A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with a generic key and descriptions of new taxa

The genera of Aphelininae (Aphelinidae) are reviewed on a worldwide basis. Identification keys and a phylogenetic hypothesis are presented for 16 genera, of which four are new (Mashimaro n.g. , Neophytis n.g. , Punkaphytis n.g. , Saengella n.g. ) and Paraphytis is resurrected. Newly described species are Mashimaro hawksi n.sp. , Mashimaro lasallei n.sp. , Neophytis myartsevae n.sp. , Neophytis munroi n.sp. , Punkaphytis erwini n.sp. and Punkaphytis hayati n.sp. New combinations from Aphytis include Neophytis melanosticus (Compere) and N. dealbatus (Compere), and Paraphytis acutaspidis (Rosen & DeBach), P. angusta (Compere), P. anomala (Compere), P. argenticorpa (Rosen & DeBach), P. australiensis (DeBach & Rosen), P. benassyi (Fabres), P. breviclavata (Huang), P. capillata (Howard), P. ciliata (Dodd), P. cochereaui (DeBach & Rosen), P. costalimai (Gomes), P. densiciliata (Huang), P. fabresi (DeBach & Rosen), P. haywardi (De Santis), P. hyalinipennis (Rosen & DeBach), P. maculatipennis (Dozier), P. maculata (Shafee), P. mandalayensis Rosen & DeBach, P. nigripes (Compere), P. noumeaensis (Howard), P. obscura (DeBach & Rosen), P. peculiaris (Girault), P. perplexa (Rosen & DeBach), P. transversa (Huang), P. vittata (Compere) (revived status) and P. wallumbillae (Girault). A parsimony analysis of 50 morphological characters for 54 species in 21 genera, including four outgroups (Coccophagus, Eunotiscus, Euryishomyia and Eriaphytis), resulted in three equally parsimonious trees supporting monophyly of all genera except Neophytis. Neophytis was paraphyletic to a monophyletic Aphytini but is monophyletic in unpublished molecular analyses. Three tribes are recognised (Aphelinini, Aphytini and Eutrichosomellini). The questionable inclusion of Eretmocerus (Eretmocerini) within Aphelininae is discussed.     

A synopsis of the New Zealand Anillini (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiinae), with descriptions of new genera and species

Abstract

Pelodiaetodes n.gen. (type-species P. prominens n.sp.) and Hygranillus n.gen. (type-species H. kuscheli n.sp.) are described, and the following new synonymies are established: Nesamblyops oreobius (Broun, 1893) = N. coriaceus (Broun, 1908); Zeanillus pallidus (Broun, 1884) = Z. marginatus (Broun, 1914). Nine species of New Zealand Anillini are now recognised; they are distributed between five genera.     

World species of the genus Platyscelio Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

The genus Platyscelio Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Scelioninae) is a widespread group in the Old World, found from West Africa to northern Queensland, Australia. The species concepts are revised and a key to world species is presented. The genus is comprised of 6 species, including 2 known species which are redescribed: Platyscelioafricanus Risbec (Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Yemen, Zimbabwe); and Platysceliopulchricornis Kieffer (Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam). Five species-group names are considered to be junior synonyms of Platysceliopulchricornis: Platyscelioabnormis Crawford syn. n., Platysceliodunensis Mukerjee syn. n., Platysceliomirabilis Dodd syn. n., Platysceliopunctatus Kieffer syn. n., and Platysceliowilcoxi Fullaway. The following species are hypothesized and described as new taxa: Platyscelioarcuatus Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. (Western Australia); Platysceliomysterium Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. (Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa); Platysceliomzantsi Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. (South Africa); and Platysceliostriga Taekul & Johnson, sp. n. (Western Australia).     

Clarification of the taxonomic status of the genera Cantharoctonus Viereck, Noserus Foerster and Pseudavga Tobias (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract. The biological and taxonomic relationships of the braconid genera Cantharoctonus Viereck, Noserus Foerster, Pseudavga Tobias and Rhysipolis Foerster are briefly discussed and short diagnoses are given for each genus. Figures are provided of the type-species of each of the genera. Pachystigmus Hellén 1927 is a new synonym of Noserus Foerster, 1862.     

