阿勃小麦缺体及其细胞学研究

通过阿勃单体自交分离缺体其频率为0.03—5.75%,缺体结实率0—81.65%,所获18个缺体系平均结实率31.24%。在减数分裂中,1B、1D、2A、2D、4B、4D、5A、6A、6B、6D、7A和7B缺体有90%以上的细胞为2n=20",1.65—10.00%的细胞为2n=19"+2',自交后代96%以上为缺体;5D、1A和3A缺体分别有97.55%、16.67%、10.28%的细胞为2n=19"+2',5B、3D和3B缺体除了分别有92.55%、26.98%、25.58%的细胞为2n=19"+2'外,还有少数细胞游离4个至更多的单价体,但这些缺体系自交后代的缺体株率仍为90%左右。     

氮磷亏缺对小麦TaIPS基因表达的影响

为了解小麦高效利用土壤磷的分子机理和实现对小麦缺磷的分子诊断,以普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)小偃54为材料,克隆了5个受缺磷诱导的IPS基因,同源比较结果显示,小麦IPS基因属于典型的受缺磷条件特异诱导的TPSI1/MT4小基因家族.对小麦根系和地上部的半定量RT-PCR研究结果表明,与全营养处理对照相比,3叶期小麦幼苗经过缺氮、缺磷和氮磷同时缺乏处理8d后,缺磷显著增加了根系中3个TaIPS1(TaIPS1.1、TaIPS1.2和TaIPS1.3)基因和地上部TaIPS1.1基因的表达,中度上调了根系中2个TaIPS2基因(TaIPS2.1和TaIPS2.2)的表达,轻度上调了地上部TaIPS1.2和2个TaIPS2基因的表达.通过比较5个基因在根系和地上部对缺磷的响应,认为TaIPS1.1是一个较理想的用于诊断小麦植株磷素丰缺的基因.缺氮不仅降低了3个TaIPS1基因在根系中的表达,并抑制了IPS基因对缺磷的响应.这一研究结果预示了TaIPS基因对低磷胁迫的响应依赖于植株体内的氮素营养状况.     

密度对缺苞箭竹凋落物生物元素动态及其潜在转移能力的影响

研究了一个生长季节内,缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)-紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)原始林下不同密度缺苞箭竹凋落物及其生物元素含量的动态,比较了凋落物与新鲜叶中生物元素含量的差异,探讨了生物元素在缺苞箭竹体内的潜在内转移能力。研究结果表明:在生长季节内,缺苞箭竹凋落物量随着缺苞箭竹密度增加而增大。凋落物中C、N、P、K含量随着缺苞箭竹密度增加而减小,但Ca、Mg含量随着缺苞箭竹密度增加而增大。凋落物和新鲜叶中的C含量无显著差异,且二者均无明显的季节变化规律;凋落物的N、P、K含量表现为在5、6、7月依次升高,7月以后逐渐下降的格局,且凋落物中的含量明显低于新鲜叶;凋落叶的Ca含量明显高于新鲜叶,但无明显的季节变化规律;凋落叶的Mg含量在缺苞箭竹指数生长期最低,而新鲜叶中Mg含量在缺苞箭竹指数生长期最高。缺苞箭竹密度对生物元素的动态变化规律无显著影响。内转移率表现为K>N>P,且P的内转移率随着缺苞箭竹密度的增加而升高,但缺苞箭竹密度对K、N的内转移能力影响较小;C在缺苞箭竹植株体内的内转移现象不明显;Ca在凋落物中的积累率随缺苞箭竹密度增加而增大;Mg元素的积累率随着缺苞箭竹密度增加越来越高,而内转移率越来越低。     

