Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Siberian Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin

Data on the variation of the nucleotide sequence of hypervariable segment I (HVSI) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been used to characterize the mitochondrial gene pool of Siberian Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin (N = 218), one of three geographic/linguistic groups of Siberian Tatars. The gene pool of Siberian Tatars has been shown to contain both Asian and European mtDNA lineages at a ratio of 1.0 : 1.5. The mtDNA diversity of Siberian Tatars is substantially higher than that of other Turkic-speaking populations of North and Central Asia. The position of the mitochondrial gene pool of Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin in the genetic space of northern Eurasia populations has been determined.     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Siberian Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin

Data on the variation of the nucleotide sequence of hypervariable segment I (HVSI) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been used to characterize the mitochondrial gene pool of Siberian Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin (N = 218), one of three geographic/linguistic groups of Siberian Tatars. The gene pool of Siberian Tatars has been shown to contain both Asian and European mtDNA lineages at a ratio of 1 : 1.5. The mtDNA diversity of Siberian Tatars is substantially higher than that of other Turkic-speaking populations of North and Central Asia. The position of the mitochondrial gene pool of Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin in the genetic space of northern Eurasia populations has been determined.     

The Dagestan gene pool: Polymorphism of immunogenetic and biochemical markers in Kumyks

This study is a part of long-term investigations devoted to the analysis of the gene pool of Dagestan ethnic groups. The phenotype (in %), gene, and haplotype frequencies in Kumyk ethnic group are reported. A total of 39 alleles and six haplotypes of 14 loci (AB0, Rhesus, P, Levis, Kell, HP, GC, C’3, TF, 6PGD, GLO1, ESD, ACP, and PGM1) of immunobiochemical genetic marker systems were examined. Rare haplotypes of the Rhesus system were identified, including CDE in the Karabudakhkent population with the frequency of 0.030, and Cde and cdE in the Dorgeli population with the frequencies of 0.034 and 0.38, respectively. Similarly to the other ethnic populations of Dagestan examined, Kukyk populations carried rare, albeit typically “Caucasoid” gene ACP1 ^c of the AcP1 locus. The frequency of this allele in the two populations was similar, constituting 0.031 for Karabudakhkent and 0.032 for Dorgeli. In Kumyks, allele frequencies of the AB0, Rhesus, P, Lewis, Kell, HP, GC, C′3, TF, 6PGD, GLO1, ESD, ACP, but not PGM1, systems were similar to the mean allele frequencies at these loci observed in the other ethnic groups from the Dagestan, Caucasus, and the whole European historical ethnographic province. At the same time, the allele frequency values obtained were different from those for the populations of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Ruswsian Far East. Thus, the results obtained for classical genetic markers indicate that Kumyks are genetically closer to the indigenous populations of Dagestan than to Turkic-speaking populations. Analysis of the fit of the observed phenotype frequencies to the Hardy-Weinberg expectations showed that compared to other indigenous populations of Dagestan examined, in Kumyks the genetic state of the population upon random allele association was close to equilibrium. Probably, this state was determined by practical absence of the consanguineous marriages upon preservation of intra-aul endogamy.     

Polymorphism of Mitochondrial DNA in Population of Siberian Tatars from Barabinsk Forest Steppe

The analysis of mtDNA polymorphism was carried out in the population of Siberian Tatars from the Barabinsk forest steppe living on the territory of Novosibirsk oblast (N = 199). As a result of the analysis of HVS I and HVS II nucleotide sequence, 101 haplotypes that refer to 22 mtDNA haplogroups were detected. The population of Baraba Tatars is represented by both East Eurasian (38.7%) and West Eurasian mtDNA lines (61.3%). H, T, U5, and J haplogroups prevail among West Eurasian haplogroups; C, D, G, M, and A haplogroups prevail among East Eurasian ones. According to the index of genetic diversity, Tatars from the Barabinsk forest steppe (0.9141) are the closest to Kazakhs (0.9108), Bashkirs (0.9165), and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars (0.9104). The greatest statistically significant interpopulation differences (F_ST) were detected between all studied samples; the smallest interpopulation differences were detected between all Tatar samples, as well as between Tatars and Komi, Mansi, Udmurts, Kazakhs, Chuvashes, and Bashkirs. The haplogroup H is the most common in populations that we studied. In the present study, was registered the haplotype 16126–16294 with the frequency of 4% (T cluster) previously found only in Caucasians. High frequency of haplogroups U4, U5, and H in the gene pool of Baraba Tatars brings them together not only with Samoyeds but also with Finno-Ugric populations. The highest intrapopulation genetic diversity was detected in Tatars from the Barabinsk forest steppe, Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, Kazakhs, and Bashkirs. The presence of the haplogroup B in the mitochondrial DNA genetic pool of Siberian Tatars brings them together with Turks that came from regions of Altai and Central Kazakhstan and inhabited the Western Siberian forest steppe in the 6th–9th centuries. The haplogroup U7, which is typical of populations of Jordan, Kuwait, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, could also have entered the territory of residence of Siberian Tatars in the middle of second millennium BC, when Iranian-speaking tribes entered Siberia.     