A revision of the Adeshini van Achterberg with descriptions of three new genera from the Palaeotropics (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

Furcadesha gen. n. (type-species: Furcadesha huddlestoni sp.n), Indadesha gen. n. (type-species: Indadesha achterbergi sp.n), both from India, and Africadesha gen.n. (type-species: Africadesha usherwoodi sp.n). from Cameroun, are described and illustrated. A key is provided to separate these new genera from one another and from the other genera of the Adeshini, Adesha Cameron and Adeshoides van Achterberg. Adesha acuta sp.n. from Malaya is described and separated from Adesha albolineata Cameron, the only other species of Adesha. The relationships of the Adeshini and of the genera of the Adeshini are briefly discussed.     

The higher classification of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract. Until now the ant subfamily Leptanillinae has been closely linked with the army ant subfamilies Dorylinae and Ecitoninae, but on relatively tenuous evidence. The current phylogenetic study strongly indicates that this view is incorrect and that the leptanillines really constitute the sister-group of subfamily Ponerinae, and are at a consider- ably greater taxonomic distance from the Army Ant subfamilies. Three tribes are now recognized within the Leptanillinae (Leptanillini; Anomalornyrmini, new tribe; and Apomyrmini, transferred here from Ponerinae: Arnblyoponini), containing a total of eight genera with fewer than fifty species in all. The subfamily and its component tribes are diagnosed and discussed here, and a key to genera provided. New taxa described include Anomalomyrma Taylor gen.n., type-species A. taylori Bolton sp.n. and Protanilla Taylor gen.n., type-species P. rafflesi Taylor sp.n.     

Systematic relationships of the Antillocorini of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Abstract. The status of the tribe Antillocorini as it occurs in the Western Hemisphere is discussed. An evaluation of characters useful in systematic analysis is included together with an evaluation of the plesiomorphic and apomorphic character states. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed and a cladogram included. A key is given to all known genera found in the Western Hemisphere. The following new taxa are described: Paradema gen.n.; Paradema bathydemoides sp.n. (Venezuela), P.engiernani sp.n. (Panama), P.longisetosa sp.n. (Argentina), P.oculata sp.n. (Coiumbia, Guyane) (type-species), P.pameroides sp.n. (Brazil), Caeneusia obrienorum sp.n. (Peru), Antillodema gen.n. (to include Antillocoris obscurus Barber comb.n. (type-species) and Bathydema maculosa Slater and Baranowski comb.n.), Paurocoris gen.n., P.yvgodzinskyi sp.n. (type-species) (Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela), P.punctata (Distant) transferred to Paurocoris from Bathydema, Trachinocoris gen.n., T.crassus sp.n. (Brazil), Terenocoris gen.n., T.nitidus sp.n. (Peru).     

Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) from Australia: revision of the genus Thoreauana Girault, 1930 and description of Dilapothor n. gen.

Abstract  The Australian genus Thoreauana Girault is revised: the three known species are redescribed and Thoreauana giraulti sp. n. is described. A new genus of Charipinae from Australia, Dilapothor n. gen., is described. The diagnostic characters for the tribe Charipini are discussed and a key to the Charipini genera is provided.     

Revision of the southern African genus Macroderes Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

The southern African genus Macroderes Westwood is revised. Six new species, M. amplior n. sp., M. minutus n. sp., M. endroedyi n. sp., M. namakwanus n. sp., M. foveatus n. sp., and M. cornutus n. sp., are described.The neotype of M. bias (Olivier) is designated.Two new synonymies are established: M. pilula Sharp is a junior synonym of M. bias (Olivier), and M. westwoodi Preudhomme de Borre is a junior synonym of M. undulatus Preudhomme de Borre. A key to species and notes on biology and distribution are given.     

