断根对不同苗情花生根系生长分布与衰老特性的影响

采用箱式栽培方法,研究了花生不同苗情下断根对其根系生长分布和衰老特性的影响.结果表明:旺苗、壮苗和弱苗3种苗情下花生断根对其根系均起到先抑制后促进生长的作用,尤其促进了花生根系向深层土壤的生长;断根对调节根系在土壤中的生长分布效应以旺苗和壮苗较大,对弱苗的调节效应相对较小.与对照相比,3种苗情下花生断根后根系活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均先降低后增加;断根对根系活性、SOD和POD活性的降低幅度以弱苗最大,旺苗最小,壮苗居中;而后期提高幅度则以旺苗和壮苗较大,弱苗最小.断根能够提高后期根系活性,延缓花生根系衰老.     

一氧化氮和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在大鼠学习记忆中的联合作用

本文旨在探讨一氧化氮(NO)和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,nAChR)在大鼠学习记忆过程中的相互作用。大鼠侧脑室注射NO前体左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)(L-Arg组)或α7nAChR激动剂氯化胆碱(choline chloride,CC组),以及联合注射L-Arg和氯化胆碱(L-Arg+CC组),和先给予α7nAChR拮抗剂甲基牛扁亭(methyllycaconitine,MLA)再联合注射L-Arg和氯化胆碱(MLA+L-Arg+CC组)、先给一氧化氮合酶抑制剂Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)再联合注射L-Arg和氯化胆碱(L-NAME+L-Arg+CC组),侧脑室注射生理盐水(NS组)作为对照。用Y型迷宫刺激器检测大鼠的学习和记忆行为能力;用NO试剂盒、免疫组织化学和Western blot分别检测大鼠海马NO含量和α7nAChR及神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)的表达。结果显示,L-Arg+CC组与L-Arg或CC组比较,Y迷宫学习和记忆行为能力均明显增强,同时大鼠海马NO含量、nNOS和α7nAChR表达的光密度值均明显增多;而MLA+L-Arg+CC或L-NAME+L-Arg+CC组与L-Arg+CC组相比较,大鼠学习和记忆行为能力明显减弱,并且海马NO含量及nNOS和α7nAChR的表达均降低。以上结果表明,侧脑室联合应用L-Arg和氯化胆碱可明显提高其单独应用时的大鼠海马NO含量及nNOS和α7nAChR表达,并增强大鼠学习和记忆行为能力;而提前阻断α7nAChR或抑制nNOS后,其联合应用L-Arg和氯化胆碱的效应也得到了抑制。因此推测,NO和nAChR在学习记忆中可能存在着相互协同作用。     

接种AM真菌对短命植物生长发育及矿质养分吸收的影响

 采用分室培养方法研究接种幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,BEG168)、摩西球囊霉(G. mosseae, BEG167)、混合菌剂(M)对两种沙漠早春短命植物小车前(Plantago minuta)和尖喙牻牛儿苗（Erodium oxyrrhynchum）生长发育及矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,接种AMF处理的小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗根系形成了典型的菌根结构,侵染率为22 %～60%;接种AMF提高了小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗两种植物的生物量、株高及N、P养分吸收量。小车前单独接种BEG167、BEG168以及混合接种都显著提高了单株种子数量,其增幅分别 为67%、50%和78%。上述结果说明,在极端贫瘠和干旱的古尔班通古特沙漠中,丛枝菌根真菌对于早春短命植物小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗的生态适应性的贡献表现为促进营养生长、提高后代（种子）繁殖数量。     

胆碱对蟾蜍橫紋肌从周围溶液摄取鈣的增进作用

肌肉在用合Ca~(45)并以氯化胆碱取代全部或部分氯化鈉的任氏溶液中浸泡后,Ca~(45)的活力比对照的显著增高,而且增高的程度比用蔗糖或氯化鋰取代相同量的氯化鈉的任氏溶液中浸泡后的要大很多。由于氯化胆碱不影响肌肉鈣的外向通量,这个效应指示氯化胆碱能增加肌肉从周围溶液中摄取鈣的量。化学測定进一步証实,在氯化胆碱作用下,肌肉的总鈣含量确有增加。乙酰胆碱有相仿的作用。箭毒、依色林和阿託品能对抗这种作用。     

盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗对外源抗坏血酸的生理响应

以黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)种子为材料,用氯化钠(Na Cl)模拟盐胁迫条件,采用纸上发芽,研究外源抗坏血酸(As A)对盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗的影响。结果表明,在80 mmol·L-1 Na Cl胁迫下,黄芩种子萌发及幼苗生理指标受到显著抑制;0.50 mmol·L-1 As A处理可显著提高盐胁迫下黄芩种子的发芽势(GE)、发芽率(GR)、发芽指数(GI)、简化活力指数(SVI)以及根系总黄酮、可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,同时也可显著提高幼苗根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。这说明适宜浓度的抗坏血酸能提高黄芩种子的萌发能力和幼苗对盐胁迫的适应能力,从而起到缓解盐胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

低共熔溶剂预处理对笋壳木质素结构及物化性质的影响

以慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)笋壳为原料,采用氯化胆碱和乳酸低共熔溶剂预处理提取氯化胆碱-乳酸(choline chloride-lactic acid, CC-LA)木质素,并对木质素结构、热稳定性及抗氧化活性进行表征和分析。结果表明：CC-LA木质素的得率在37.67%～62.32%之间,远高于磨木木质素的得率(13.4%)。CC-LA木质素相对分子质量低,多分散性指数小于2,结构均一性好。在氯化胆碱与乳酸的物质的量之比为1∶3,处理温度为130℃条件下得到CC-LA₃130木质素,该木质素较其他CC-LA木质素和磨木木质素醇羟基含量最低,酚羟基含量最高,热稳定性最好,清除DPPH自由基活性最强,自由基清除指数为3.77,高于商业抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(2.11),本研究说明了氯化胆碱/乳酸在最佳条件下(1∶3,130℃)提取的木质素具有应用于抗氧化剂领域的潜力。     

代谢调节剂对紫杉醇及其相关化合物生物合成的影响

在诱导子添加的基础上研究了氯化氯代胆碱（CCC）和肉桂酸（CA）的浓度和时间因互对红豆杉悬浮培养细胞活力、三尖杉宁碱（Cephlomannine）和紫杉醇（Taxol）生物合成的影响,并进一步探讨了两者与前体的协同作用。实验表明：（1）氯化氯代胆碱、内桂酸对 细胞活力的影响均为：延滞期＞稳定期＞对数期;（2）d18加入氯化氯代胆碱10mg/L,肉桂酸20mg／L可使紫杉醇含量分别提高10,14倍;d18加入乞肥乞采抻填20mg/L可使三尖杉宁碱含量提高2倍,d12加入肉桂酸20mg/L可提高10倍;（3）40mg/L氯化氯代胆碱,20mg/L肉桂酸,5mg／L苯异丝氨酸,40mg/L甲瓦龙酸（MVA）内酯对提高紫杉醇产量较优;而10mg/L氯化氯代胆碱,20mg/L肉桂酸,10mg/L苯异丝氨酸,20mg/L 龙酸（MVA）内酯对三尖杉宁碱合成剂。     

啤酒花试管苗移栽过程中的某些生理生化特性变化

本文检测了接种后不同时期啤酒花(Humulus lupulus)试管苗和其移栽成活后以及实地二年生啤酒花生长过程中的叶绿素、还原糖、总糖、蛋白质含量和根系活性变化.实验材料有经过继代后培养15 d的啤酒花无菌苗叶片(ZY1)和根系(ZG1)、继代后培养30 d的无菌苗叶片(ZY2)和根系(ZG2)、外部移栽15 d初步成活苗的叶片(WY1)和根系(WG1)、外部移栽50 d完全成活苗的叶片(WY2)和根系(WG2)、外部移栽100 d完全成活苗的叶片(WY3)和根系(WG3)、实地二年生的叶片(CKY)和根部(CKG).     

