二氧化硫熏气对小麦叶片中1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸、1-(丙二酰氨基)环丙烷-1-羧酸含量的影响及与乙烯产生的关系

在SO_2熏气9h过程中,小麦叶片中乙烯先上升,约6h达高峰,后下降;ACC含量则随熏气时间的延长而上升。停止熏气,乙烯继续下降,ACC含量也明显降低。MACC含量从熏气3h后不断上升,脱离接触后仍继续增加。6-BA预处理对SO_2引起的乙烯和ACC上升有促进作用,但对MACC含量无明显影响。SO_2熏气提高了乙烯形成酶活性。6-BA预处理对SO_2伤害有保护作用。对逆境乙烯的产生与调节作用进行了讨论。     

SO_2胁迫下桤木叶片硫含量及其生理响应

采用人工模拟熏气法,研究SO_2胁迫下桤木Alnus cremastogyne的生理响应机制及净化能力。结果表明:(1)桤木叶片在SO_2 4.29 mg·m~(-3)和8.57 mg·m~(-3)处理下分别在14 d和7 d时出现伤害症状;(2)随SO_2浓度增加,桤木叶片叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b值和净光合速率呈下降趋势,其中净光合速率在SO_2 4.29 mg·m~(-3)处理下与CK无显著差异,而气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO_2浓度呈现先增后降趋势;(3)叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛含量均随SO_2浓度升高而增加;(4)叶片过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性随SO_2浓度增加而升高,过氧化氢酶活性呈先降低后升高的趋势;(5)桤木叶片硫含量随SO_2浓度增加呈递增趋势。桤木幼树能通过调节自身保护机制应对低浓度SO_2逆境胁迫并维持正常生长,可将其用作工厂附近或SO_2污染区域造林树种,以改善环境空气质量。     

二氧化硫对大豆结实影响的研究

本文报道在不同生长发育时期,采用开顶式熏气装置研究低浓度SO_2对大豆结实影响的结果。试验结果表明,长期熏气处理对结实影响较大,使单株豆荚数和单株豆粒数明显减少,对单荚豆粒数无明显影响。花期熏气处理影响较小,仅使单荚豆粒数稍有减少。苗期熏气处理对结实无影响。长期熏气处理和花期熏气处理对花粉在柱头上的萌发和花粉管的延长有一定程度的抑制作用,并使相当数量的花粉粒在授粉前退化解体。试验结果还表明,不同生长发育时期熏气处理对大豆结实产生的不同影响与所采用的SO_2剂量无直接关系,其主要原因是各生长发育时期对SO_2伤害反应敏感性的差异。两个供试品种的结实对SO_2伤害反应的敏感性不同。这与供试品种的遗传特性直接有关。 供试品种的有性繁殖过程与叶片对SO_2的伤害反应不同。叶片伤害程度与供试品种的籽粒产量无直接关系。     

大豆适应SO_2过程中出现的15kD蛋白

大豆受SO_2熏气过程中,在一定剂量作用下对SO_2抗性有提高的现象,与此同时,在叶子中出现了一个15kD蛋白,其蛋白量经一定时间增加后不再继续增加,熏气结束后即逐渐降低。纯化的15kD蛋白经SDS-PAGE和IEF检测,证明是均一的,它在280nm处的吸收很低,pH变化对紫外差吸收谱无影响,并且不含糖基;氨基酸组成分析显示,它所含脂肪族氨基酸比例很高,几乎不含芳香族氨基酸,没有发现甲硫氨酸。     

植物的硫营养

植物硫营养是生产中值得注意研究的问题。本文内容共分六部分。首先讨论了植物的含硫量和含硫有机物及其功能,其次讨论了植物根系对SO_4~(2-)的吸收和叶片对SO_2的吸收以及硫在植物体内的运输,再次讨论了硫化氢的释放,最后分别讨论了硫营养与氮代谢的关系,硫对光合作用的影响以及硫与生长的关系。     