磷亏缺对小麦TaIPS基因表达的影响

为了解小麦高效利用土壤磷的分子机理和实现对小麦缺磷的分子诊断,以普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）小偃54为材料,克隆了5个受缺磷诱导的IPS基因,同源比较结果显示,小麦IPS基因属于典型的受缺磷条件特异诱导的TPSI1/MT4小基因家族.对小麦根系和地上部的半定量RT-PCR研究结果表明,与全营养处理对照相比,3叶期小麦幼苗经过缺氮、缺磷和氮磷同时缺乏处理8d后,缺磷显著增加了根系中3个TaIPS1（TaIPS1.1、TaIPS1.2和TaIPS1.3）基因和地上部TaIPS1.1基因的表达,中度上调了根系中2个TaIPS2基因（TaIPS2.1和TaIPS2.2）的表达,轻度上调了地上部TaIPS1.2和2个TaIPS2基因的表达.通过比较5个基因在根系和地上部对缺磷的响应,认为TaIPS1.1是一个较理想的用于诊断小麦植株磷素丰缺的基因.缺氮不仅降低了3个TaIPS1基因在根系中的表达,并抑制了IPS基因对缺磷的响应.这一研究结果预示了TaIPS基因对低磷胁迫的响应依赖于植株体内的氮素营养状况.     

缺体小麦与黑杂种幼胚愈伤组织再生植株的染色体变异

对中国春６Ａ缺体小麦与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织不同无性世代再生植株体细胞染色体鉴定结果表明,随着愈伤组织培养时间的延长,再生植株染色体变异频率及变异范围明显增加。在分化的共计２２４株再生植株中,发生染色体变异的植株为８０株,占３５．７％,其中３株为染色体嵌合株,１株发生了染色体结构变异。     

部分根系供磷对黄瓜根系和幼苗生长及根系酸性磷酸酶活性影响

通过分根处理研究了部分根系供磷对黄瓜幼苗生长、植株体内的含磷量及根系酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,2 0 %根系缺磷 (1条根缺磷 ,4条根供磷 )可以促进根系及植株地上部的生长 ,其根系及地上部的生物量分别是正常生长植株的 1.39倍和 1.2 1倍。2 0 %根系缺磷 ,还可以促进其它供磷根系对磷的吸收。分根处理后 ,2 0 %根系缺磷不影响植物对磷营养的需要 ,但却表现出了R/S比增大的典型缺磷反应 ,说明植物感应缺磷根系起着比地上部更为重要的作用。分根处理后不供磷根系的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于供磷根系的酸性磷酸酶活性 ,并且根系的酸性磷酸酶活性只与根系的含磷量显著相关 ,与地上部的磷营养状况关系不明显。这说明 ,缺磷条件下 ,黄瓜植株根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的增高 ,是黄瓜根系对低磷胁迫的适应性机理 ,而不是地上部改善体内磷营养的调控机理。     

小麦根系接受缺磷信号的部位（简报）

用局部供磷法研究小麦根系接受外界缺磷信号位点的结果表明,体内不缺磷的植株可以接受缺磷磷信号的刺激,根系局部缺磷有利于小麦的生长发育,小麦根的任何部位均可接受环境缺磷信号。     

不同磷效率小麦品种对缺磷胁迫反应的比较

在营养液培养条件下,以根据相对产量为指标筛选出的6个不同磷效率的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,对其苗期在缺磷条件下生长、根冠磷含量及其分配,以及叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度等进行了比较研究。结果表明,缺磷抑制植株地上部生长,但刺激根系生长,导致植株根／冠比增加。无论在供磷或缺磷条件下,磷高效品种的根冠生长速率都低于磷低效品种。缺磷导致植株体内的磷含量下降与根系相比,地上部磷含量的下降速率更快。但在缺磷条件下,不同磷效率的小麦品种根冠间的磷分配变化没有差异。研究发现,在正常供磷条件下,磷高效小麦品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较低,而磷低效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较高。但开始缺磷后,磷高效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度下降较慢,使其相对磷浓度较高。缺磷后10天,磷低效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的35．9％,而磷高效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的59％。     

不同磷效率小麦品种对缺磷胁迫反应的比较

在营养液培养条件下,以根据相对产量为指标筛选出的6个不同磷效率的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,对其苗期在缺磷条件下生长、根冠磷含量及其分配,以及叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度等进行了比较研究.结果表明,缺磷抑制植株地上部生长,但刺激根系生长,导致植株根/冠比增加.无论在供磷或缺磷条件下,磷高效品种的根冠生长速率都低于磷低效品种.缺磷导致植株体内的磷含量下降与根系相比,地上部磷含量的下降速率更快.但在缺磷条件下,不同磷效率的小麦品种根冠间的磷分配变化没有差异.研究发现,在正常供磷条件下,磷高效小麦品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较低,而磷低效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中磷浓度较高.但开始缺磷后,磷高效品种的叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度下降较慢,使其相对磷浓度较高.缺磷后1 0天,磷低效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的35.9%,而磷高效品种叶片韧皮部汁液中的磷浓度为供磷对照的59%.     