Systematics of Australian Thrasorinae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae) with descriptions of Mikeiinae, new subfamily, two new genera, and three new species

The Australian Thrasorinae are revised and Mikeius is transferred to Mikeiinae Paretas-Martínez & Pujade-Villar, subfam. n., and Mikeius clavatus Pujade-Villar & Restrepo-Ortiz, sp. n., is described. Two new genera of Thrasorinae are erected: Cicatrix Paretas-Martínez, gen. n., including Cicatrix pilosiscutum(Girault), comb. n. from Amblynotus, Cicatrix schauffi (Buffington), comb. n. from Mikeius, and Cicatrix neumannoides Paretas-Martínez & Restrepo-Ortiz, sp. n.; and Palmiriella Pujade-Villar & Paretas-Martínez, gen. n., including Palmiriella neumanni (Buffington), comb. n. from Mikeius, Thrasorus rieki Paretas-Martínez & Pujade-Villar, sp. n., is also described. A phylogenetic analysis of 176 morphological and biological characters, including all these new taxa and all genera previously included in Thrasorinae, was conducted. All subfamilies were recovered as monophyletic, with the following relationships: Parnipinae (Euceroptrinae (Mikeiinae (Plectocynipinae (Thrasorinae)))). A worldwide key to the subfamilies of Figitidae is provided that includes the new subfamily, as well as a key to genera Thrasorinae.     

Two new genera and species of Braconinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)from Brunei

Fuvihracon gen.n. (typc-species: Fuvibracon gauldi sp.n.) and Spurhulibrucon (type-species: Sparhulibracon dayi sp.n.), both lrom Brunei, are described and illustrated. The relationships of the two new genera and of the Carnpyloneurus Szépligeti and Chelonogaslra Ashmead generie groups are discussed.     

The phylogenetic relationships between virus vector and other genera of macrosteline leafhoppers, including descriptions of new taxa (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Abstract. Analysis of thirty-four macrosteline and twenty-eight non-macrosteline leafhopper genera (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) suggests that the ability to transmit plant viruses has arisen on at least three separate occasions within the Macrostelini. The tribe, including the Coryphaelini syn.n. and Balcluthini, is shown to be monophyletic. A revised diagnosis of the Macrostelini is presented, together with a key to genera. Five new genera and eight new species are described: Aderganna gen.n. , Cicadabara gen.n. Kadrabolina gen.n. , Masafuera gen.n. and Scaphosteles gen.n. , Yamatotettix remanei sp.n. , Masafuera oceanica sp.n. , Aderganna aethiopica sp.n. , A.nigra sp.n. , Scaphosteles nukahiva sp.n. , Kadrabolina elongata sp.n. , K.sinuata sp.n. and K.bispinosa sp.n. Four new combinations and five new synonymies are established: Cicadabara dorsalis (Osborn) comb.n. , C.minuta (Osborn) comb.n. , C.tintorella (Osborn) comb.n. , Balclutha thea (Distant) comb.n. , B.smaragdula Matsumura as a junior synonym of B.thea (Distant) syn.n. , B.modesta Ahmed, Murtaza & Malik as a junior synonym of B.incisa (Matsumura) syn.n. , B.karachiensis Ahmed, Murtaza & Malik as a junior synonym of B.rubrostriata (Melichar) syn.n. , B.versicoloroides Ghauri as a junior synonym of B.sternalis (Distant) syn.n. and B.knighti Rao & Ramakrishnan as a junior synonym of B.sujawalensis Ahmed syn.n.     