机械振荡对猕猴桃试管苗根系发育的影响

目的:研究外界环境应力刺激对木本植物幼苗根系发育的生物学效应。方法:通过模拟机械振荡刺激中华猕猴桃的试管苗。结果:适度的机械振荡(频率2～3 Hz)可促进猕猴桃试管苗根系的生长发育,根系质膜的通透性降低,根尖活力以及根系总长、分根数等指标明显增加;但当振动强度超过一定值(4Hz)后,根系活力的增强效应就受到明显的抑制。结论:植物根系发育对外界应力刺激有较显著的双向效应;从细胞和分子生物学水平探讨了环境应力影响试管苗根系发育可能的内在机制。     

化学物质对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导

用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺索和氯化胆碱进行了墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)幼虫变态的诱导作用实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态均有显著诱导作用。KCl在处理时间为12～48h范围内均有诱导作用,13．42mmol／L和20．13mmol／L,的KCl诱导效果较好,变态率均提高10％以上。1．0～50gmol／L的肾上腺素在处理时间为1～12h较适宜,此时变态率均提高10％以上。1．0～50μmol／L,的去甲肾上腺素在处理时间为1～24h都较适宜,变态率均提高10％以上,最高可提高31．07％。10～100μmol／L氯化胆碱的适宜诱导时间为12～48h,变态提高率均超过10％,在10．37％～16．40％之间。1000μmol／L的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h时诱导效果较明显,变态率可以提高19．14％,超过12h,变态率明显下降。10000μmol／L的氯化胆碱明显产生毒害作用,幼虫变态率均为零,而幼虫的死亡率均为100％。     

Effect of Seed Treatment on Growth and Growth-substance Content of Dwarf French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The longer the seeds of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)were soaked in water before sowing, the smaller were the seedlingsthey produced. Soaking for 24 hours removed only little drymatter, but detectable amounts of a gibberellin and a betaine.The amounts of these two removed increased with increased timeof soaking. Long soaking of seeds decreased the amounts of gibberelinand auxin in the cotyledons, and of gibberellin, auxin, andbetaine in the primary leaves of seedlings. Aerating, cooling,or increasing the volume of water in which the seeds were soakedalso retarded the growth of the seedlings, but did not affectthe amount of growth substance removed from the seeds or containedin the cotyledons. The deleterious effect of soaking seeds wasnot alleviated by treating the seeds or seedlings with gibberellicacid or glycine betaine. Although larger seedlings were producedby heavy than by light seeds, their cotyledons and primary leavescontained similar concentrations of growth substances.     

Damage to oilseed rape seedlings by the field slug Deroceras reticulatum in relation to glucosinolate concentration

Seedlings of nine commercial cultivars of oilseed rape were exposed to the field slug Deroceras reticulatum immediately after sowing in compost in trays. There was a small reduction in seedling numbers in the presence of slugs which was not related to glucosinolate concentration in seeds or seedlings. However, the number and leaf-area of seedlings with damage symptoms were strongly and inversely related to the total concentration of glucosinolates in seeds and one wk-old seedlings. The presence of barley seedlings as alternative food did not significantly affect this relationship. The glucosinolate concentration of seeds was closely correlated with that of wk-old seedlings. Analysis of individual glucosinolates in four cultivars spanning the range of concentrations found, showed that the concentration of most components declined as total glucosinolate concentration decreased. However, 2-phenyl ethyl-glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin) concentration tended to increase in seeds and 3-indolyl methyl-glucosinolate (glucobrassicin) increased in seedlings as total glucosinolate concentration decreased. Damage by slugs was inversely related to the concentration of those glucosinolates which decreased and was positively correlated with the two compounds which increased as total glucosinolate concentration decreased. The results support the hypothesis that glucosinolates in brassicas protect them from polyphagous herbivores, and, in particular, that an important function of glucosinolates in rape seeds is to protect seedlings from slugs. As glucosinolate concentrations of oilseed rape cultivars continue to decline, so the risk of slug damage to seedlings may well increase.     

盐地碱蓬二型性种子及其幼苗对盐渍环境的适应性

研究了盐地碱蓬二型性种子中离子含量与刚萌发幼苗耐盐性之间的关系,以及盐分对砂培盐地碱蓬二型性种子的幼苗生长、离子含量及光合特性的影响.棕色种子中离子含量显著高于黑色种子.与对照相比,100和400 mmol/L NaCl对棕色种子幼苗伸长没有抑制作用,却显著抑制黑色种子幼苗的伸长.NaCl处理下棕色种子的幼苗地上部分干重和主茎一级分枝数比黑色种子幼苗高,但二型性种子的幼苗叶片中离子含量、叶绿素含量及光合放氧速率却没有明显差异.上述结果说明盐地碱蓬棕色种子较高的离子含量可能是棕色种子刚萌发幼苗耐盐性较强的重要原因.棕色种子幼苗较高的生物量可能与其较多的分枝数有关.二型种子的这些特征可能决定了其在群落建成中所起到的不同作用.     