大豆对SO_2的适应性反应

受一定浓度SO_2熏气的大豆幼苗出现可见伤害以后,在继续熏气的过程中可见伤害程度不再进一步发展,表现出一定的适应性。与此相联系,膜透性增加和TTC还原力下降这两个SO_2伤害指标也得到一定程度的恢复,SO_2熏气使游离氨基酸含量增加,随着熏气时间延长,增加的游离氨基酸含量回到对照水平,提示受扰乱的代谢过程有所恢复。低浓度SO_2预处理提高了大豆对高浓度SO_2的抗性,与抗氧化有关的巯基(-SH)含量显著增加,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性也有所增强,同工酶谱分析显示有SOD同工酶带的酶量增加或新带出现。     

植物对二氧化硫的反应和抗性研究——Ⅶ.SO_2熏气对小麦叶片过氧化物酶的影响

小麦叶片的过氧化物酶活性随年龄增大而上升,同工酶谱也随不同叶层叶龄的增大而加强,并出现新的酶带。 SO_2熏气促进小麦叶片的过氧化物酶活性,不同层次叶片比较,幼嫩叶片促进程度比老叶大些。SO_2熏气对小麦叶片过氧化物酶同工酶的某些酶带有加强作用,并能诱导产生新的酶带。同一叶片的前半叶伤害比后半叶重,过氧化物酶活性也以前半叶为大,说明过氧化物酶活性的提高与伤害有一定关系。     

3种阴生地被植物对SO_2胁迫的生理响应及净化能力

该研究以3种阴生地被植物麦冬、虎耳草和紫萼玉簪为研究材料,采用人工模拟熏气方法,测定不同浓度(5.71,11.43,17.14,22.86mg·m~(-3))SO_2胁迫下参试植物的外观受害症状,以及膜质过氧化、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质等生理指标,以叶片吸硫量比较3种植物的净化能力,并采用模糊数学隶属函数与主成分分析法对其抗SO_2能力进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)随着SO_2熏气浓度的升高,3种植物的叶片都有不同程度的受害症状,叶片叶绿素含量、汁液pH值和相对含水量下降,丙二醛含量、叶片相对电导率、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量上升,且其SOD和CAT活性显著增强。(2)隶属函数法和主成分分析法综合评定结果显示,3种地被植物对SO_2抗性能力表现为:麦冬紫萼玉簪虎耳草,与叶片受伤害症状和叶液pH值下降的顺序相反,说明这2个指标可作为简单可行的评价SO_2抗性的重要鉴定指标。(3)3种植物均有一定的SO_2净化能力,其强弱顺序为虎耳草麦冬紫萼玉簪。研究表明,3种阴生地被植物都能够在SO_2胁迫下提高其保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,增强其抗硫胁迫和SO_2吸收能力,并以麦冬对SO_2抗性最强,虎耳草对SO_2的吸收能力最强;该试验中最低参试SO_2浓度远远高于城市大气中的实际SO_2浓度,在试验环境下3种阴生植物再都未呈现伤害症状,说明吸收硫能力强的虎耳草和麦冬可以在SO_2污染严重的林下区域大面积应用推广。     

二氧化硫对拟南芥植株干旱生理的调节作用

以模式植物拟南芥为材料,研究SO_2预暴露对植株干旱生理的影响,实验共设对照组、30 mg·m~(-3)SO_2熏气组、干旱组、30 mg·m~(-3)SO_2熏气+干旱组。检测发现:随干旱时间的延长,干旱组拟南芥植株萎蔫程度加剧,叶片相对含水量减少,SO_2+干旱组萎蔫程度低于干旱组,叶片相对含水量较干旱组升高4%~10%(P0.05);干旱组叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,SO_2+干旱组H_2O_2和MDA含量分别比干旱组降低10%~19%和15%~18%(P0.05);干旱组脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高,SO_2+干旱组脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量比干旱组提高15%~30%和6%~31%(P0.05)。基因转录检测发现:拟南芥DREB2A、DREB2B、CBF4及RD29A对干旱应答,SO_2预暴露使干旱响应基因DREB2A、DREB2B及RD29A的相对表达量高于干旱组,其中RD29A上调幅度最高达16%。结果表明:SO_2预暴露能缓解干旱引起的氧化损伤,促进体内渗透调节物质的积累,诱导干旱响应基因上调表达,从而增强植株的干旱适应性。     