A world revision of Strobilomyia gen.n.: the anthomyiid seed pests of conifers (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Abstract. The world species of anthomyiid cone and seed pests are revised. A new genus, Strobilomyia gen.n., is erected for the eighteen species, including seven new to science, presently recognized. Author's views on homologies in the male and female terminalia of Anthomyiidae and other Diptera Cyclorrhapha are amplified as background for the terminology employed. The monophyly and systematic position of Strobilomyia are discussed with reassessions of related genera: Lasiomma Stein, Chirosia Rondani, Egle Robineau-Desvoidy and Acklandia Hennig. Zoogeographic aspects, especially vicariance across the Beringia, are analysed from a partial hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among the species of Strobilomyia in conjunction with paleo-environmental data. New generic synonyms are: Macrophorbia Malloch, Crinurina Karl, Si-nohylemya Hsue (all =Lasiomma); Acrostilpna Ringdahl, Shakshainia Suwa, Meliniella Suwa (all =Chirosia). The species recognized in Strobilomyia (with geographic range and host trees in parentheses) are: anthracina (Czerny) (Palearctic, Picea); neanthracina sp.n. (Nearctic, Picea and ITsuga); appalachensis sp.n. (E. Nearctic); melania (Ackland) (Europe, Larix); sibirica sp.n. (N.E. Europe, Siberia, Larix); viaria (Huckett) (E. Palearctic, Nearctic, Larix); infrequens (Ackland) (Palearctic, Larix); luteoforceps (Fan & Fang) (E. Palearctic, Larix); baicalensis (Elberg) (E. Palearctic, Larix); laricicola (Karl) (Palearctic, Larix); laricis sp.n. (Nearctic, Larix); macalpinei sp.n. (W. Canada, Larix); carbonaria (Ringdahl) (C. Europe, E. Nearctic, Abies); svenssoni sp.n. (N. Europe, Mongolia); suwai sp.n. (Japan); todocola (Suwa) (Japan, Abies); abietis (Huckett) (Nearctic, Abies); and oriens (Suwa) (E. Palearctic, Abies).     

Systematics of the tribe Euderomphalini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract. Eulophid parasitoids of whiteflies are reviewed, with comments on their systematic placement, and a generic key. All eulophid whitefly parasitoids are placed in the tribe Euderomphalini in the subfamily Entedoninae, and reasons for this placement are discussed. Three new genera are described. The seven included genera can be divided into two distinct genus groups: the Euderomphale group contains Baeoentedon Girault, Euderomphale Girault, Neopomphale gen.n., and Pomphale Husain el al. ; the Enicdononecremnus group contains Aleuroctonus gen.n., Dasyompluile gen.n., and Enicdononecremnus Girault. The new species Dusyomphale chilensis is described.     

An analysis of the classification of the Ophion genus-group (Ichneumonidae)

Abstract. The generic classification of the Ophion genus-group is revised following consideration of the basis of the present classificatory system and the results of analyses of fifty-nine characters in sixty-nine species representing nineteen nominal genera. Results are presented in the form of an average linkage dendrogram, a nearest neighbour plot, a principal coordinate plot, generic diagnoses and a key to the twelve genera here recognized: Afrophion gen.n., Agathophiona Westwood, Alophophion Cushman, Eremotylus Foerster (= Boethoneura Cushman, Chilophion Cushman, Chlorophion Townes, Clistorapha Cushman, Genophion Felt syn.n.), Hellwigiella Szépligeti, Ophion Fabricius (= Apatophion Shestakov, Apomesus Townes, Mecetron Townes, Platophion Hellén syn.n.), Rhopalophion Seyrig, Riekophion Gauld, Sclerophion gen.n ., Sicophion gen.n., Trophophion Cushman, Xylophion gen.n.     

Cladistics of the genera of Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Abstract. A cladistic analysis is presented for the genera of the ichneumonid subfamily Mesochorinae. Nine genera are recognized as valid. Previous work on larval morphology is reviewed and a number of larvae are newly illustrated and discussed. Four new synonyms are proposed: Oncocotta, Piestetron, Plectochorus and Rhaibaspis are all synonymized with Mesochorus , and Stictopisthus is placed back as a synonym of Mesochorus. Four new genera are described: Artherola from South Africa, Chineater from Chile, Thamester from Japan, and Varnado from Morocco. A new key is provided to the mesochorine genera of the world.     

One new genus and three new species of Orsillinae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) from Australia

Abstract  Two new species of Nysius Dallas, N. orarius sp. n. and N. tasmaniensis sp. n. are described from New South Wales and Tasmania (Australia), respectively. A new monotypic genus, Reticulatonysius , with type-species R. queenslandensis sp. n. is described from Queensland, and its systematic relationship with other orsilline genera is discussed.     