滇重楼种子水浸液对三种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

利用滇重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var.yunnanensis(Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.)种子外种皮和胚乳的水浸液对白菜(Brassica pekinensis(Lour.)Rupr.)、绿豆(Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczak)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子进行处理,研究滇重楼种子水浸液对3种植物种子萌发、幼苗生长和保护酶活性的影响,并利用GC-MS方法对滇重楼种子内源抑制物的成分进行分析。结果显示,不同浓度滇重楼外种皮、胚乳水浸液对上述3种受体植物的发芽率、苗高、根长及鲜重均产生影响,其作用强度和水浸液的浓度有关,总体上表现出低促高抑的双重浓度效应。滇重楼种子水浸液对白菜的影响作用最强,对绿豆的影响作用最弱,且胚乳水浸液的影响较外种皮强。不同浓度滇重楼种子外种皮和胚乳水浸液均能影响3种植物幼苗体内保护酶的活性,随着水浸液浓度的升高,叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体增加,与对照相比差异显著。白菜、小麦过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性减少,与对照相比差异显著;绿豆过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加,但与对照相比无显著差异。利用GC-MS方法从胚乳和外种皮水浸液中分别检出8种和2种物质。研究结果表明滇重楼种子中存在内源抑制物质,可能是导致种子休眠的原因;种子水浸液可能通过影响植物幼苗保护酶的活性进而影响其正常生长;有机酸类物质可能是滇重楼种子内源抑制物之一。     

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on leaf carbohydrate metabolism during cucumber seedling dehydration

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds were pretreated with exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) prior to germination. After germination, seedlings with three leaves were exposed to gradual dehydration. The effects of ABA on photosynthetic rate (Pn), daily water loss (WL) and water utilization efficiency (WUE) during dehydration were investigated, in addition to the variation of carbohydrates in leaves. ABA improved the Pn, WL and WUE of cucumber seedlings during dehydration. After rehydration, the seedlings pretreated with ABA showed a higher recovery in Pn, WL and WUE, as compared to those without an ABA pretreatment. Subsequent to dehydration, concentration of stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose increased in seedlings pretreated with ABA. Dehydration altered the proportions of the sugars in the total carbohydrates, and accelerated the accumulation of stachyose, raffinose and sucrose. After rehydration, carbohydrate concentrations of seedlings pretreated with ABA recovered to levels observed prior to dehydration. These results demonstrated that pretreatment of seeds with exogenous ABA enhanced carbohydrate tolerance to dehydration of cucumber seedlings.     

Amino acid composition of Phaseolus aureus L. seeds and seedlings

The amino acid composition of seeds and 10-day seedlings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) as well as that of proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings was measured. The seedlings were grown under different conditions of nitrogen nutrition in the light and in the dark. Ph. aureus seeds showed a high content of some essential amino acids. As compared with seeds, the seedlings had higher concentrations of aspartic acid and isoleucine and lower concentrations of glutamic acid, lysine and histidine. Proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings showed greater amounts of isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine and lower quantities of glutamic acid. Methionine and cystine were limiting amino acids.     

辽东栎幼苗生长对种子大小和子叶去除处理的响应

该文在温室内盆播条件下,设置不去除子叶(对照)、去除1/4子叶(轻度子叶去除)、1/2子叶(中度子叶去除)和3/4子叶(重度子叶去除) 4个处理,研究了种子大小和子叶去除处理对辽东栎幼苗生长及其形态学可塑性的影响。结果表明:(1)大种子幼苗株高、基茎、叶片数、单株叶面积、总干质量和根冠比在所有处理均大于小种子幼苗,除株高外,上述其他参数在轻度子叶去除处理的不同大小种子幼苗间均差异显著(P0.05),前者总干质量在中度子叶去除处理与后者差异也显著(P0.05)。大种子幼苗比叶面积和比根长在各处理均大于小种子幼苗,比枝长则相反。(2)随着子叶去除强度增大,大、小种子幼苗株高、基茎、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干质量等均呈减小趋势,株高、基径、叶片数和单株叶面积在重度子叶去除处理均显著小于对照和轻度子叶去除处理;小种子幼苗对子叶损失反应更为敏感,其株高、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干质量在中度子叶去除处理也显著小于对照(P0.05);小种子幼苗根冠比随子叶去除强度增大而增大,在中度和重度子叶去除处理显著大于对照和轻度子叶去除处理(P0.05)。(3)随着子叶去除强度增大,大小种子幼苗的比叶面积和比根长均逐渐增大,但大种子幼苗比枝长持续减小,轻度子叶去除处理的小种子幼苗比枝长最大。     