臭氧熏气下春小麦叶片脂质过氧化作用的研究

 应用开顶式熏气装置,以低浓度(0.1ppm)的臭氧对春小麦(Triticum aestivum)进行了长时间的熏气,观测到：随着熏气时间的延长,叶片内叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累增多,膜透性增大。在较高浓度(0.2ppm、0.3ppm、0.4ppm)臭氧熏气下,臭氧浓度越高,叶片内叶绿素降解越快,MDA含量越高,膜透性越大。低浓度和短时间的臭氧熏气可使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,而高浓度和长时间的臭氧熏气则导致SOD活性下降。试验结果表明,由臭氧熏气所引起的植物体内代谢紊乱与诸多伤害是由于脂质过氧化作用的结果。     

树木气孔浸润级与SO2伤害及ABA的防护作用

以常见绿化树种为材料,通过实地测定和熏烟实验,探讨了气孔浸润级与树木SO2伤害的关系及ABA的防护效应.结果表明,在特定环境下,相同树种的气孔浸润级较为稳定,不同树种的气孔浸润级差异较大;浸润级与叶绿素结合度呈负相关变化,但不明显;与K+渗出量呈正相关(r=0.92,α＜0.01),并按95%的置信度绘制了伤害预测图.不同SO2浓度条件下,对同一树种的气孔浸润级的影响甚小,不超过一个等级,K+渗出量则依大气SO2浓度和树木吸S量的增加而增多.气孔浸润级依ABA溶液处理浓度增大而降低,K+渗出量也相应减少,经2.5mol     

二氧化硫对墨西哥豆瓢虫的影响

空气污染对害虫的影响,国内尚无研究报道。本文报道了作者在美国农业研究中心植物胁迫实验室进行的部分工作。实验结果表明,在0.30ppmSO_2的作用下,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis)的取食量和蛹重增加;与未受污染的寄主植物相比,豆瓢虫偏食受污染的植物;而且有嗜食含较高糖分寄主植物的倾向;在污染空气中长成的成虫可消耗更多的植物物质。     

Nitric oxide level, protein oxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi

The acaricidal (miticidal) activity of 90% ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem bark of Swietenia mahogani and Swietenia macrophylla were tested against Varroa destructor mite. Four concentrations were used over two different time intervals under laboratory and field conditions. In general, it was noticed that the acaricidal effect based on mortality and LC(50) of all tested extracts against the Varroa mite was concentration and time dependant. The acaricidal action against Varroa mites was relatively the least for the S. macrophylla stem bark extract at 500 ppm concentration after 48 h while it reached 100% and 95% in case of S. mahogani bark and S. macrophylla leaves, respectively. The% infestation with Varroa in colonies treated with the different extracts at various time intervals showed that the rate of infestation decreased to 0.0% after 12 days from the beginning of treatments with 500 ppm of S. mahogani leaves extract compared to 0.79% decrease after treatment with Mitac, a reference drug (60 mg/colony). The rate of infestation in case of treatments with S. mahogani bark, S. macrophylla leaves and S. macrophylla bark was decreased to 0.11%, 2.41% and 1.08%, respectively. The highest reduction was observed with S. mahogani leaves extract followed by S. mahogani bark. All the tested extracts showed less or no effect on honey bees at the different concentrations and at different bioassay times. This study suggested that the use of natural plant extracts or their products as ecofriendly biodegradable agents could be of high value for the control of Varroa mite.     

Response of Sphagnum fuscum to water levels and CO2 concentration

Abstract

Sphagnum fuscum samples collected from an ombrotrophic bog were grown in a greenhouse at six water levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 cm) below the capitulum level and in four concentrations of CO₂ (350, 700, 1000 and 2000 ppm). The cores of S. fuscum were treated for 87 days and length increment was measured by the plastic strip method and by innate time markers. Water content of the shoot, dry mass of the capitulum, dry mass per unit length of stem and production of dry mass were measured at the end of the experiment.