缺体小麦与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织再生植株的染色体变异

对中国春6A缺体小麦与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织不同无性世代再生植株体细胞染色体鉴定结果表明,随着愈伤组织培养时间的延长,再生植株染色体变异频率及变异范围明显增加。在分化的共计224株再生植株中,发生染色体变异的植株为80株,占35.7％,其中有3株为染色体嵌合株,1株发生了染色体结构变异。     

红壤黄花梨叶片黄化症的诊断

通过对福建省建宁县黄花梨"黄化园"及"健园"叶片及土壤的营养诊断,探明了该县近年普遍出现的黄花梨植株叶片黄化现象系植株钙素缺乏所致。分析结果表明,"黄化园"叶片含钙量极显著低于"健园";果园土壤交换态钙含量低及土壤酸性强是引起植株钙素缺乏的主要原因。     

The mobility of boron in plants

In order to investigate a possible remobilization of boron, tomato plants were first exposed to excessive supplies of B and thereafter transferred to B-free nutrient solutions. Almost all the gain of top biomass after this transfer consisted of the growth of pre-existing immature leaves. Little new growth occurred before severe B deficiency became apparent. Boron was moved out of stems, but there was no evidence for a transfer of B from leaf blades into new tissues at the top.Although the B concentration in roots was low after the transfer to the B-free solution, there was a manyfold increase in root biomass. Consequently, the B content of the entire root system increased.It is concluded that little B was remobilized and transported into plant tops, whereas a small but adequate amount was remobilized and transported to the roots.     

Differential response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to low boron supply

Three experiments were carried out on an alluvial sandy loam (Udifluvent) at Tonglu, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China from 1992 to 1995, to determine the genotypic range in boron (B) efficiency of 16 oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, to identify the B-efficient cultivars and to identify specific responses which can be utilised for selection in a breeding program. The 16 cultivars which included high-quality and conventional types differed significantly in survival, plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight and seed yield; however, the ranking of the cultivars for their seed yield or other plant traits differed with B treatment. With severe B deficiency (CaCl2 extractable B < 0.26 mg/kg) and no boron applied, none of the cultivars exhibited significant B efficiency, with seed yield <300 kg/ha. With moderate B deficiency (CaCl2 extractable B 0.34 mg/kg or 0.17 kg B/ha applied), seed yield varied significantly among the cultivars from 397 to 1889 kg/ha in year 1 and from 616 to 1260 kg/ha in year 3. Zhongyou 821 and 92-13 were the most B-efficient and Wanyou 324, Huashuang 2 and Su 2051 were the most B-inefficient cultivars under moderate B deficiency. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in leaf B concentration; however, there was no close relationship between leaf B concentration and seed yield responses to B of oilseed cultivars. Of all the growth parameters measured, leaf area was the early indicator best correlated with subsequent seed yield and may be useful for evaluating the response of cultivars to low B supply. Contrary to current opinion, it was also found that high-quality oilseed rape cultivars were not all sensitive to low B supply nor were all conventional cultivars B-efficient.     

Calcium magnesium imbalance in clovers: A cause of negative yield response to liming

Three pot experiments, in which causes of negative yield responses to liming were investigated, are reported. The soil used, Waimumu silt loam (Fragiochrept), differed from others that have been reported to show negative yield response to liming, in that it is only moderately weathered and leached, only moderately acid and has previously shown positive yield responses to liming. Deficiencies of Zn and Mg were identified, but limed (pH 6.8) soils still showed a 40% yield depression even where all nutrients were supplied daily. Phosphorus availability was little affected by liming, and despite Mg and Zn addition, yields were depressed at high lime (pH 6.4) and high P while plants showed leaf symptoms of Mg deficiency. Neither plant nor soil analyses indicated low Mg levels but Ca: Mg ratios in soil were 22:1. When a pH range 5.2–6.1 was produced by liming with CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ at ratios between 100:0, and 50:50 on an equivalent basis, negative yield response was eliminated at Ca:Mg of 50:50. There was no evidence that Mg was fixed or rendered unavailable at the higher pH levels. A Ca induced Mg deficiency arising when exchangeable Ca:Mg>20 is suggested as the cause. The role of variable surface charge in converting soils that respond positively to lime to a negative response condition is discussed.     