The chalcidoid genus Leptofoenus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Abstract. The world species of Leptofoenus (Chalcidoidea; Pteromalidae; Cleonyminae) are revised, and a key given for the six known species. One new species, rufus, is described, and two new synonymies proposed (phantasma and ashmeadi as junior synonyms of pelecinifor-mis). Lectotypes are designated for peleciniformis, westwoodi, and howardi. New distributional records are presented, including the first record of this genus from the Nearctic, rufus from Arizona and California (U.S.A.). Important characters and relationships between the species are discussed.     

Redescription and New Synonymies of Heteronemia Gray, 1835 (Insecta: Phasmatodea) Transferred to the Suborder Areolatae

Re-examination of the holotype of the stick insect species Heteronemia mexicana Gray, 1835, the type species of the genus Heteronemia Gray, 1835, has revealed this species to actually represent the suborder Areolatae. This discovery results in a number of dramatic nomenclatural alterations. As the family Heteronemiidae is based on Heteronemia, all of its more than 160 constituent genera but Heteronemia must be reallocated, being indeed members of the suborder Anareolatae. The Diapheromeridae Kirby, 1904, n.stat., being the next oldest available name, is thus allotted full family rank to encompass them. The following new synonymies have been established: generic synonyms of Heteronemia Gray, 1835 are Bacunculus Burmeister, 1838, Bactridium Saussure, 1868, Bacillidium Uvarov, 1939, and Donusa Stål, 1875. Synonyms of Heteronemia mexicana Gray, 1835, are Prisomera phyllopus Gray, 1835, Bacunculus spatulatus Burmeister, 1838, Bactridium coulonianum Saussure, 1868, Donusa prolixa Stål, 1875, Bacteria foliacea Blanchard, 1851, and Donusa glabriuscula Redtenbacher, 1906. Synonyms of Heteronemia chilensis (Westwood, 1859) are Bacteria cornuta Philippi, 1863, Bacteria collaris Philippi, 1863, and possibly Bacunculus blanchardi Camousseight, 1988. Heteronemia is rediagnosed, becoming the only genus in the family Heteronemiidae and comprising but two valid species, mexicana and chilensis, both from Chile. Hence the holotype of mexicana, claimed to derive from Mexico, was apparently mislabelled. A lectotype is designated for Bacunculus spatulatus Burmeister, 1838.     

Morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of Anisopteromalus Ruschka (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) – an integrative approach

We use an integrative taxonomic approach to revise the genus Anisopteromalus. In particular, we apply multivariate ratio analysis (MRA), a rather new statistical method based on principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), to numerous body measurements and combine the data with those from our molecular analysis of Cytb and ITS2 genetic markers (on a subset of species) and all available published data on morphology, karyology, behaviour, host associations and geographic distribution. We demonstrate that the analysis of quantitative characters using MRA plays a major role for the integration of name‐bearing types and thus for the association of taxa with names. Six species are recognized, of which two are new: A. cornis Baur sp.n. and A. quinarius Gokhman & Baur sp.n. For Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), a well‐known, cosmopolitan parasitoid of stored‐product pests, we have selected a neotype to foster continuity and stability in the application of this important name. The species was sometimes confused with the related A. quinarius sp.n. , another cosmopolitan species that is frequently encountered in similar environments. We also show that several species originally described or later put under Anisopteromalus actually belong to different genera: Cyrtoptyx camerunus (Risbec) comb.n. ; Meraporus glaber (Szelényi) comb.n. ; Dinarmus schwenkei (Roomi, Khan & Khan) comb.n. Neocatolaccus indicus Ayyar & Mani is confirmed as a junior synonym of Oxysychus sphenopterae (Ferrière) syn.n. and Anisopteromalus calandrae brasiliensis (Domenichini) stat.rev. must be considered as a valid but doubtful taxon. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BDFE96D3‐D0F4‐4012‐90F5‐9A087F7F5864 .