The water content, capitulum dry mass, dry mass per unit length of stem, length increment and dry mass production differed markedly for S. fuscum grown in different water levels. With lower water levels, the water content of the shoot decreased and the dry mass of both the capitulum and unit length of stem increased. The total length increment was highest when the water level was at or near the capitulum level (0–10 cm). No clear trend in dry mass production on an areal basis could be found due to uncoupled responses in length increment and stem dry mass at the experimental water levels.

Neither capitulum dry mass nor dry mass per unit length of stem showed distinct trends in S. fuscum grown at different ambient CO₂ concentrations. Some increase in length increment and in dry mass production was detected at CO₂ concentrations above 350 ppm, but this effect appeared only at high water levels. It is suggested that the low response in length increment and production to CO₂ concentration resulted in part from insufficient moisture for photosynthesis at the lower water levels. Also, the possibility of increased nonstructural production is discussed.     

Toxicity of four systemic neonicotinoids to adults of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

As part of the ongoing evaluation of different systemic insecticides for prophylactic treatment of trees, responses of the beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to different doses of four systemic neonicotinyl insecticides were studied. Adult beetles were provided with twigs or leaves of trees treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid to evaluate the toxicity of the insecticide through ingestion or contact or through both. Adult beetles also were provided with twigs of host plant treated with clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam to establish dose response of the beetle to these insecticides. Levels of individual insecticides in twigs and leaves were determined by using the "parent" method with high-performance liquid chromatography, and these levels were compared with the applied concentrations to determine their relationship. The LC50 values for detected level of each insecticide in twigs was 5.1 ppm at 24 h, 2.9 at 48 h, and 1.9 ppm at 72 h for imidacloprid; 1.1 ppm at 72 h for clothianidin; 2.2 ppm at 72 h for dinotefuran; and 1.0 ppm at 72 h for thiamethoxam. Our results indicate that mortality of adult beetles resulted not only from the ingestion and contact toxicity but also possibly from the antifeedant effect of imidacloprid.     

二氧化硫剂量与植物急性伤害关系

应用大气污染植物动态反应模拟装置系统测定了菜豆和苜蓿的SO_2剂量-反应关系。这2种植物对SO_2有类似的敏感性,0.5ppmSO_2×4小时产生可见伤害症状。苜蓿在2.0ppm×4小时出现50％的叶片可见伤害;菜豆在1.0ppm×8小时显示出50％的叶片可见伤害,2.0ppmSO_2×12小时引起100％的叶片可见伤害。 剂量-反应表面图的形状表明,菜豆和苜蓿出现可见伤害症状需要一定的暴露间隔。SO_2剂量和可见伤害率之间不成线性关系。SO_2浓度和暴露时间对叶片可见伤害率都有影响,两者相比,就菜豆而言,浓度是更重要的因素,但是对苜蓿,浓度和时间是同等重要的。     

Bronchoconstriction in asthmatics exposed to sulfur dioxide during repeated exercise

Young male volunteers with mild asthma and hypersensitivity to methacholine were exposed for 75 min with natural breathing to 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm SO2. Each exposure included three 10-min periods of moderate treadmill exercise (minute ventilation 21 l . m-2 . min-1, O2 consumption 25 ml . kg-1, and heart rate 120/min). Specific airway resistance (sRaw) was not significantly increased after exercise in 0.25 ppm SO2, relative to the control exposure (clean air). In 0.5 and 1.0 ppm SO2, sRaw was increased twofold and threefold above preexposure levels, respectively, corresponding to increases of 3.2 and 9.2 cmH2O . s in excess over the increases seen in clean air (P less than 0.001). There was a broad range of responses to exercise and SO2. The increases in sRaw after the second and third exercises were significantly less than after the first exercise. Respiratory impedance measured by forced random noise suggests that the induced bronchoconstriction was primarily associated with peripheral airways. These results confirm that mild asthmatics selected for methacholine sensitivity have as a group significant bronchoconstriction in response to short-term moderate exercise with natural breathing in 1.0 and 0.5 ppm SO2. In addition, the induced bronchoconstriction is decreased after short-term repeated exercise in SO2.     

EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIN AND AMO-1618 ON GROWTH,DRY-MATTER ACCUMULATION,CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY OF CITRUS SEEDLINGS

Monselise , S. P., and A. H. Halevy . (Hebrew U., Rehovot, Israel.) Effects of gibberellin and AMO–1618 on growth, dry-matter accumulation, chlorophyll content and peroxidase activity of citrus seedlings. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(4): 405–412. Illus. 1962.—Sweet-lime seedlings, 6 months old, were sprayed with gibberellic acid (GA) and a growth retardant, AMO–1618, alone and in combination, at concentrations ranging between SO and 1600 ppm. Increasing concentrations of GA progressively increased shoot and internode length, did not influence number of leaves, and decreased leaf area. Dry weight of shoots was progressively increased up to 400 ppm, while dry weights of leaves and roots were decreased over all GA concentrations. Total dry weight of plants was increased by GA when related to leaf area or weight and to total chlorophyll content, which indicates a higher synthetic efficiency of leaves. This could not be detected by manometric determinations using leaf discs. It is suggested that a short determination period and/or work with detached leaves are responsible for failures to detect increased photosynthetic activity of GA-treated leaves. Chlorophyll content of leaves was decreased by increasing GA concentrations; it is shown that this is not due to “dilution” over a larger area of leaves. Peroxidase activity of leaves was only slightly reduced by GA, while it was increased by AMC–1618, acting as antagonist to GA. This is remarkable, since AMO–1618 did not clearly affect other procperties of citrus seedlings which are only slightly responsive to this chemical.     

Tradescantia-micronucleus and -stamen hair mutation assays on genotoxicity of the gaseous and liquid forms of pesticides.

The clastogenic and mutagenic effects of the insecticide Dimethoate (Cygon-2E), herbicides Atrazine, Simazine (Princep), Dicamba (Banvel D) and Picloram (Tordon) were studied using the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) and Tradescantia-stamen hair mutation (Trad-SHM) assays. In clone 4430, dimethoate fumes both significantly increased the pink mutation events and reduced the number of stamen hairs per filament with increasing dosages. The pink mutation events were elevated by the liquid treatment with Picloram at 100 ppm concentration. The result of Trad-MCN test on Dimethoate fumes was not significantly different between the control and treated groups. The herbicide Atrazine showed positive effects at 10-50 ppm dose (liquid) and signs of overdose at 100 and 500 ppm concentrations. Simazine was mildly positive in elevating the MCN frequencies in the dose range of 5 to 200 ppm (liquid doses). Both Dicamba and Picloram induced a dosage-related increase in MCN frequencies in the Trad-MCN tests using Tradescantia clone 03. However, in higher dosages (200 ppm or higher), there were signs of overdose, reduction of MCN frequencies and physical damage of the leaves and buds of plant cuttings.     

Effect of sulphate,phosphate and molybdate application on quality of soybean grain

Summary Effect of S, P and Mo application on quality of soybean grain was studied at Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (India), in pots. Sulphur was applied at 0, 40, 80 and 120 ppm, P at 0, 40, and 80 ppm and Mo at 0 and 1 ppm. Increasing levels of S upto 120 ppm increased crude protein, cystine, cysteine and methionine contents of grain. However, oil percentage significantly increased only with 40 ppm S and with higher levels of S a decreasing trend was observed. The reducing, non-reducing and total sugars increased with 40 and 80 ppm S and thereafter decreased. Application of 40 ppm P significantly increased reducing total sugar and methionine content of seed whereas Mo application depressed cystine and cysteine. The S concentration in leaves gave positive significant correlation with the percentage of crude protein, oil, total sugar and S containing aminoacids, whereas Mo concentration of leaves was found negatively correlated with cystine and methionine.