Alterations of KCl- and ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes from vitamin B6 deficient rats

Although vitamin B6 deficiency is related to coronary heart disease, no information regarding changes in myocardium due to vitamin B6 deficiency is available in the literature. In view of the critical role played by Ca2+ in cellular function, we investigated alterations in [Ca2+]i induced by KCI or ATP in vitamin B6 deficient and age-matched control rats. [Ca2+]i was measured in isolated cardiomyocytes by using the Fura-2 fluorescence technique. The KC1-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was augmented in vitamin B6 deficient cardiomyocytes, whereas the ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was attenuated. The specific ATP binding to sarcolemma from hearts of vitamin B6 deficient rats was decreased. A single injection of vitamin B6 (10 mg/kg) to vitamin B6 deficient animals completely reversed the KC1- or ATP-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes as well as ATP binding with sarcolemma. These results regarding altered regulation of [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes and sarcolemmal ATP receptors indicate myocardial abnormalities due to vitamin B6 deficiency.     

The importance of sampling immature leaves for the diagnosis of boron deficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Eureka)

Plant analysis can diagnose boron (B) deficiency when the standards used have been properly developed by establishing that a close relationship exists between B concentration in a plant part and its physiological function. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the importance of choosing the growing immature leaves for B deficiency diagnosis and for establishing critical B concentrations for the diagnosis of B deficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). In Experiment 1, the plants were subject to seven levels of B supply using programmed nutrient addition, for the estimation of critical B concentrations in plant parts for shoot growth. In Experiment 2, the plants were treated with two levels of B supply in solution: 10 (+B) and 0 (-B) M B, for the estimation of functional B requirements for leaf elongation. The results showed that critical B concentrations varied amongst the plant parts sampled and decreased with leaf age. As B taken up by roots is largely phloem-immobile, B concentrations in mature leaves are physiologically irrelevant to plant B status at the time of sampling, giving rise to a significant over- or underestimation of the B requirement for plant growth. By contrast, a growing, immature leaf, in this case the youngest open leaf (YOL), was the most reliable plant part for B deficiency diagnosis. Critical B concentrations developed from both methods were comparable-i.e. 10–14 mg B kg^–1 dry matter in the YOL at vegetative growth stages up to stem elongation.     

Boron deficiency causes accumulation of chlorogenic acid and caffeoyl polyamine conjugates in tobacco leaves

The effects of boron (B) deficiency on carbohydrate concentrations and the pattern of phenolic compounds were studied in leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Plants grown under B deficiency showed a notable increase in leaf carbohydrates and total phenolic compounds when compared to controls. The qualitative composition of phenolics was analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The level of caffeate conjugates (i.e., chlorogenic acid) increased in B-deficient plants. In addition, the accumulation of two caffeic acid amides (N-caffeoylputrescine and putative dicaffeoylspermidine) was observed.     

Comparison of soil tests and leaf analysis as methods of diagnosing Zn deficiency in British Columbia apple orchards

Soil Zn extracted by 0.25M MgCl₂ or DTPA as an index of Zn availability was compared to Zn or P:Zn concentration in leaves for 40 commercial apple orchards in southern British Columbia. Sampled trees included a wide range of ages and cultivar/rootstock combinations. Leaves were sampled from the midportion of current season's shoots at four times; May–June 1984, July 1984, May 1985 and July 1985. At the same time the severity of the four Zn deficiency symptoms, rosetting, blind bud, little leaf and chlorosis was assessed. Little relationship was found between soil and leaf Zn measures, except in July 1984, when both terminal leaf Zn and P:Zn concentrations varied directly with 0.25M MgCl₂ extractable soil Zn. Soil Zn extracted by 0.25M MgCl₂ was more closely related to severity of deficiency symptoms on the trees at all four samples dates than was DTPA-soil Zn or leaf Zn concentration. Blindbud was the most useful indicator of deficiency in samples collected in May whereas chlorosis was the most useful one in July.     

Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency

Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant^-1, spikelets spike^-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg^-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha^-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha^-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike^-1, grain spikelet^-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI >80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike^-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.