赤霉素、钙和甜菜碱对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响

小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)属大戟科( Euphorbiaceae)麻疯树属(Jatropha L.)的能源植物。分别以小桐子种子和幼苗为实验材料,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素和CaCl₂单独处理,以及不同浓度的赤霉素、CaCl₂和甜菜碱组合处理对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响。结果表明:分别用10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理小桐子种子,不仅可以提高其在正常萌发条件(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)下的发芽率,还可缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和丙二醛(MDA)的积累。用10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和15 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理小桐子种子,也可进一步增强其在正常萌发(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)条件下种子的发芽率,以及缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和MDA的积累,表明10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂分别处理或10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和10 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理可提高小桐子种子在低温和干旱胁迫下的发芽率,以及提高小桐子幼苗对低温和干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

Amino acids in seeds and seedlings of the genus Lens

The amino acid content of seeds and 4-day-old seedlings were studied in five species of lentil: Lens culinaris, L. orientalis, L. ervoides, L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Free amino acid and also total protein amino acid content after HCl hydrolysis were determined by HPLC. The nonprotein UV-absorbing amino acids were determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The content of free protein amino acids in seeds varied among species and increased dramatically after germination. Asparagine is quantitatively most important in both seed and seedling. The content of free nonprotein amino acids is variable in seeds and seedlings. gamma-Hydroxyarginine, gamma-hydroxyornithine, alpha-aminobutyric acid and taurine were found in both seeds and seedlings. Homoarginine was found in four species but not in L. orientalis while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-aaa) and three isoxazolinone derivatives: beta-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine (BIA), gamma-glutamyl-BIA (gamma-glu-BIA) and 2-carboxymethyl-isoxazolin-5-one (CMI) were found exclusively in the seedlings. CMI was identified for the first time in lentil species. Lathyrine, beta-(2-amino-pyrimidine-4-yl)-alanine, which was reported to be in the seeds of some Lathyrus species was confirmed to be present also in the seedling of L. culinaris (trace amount), L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Trigonelline (N-methyl-nicotinic acid), a plant hormone, is present both in seeds and seedlings in different concentrations except in L. ervoides. The different combination of nonprotein amino acids among the species gives indication of their genetic relationship and might partly explain the varying compatibility for interspecies crossing.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对干旱胁迫下甘草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以药用植物甘草种子和幼苗为材料,在20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,测定了不同浓度外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理甘草种子的发芽势(Gv)、发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)和活力指数(Vi)的变化,以及ALA处理幼苗叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果显示:(1)在20%PEG-6000胁迫下,甘草种子萌发受到显著抑制,而各项萌发指标经过不同浓度的ALA进行恢复处理后均有明显提高,且均以10 mg.L-1ALA处理的各项指标值最大,其种子发芽势(75%)、发芽率(91%)比干旱胁迫对照显著提高了35%和30%,发芽指数(36.2)和活力指数(709.7)分别提高至干旱胁迫的2.6和3.5倍。(2)各ALA处理较对照均显著提高了干旱胁迫下甘草幼苗总生物量、可溶性糖的含量及脯氨酸含量,却显著降低了甘草叶片的MDA含量和质膜透性,同时显著提高了干旱胁迫下甘草叶片中的SOD、POD和CAT的活性,且以10 mg.L-1ALA处理后的酶活性最强。研究表明,适宜浓度(10 mg.L-1)的ALA能显著提高干旱胁迫下甘草种子的萌发能力,通过调节渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性来有效减缓干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗的伤害,提高甘草种子及幼苗的抗旱能力。