中国人群的迁移和人群间混合的程度。姓氏遗传距离和现状聚类图的分析,表明在１０００年前的宋朝中国人群已经形成了南     

The gender gap in the biological living standard in Spain. A study based on the heights of an elite migration to Mexico, 1840-1930

This paper examines the evolution of the statures of Spanish male and female migrants who entered Mexico between the mid-nineteenth and the mid-twentieth century. Using the information contained in the National Registry of Foreigners created by the Mexican government, the paper also estimates the evolution of the gap between male and female migrants’ heights. The inclusion of women and their heights in the registry allows the estimation of both male and female heights and the analysis of their evolution for a group of comparable individuals. The results show that Spanish migrants to Mexico grew taller between 1840 and 1930, and also reveal their character as a highly qualified group, with heights similar to those of the Latin-American elites and considerably higher than the statures of those who remained in Spain. In the long term, the differences between men and women decreased from more than 10 cm in the cohorts born in the mid-nineteenth century, to around 8–9 centimetres in the early twentieth century, coinciding with a period of profound economic and social transformations.     

内蒙古汉族、蒙古族与日本学生身高和体质量的最大发育年龄段差异

分析2014年7-18岁内蒙古汉族、蒙古族和日本学生身高及体质量最大发育年龄差异。汉族和蒙古族数据来自《2014年内蒙古自治区学生体质与健康调查研究》;日本数据来源于“平成26年（2014年）度体育与运动调查统计情报”。结果显示：7-18岁各年龄段汉族男女生身高分别比蒙古族高出1.98 cm和1.54 cm;高出日本2.59 cm和2.91 cm（P<0.05）。汉族男生体质量平均高出蒙古族1.97 kg、高出日本4.01 kg;汉族和蒙古族女生体质量分别比日本高出2.59 kg（P<0.05）和2.67 kg（P<0.05）。2014年内蒙古汉族和蒙古族学生身高和体质量发育水平优于日本学生。汉族男生身高最大发育年龄分别提前蒙古族和日本1.73岁和0.9岁;汉族和蒙古族男生体质量最大发育年龄分别比日本滞后1.17和1.07岁;日本女生身高最大发育年龄比汉族和蒙古族提前0.68岁和0.37岁。     

Weight of the skeleton during postnatal development

The weight of all bones and the length of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae have been determined in a series of 150 dry, fat-free skeletons from American Whites and Negroes of both sexes, ranging in age from 23 days to 22 years. Six skeletons were eliminated from the series because of evidence of previous illness. A comparison of the lengths of femur plus tibia of this series with the mean statures of a large series of living children at given ages indicates similarity in the growth patterns. Statistical analyses of the data show that the skeletal weight cannot be estimated reliably from age by cither an exponential growth equation or by a logistic function. The weight of the skeleton, however, is related to the lengths of the measured limb bones by allometric equations, and such equations involving each of the four bones are presented for estimation of skeletal weight in the living. Although the standard errors of estimate of the equations based on lengths of each of these four bones differ very little, the radius is recommended over the other three because it is more readily accessible in the living for a roentgenogram and its shadow on the film shows least distortion.     

严重缺碘对体质及遗传性状影响的研究

对严重缺碘地区一个容貌特殊,身材较矮,智力低下的人群进行了体质特征及遗传性状的研究,并与国内有关本地区的调查资料进行了对照,提出人类体质特征和遗传性状除与人种、地理环境异同直接相关外,人体不可缺少的微量元素的摄入水平在一定程度上对其也产生影响。并且认为同一人种、民族居住同一地理位置所产生的体质差异应从水文、地质、生活方式、生活水平的不同进行综合分析。     

Ancient-to-modern secular changes in Korean stature

Statural growth in human populations is a sensitive indicator of socio-economic well-being, and improvements in socio-economic status are reflected in secular increases in adult height. In the present study, we investigated the statures of historical Korean societies to show how stature changed over time. Applying Fujii's equation, derived from modern Japanese, to the measurement of femora removed from 15th- to 19th-century Joseon tombs, the average heights of Korean adults during the Joseon dynasty were estimated to be 161.1 ± 5.6 cm and 148.9 ± 4.6 cm for males and females, respectively. Plotting statures for successive historical societies against time revealed that Korean heights remained relatively unchanged through to the end of the 19th century, a pattern that differs from that seen in many Western countries in which stature transiently decreases after the Middle Ages. In contrast, a sharp increase in Korean stature was observed at the beginning of the 20th century, similar to trends seen in other nations (although exact timing varies in different countries). There were no accompanying changes of stature sexual dimorphism. The data reported in this study reflect the unique historical experience of Korea; the relative isolation of Joseon society, the late onset of modernization (at the end of the 19th century), and the later occurrence of industrialization (during the 1960s).     

Chemical and biological assessment of Angelica herbal decoction: Comparison of different preparations during historical applications

The commonly used Angelica herbal decoction today is Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), which is a dietary supplement in treating menopausal irregularity in women, i.e. to nourish "Qi" and to enrich "Blood". According to historical record, many herbal decoctions were also named DBT, but the most popular formulation of DBT was written in Jin dynasty (1247 AD) of China, which contained Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) with a weight ratio of 5:1. However, at least two other Angelica herbal decoctions recorded as DBT were prescribed in Song (1155 AD) and Qing dynasties (1687 AD). Although AR and ASR are still the major components in the DBT herbal decoctions, they are slightly varied in the herb composition. In order to reveal the efficiency of different Angelica herbal decoctions, the chemical and biological properties of three DBT herbal extracts were compared. Significantly, the highest amounts of AR-derived astragaloside III, astragaloside IV, calycosin and formononetin and ASR-derived ferulic acid were found in DBT described in 1247 AD: this preparation showed stronger activities in osteogenic, estrogenic and erythropoetic effects than the other two DBT. The current results supported the difference of three DBT in chemical and biological properties, which could be a result of different herbal combinations. For the first time, this study supports the popularity of DBT described in 1247 AD.     

太行山猕猴髋骨异速增长和性别判定研究

目的是了解太行山猕猴髋骨性差特征及异速增长模式。太行山猕猴髋骨标本66例(雄21例,雌45例)。选择髋骨4个比值变量。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。组间均值比较采用单因素方差分析。性别判别分析采用逐步判别法。结果表明:成年太行山猕猴大部分髋骨变量性差显著(P0.05)。根据髋骨变量的异速增长分析可以得到3种模式。回归模型检验有统计学意义(P<0.01)。用少量髋骨变量可以有效地识别性别,性别正确判别率是87.0%。结论:髋骨变量的性差与异速增长模式主要与雌性髋骨变量青春期异速增长有关,髋骨的形态特征是猕猴运动功能与生殖功能交互作用的结果。