番石榴叶黄酮类化合物提取及其粗提物对蔬菜病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用溶剂法提取番石榴Psidium guajava叶总黄酮,通过对溶剂浓度、提取温度、时间、料液比等因素进行正交试验,优化番石榴叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,溶剂法提取番石榴叶总黄酮的最佳工艺参数为：80 ℃加热,60%乙醇,料液比1∶15,加热回流提取1 h,在此条件下总黄酮提取率达3.51%。番石榴叶总黄酮粗提物对茄子白绢病菌、甘蓝黑斑病菌、白菜炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内抑菌EC50分别为184、209、180、102 mg·mL-1。     

葡萄叶中总黄酮的提取工艺研究

目的：从葡萄叶中提取总黄酮。方法：采用正交试验法研究葡萄叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件,考察了乙醇浓度、回流温度、回流时间及料液比四因素对葡萄叶总黄酮提取率的影响。结果：确立了葡萄叶总黄酮最佳提取条件为：45％的乙醇为溶剂、液料比为1：40、提取温度为60％、提取时间2h,在最佳工艺条件下葡萄叶总黄酮含量为5．329mg／g。     

甘青铁线莲花中黄酮类化合物提取工艺探讨

对甘青铁线莲花中黄酮类物质的提取工艺进行研究。结果表明：在温度为80℃时,影响黄酮类化合物提取的因素顺序为提取时间〉乙醇浓度〉料液比。甘青铁线莲花中黄酮类物质的最佳提取条件为：当温度为80℃时,乙醇浓度80％、料液比1：30（g：mL）、回流时间为1．5h时提取最佳。在此条件下总黄酮的得率为1．86％。     

山楂果中原花青素提取工艺研究

优选回流提取方法,以山楂果中原花青素含量为考察指标,研究提取溶剂种类、浓度、提取温度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数等因素对原花青素提取效果的影响。通过正交实验,确定山楂果中原花青素的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂70%乙醇,提取温度80℃,料液比1∶15,提取时间2 h,提取3次。     

混合溶剂提取虎杖多极性成分的研究

为了研究混合溶剂对虎杖多成分提取的可行性与先进性,本文采用多种混合溶剂对虎杖进行提取,并与石油醚、乙酸乙酯、70%乙醇提取进行比较研究,在确定最佳提取溶剂的条件下,考察溶剂配比、料液比、温度以及时间因素对虎杖苷和大黄素提取率的影响。结果表明70%乙醇-乙酸乙酯混合溶剂提取效率最高,最佳条件为70%乙醇∶乙酸乙酯=3∶1,料液比1∶12.5,温度85℃,提取时间2 h。多元混合溶剂可以增加虎杖广泛极性成分的提取效率,为中药多成分提取给出了一种新方法。     

玫瑰茄花色素的提取工艺研究

通过单因素和正交实验对玫瑰茄花色素提取工艺条件进行了比较筛选和优化。结果表明:玫瑰茄花色素提取的适宜溶剂为乙醇,适宜的酸碱度为p H 2.0;影响提取效果因素依次是提取时间、乙醇浓度、温度、料液比;最佳提取工艺条件为粉碎粒度40目、乙醇浓度70%(V∶V)、提取温度40℃、提取时间1.5 h、最佳料液比1∶20,在此优化条件下,玫瑰茄花色素的提取率可达0.485%。     

柠条花中总生物碱提取工艺研究

以柠条花为原料,采用溶剂法提取柠条花中的总生物碱。在单因素试验的基础上,通过L9（34）正交试验确定出最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明：最佳工艺为提取时间1h、料液比1∶15、乙醇浓度90%、提取温度70℃。在此条件下,柠条花中总生物碱的得率为4.039%。     

杜梨叶黄酮的提取工艺研究及其初步定性分析

目的:优化杜梨叶总黄酮提取的工艺及其初步定性分析.方法:研究了浸提温度、乙醇浓度、提取时间、料液比等因素对杜梨叶中黄酮类化合物提取效果的影响,和正交试验进行优化,所得结果采用方差分析.采用颜色反应的方法进行杜梨叶中黄酮的初步定性分析.结果:确定了最佳单因素水平,正交实验确定了以乙醇为浸提荆的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数60%,料液比1:22,温度80℃,浸提时间1h,在此条件下黄酮含量为5.03%.结论:杜梨叶中含黄酮类化合物,颜色反应试验表明,其成分主要集中在黄酮醇类和二氢黄酮类.     

凤眼莲总黄酮最佳提取条件的探讨

目的：研究从凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes）中提取总黄酮的最佳提取条件。方法：以乙醇为溶剂,采用浸提法和超声波法提取凤眼莲总黄酮,通过单因素实验比较两种提取方法;并对黄酮提取物的抗氧化性进行了研究。结果：浸提法提取凤眼莲中总黄酮的最佳工艺条件：乙醇50%、提取温度70℃、提取时间3h、料液比1：40,总黄酮提取率4.30%;超声波法提取凤眼莲总黄酮的最佳工艺条件：乙醇50%、提取时间30min、料液比1：40、超声功率320W,提取率5.09%;凤眼莲总黄酮清除.OH的能力比甘露醇强,而清除.O2-的能力低于Vc。结论：超声波法是提取黄酮类物质较为理想的途径,凤眼莲总黄酮具有一定抗氧化活性。     

杜仲中环烯醚萜类化合物的提取工艺研究

本文研究了杜仲中具有生物活性的环烯醚萜类化合物的最佳提取工艺。采用正交设计表L16(4^5),以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取剂A的浓度及料液比为因素进行实验优化。桃叶珊瑚甙的含量由分光光度法测得,京尼平甙酸和京尼平甙的含量通过高效液相色谱法测定。根据试验结果,提取桃叶珊瑚甙的最佳工艺是：70℃下提取三次,每次0．5小时,溶剂A的浓度为80％,料液比为1：12。而京尼平甙和京尼平甙酸的最佳提取工艺为：在70℃下提取一次,提取时间为1小时,溶剂A的浓度为50％,料液比也为1：12。在此工艺条件下,选取了较佳的提取原料。实验表明在实际应用中,应根据提取目标和原材料选择较好的提取工艺。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.