Mitochondrial DNA variability in populations and ethnic groups of Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin

The data on mitochondrial DNA diversity in seven local populations (villages) and four territorial groups of Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin are presented. In the Turkic-speaking populations from the Tobol and Irtysh river basins, high levels of intergroup and interpopulation mtDNA variation were observed. It was demonstrated that genetic diversity of the territorial groups of Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin resulted from various interethnic relationships and different ethnic components integrated into these groups.     

Clinically relevant pharmacogenetic markers in Tatars and Balkars

Molecular Biology Reports - This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of CYP2C9*2 (p.430C?>?T, rs1799853), CYP2C9*3 (p.1075A?>?C, rs1057910), CYP4F2*3...     

Gene pool of Siberian Tatars: Five ways of origin for five subethnic groups

Siberian Tatars form the largest Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Western Siberia. The group has a complex hierarchical system of ethnographically diverse populations. Five subethnic groups of Tobol–Irtysh Siberian Tatars (N = 388 samples) have been analyzed for 50 informative Y-chromosomal SNPs. The subethnic groups have been found to be extremely genetically diverse (F _ST = 21%), so the Siberian Tatars form one of the strongly differentiated ethnic gene pools in Siberia and Central Asia. Every method employed in our studies indicates that different subethnic groups formed in different ways. The gene pool of Isker–Tobol Tatars descended from the local Siberian indigenous population and an intense, albeit relatively recent gene influx from Northeastern Europe. The gene pool of Yalutorovsky Tatars is determined by the Western Asian genetic component. The subethnic group of Siberian Bukhar Tatars is the closest to the gene pool of the Western Caucasus population. Ishtyak–Tokuz Tatars have preserved the genetic legacy of Paleo-Siberians, which connects them with populations from Southern, Western, and Central Siberia. The gene pool of the most isolated Zabolotny (Yaskolbinsky) Tatars is closest to Ugric peoples of Western Siberia and Samoyeds of the Northern Urals. Only two out of five Siberian Tatar groups studied show partial genetic similarity to other populations calling themselves Tatars: Isker–Tobol Siberian Tatars are slightly similar to Kazan Tatars, and Yalutorovsky Siberian Tatars, to Crimean Tatars. The approach based on the full sequencing of the Y chromosome reveals only a weak (2%) Central Asian genetic trace in the Siberian Tatar gene pool, dated to 900 years ago. Hence, the Mongolian hypothesis of the origin of Siberian Tatars is not supported in genetic perspective.     

Characterization of genetic diversity in chickpea using SSR markers,Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP)

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants - To evaluate the genetic diversity among 48 genotypes of chickpea comprising cultivars, landraces and internationally developed improved lines genetic...     

Equine markers genes. Polymorphism for group-specific component (Gc)

Polymorphism of equine Gc protein was demonstrated by immunofixation electrophoresis with a goat anti-human Gc antibody. Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal co-dominant alleles, Gc^F and Gc^S. Both alleles occurred in Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Arabian horses and in Shetland ponies. A frequency of 0.23 for Gc^S in the American Standardbred horse indicates the system should be useful for problems of identification and parentage.     

Verification of meiotic gynogenesis in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) using microsatellite DNA and cytogenetical markers

Diploid gynogenesis was induced in Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri using ultra violet (UV)-irradiated bester ( Huso huso × Acipenser ruthenus ) sperm. The higher survival rate of meiotic diploids was noted after 1350 ergs mm⁻² UV irradiation. A total of 80 meiotic diploids of known parentage from two different experimental treatments were screened using microsatellite DNA and cytogenetical analysis, and uniparental transmission in meiotic diploids was confirmed.     

Polymorphism of the HLA class II loci in Siberian populations

The populations that colonized Siberia diverged from one another in the Paleolithic and evolved in isolation until today. These populations are therefore a rich source of information about the conditions under which the initial divergence of modern humans occurred. In the present study we used the HLA system, first, to investigate the evolution of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) itself, and second, to reveal the relationships among Siberian populations. We determined allelic frequencies at five HLA class II loci (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1) in seven Siberian populations (Ket, Evenk, Koryak, Chukchi, Nivkh, Udege, and Siberian Eskimo) by the combination of single-stranded conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing analysis. We then used the gene frequency data to deduce the HLA class II haplotypes and their frequencies. Despite high polymorphism at four of the five loci, no new alleles could be detected. This finding is consistent with a conserved evolution of human class II MHC genes. We found a high number of HLA class II haplotypes in Siberian populations. More haplotypes have been found in Siberia than in any other population. Some of the haplotypes are shared with non-Siberian populations, but most of them are new, and some represent “forbidden” combinations of DQA1 and DQB1 alleles. We suggest that a set of “public” haplotypes was brought to Siberia with the colonizers but that most of the new haplotypes were generated in Siberia by recombination and are part of a haplotype pool that is turning over rapidly. The allelic frequencies at the DRB1 locus divide the Siberian populations into eastern and central Siberian branches; only the former shows a clear genealogical relationship to Amerinds. Received: 18 August 1997 / Accepted: 6 October 1997     

Endogenous cytokinins as biochemical markers of rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis) clone rejuvenation

The endogenous levels of isopentenyladenine, isopentenyladenosine, zeatin and zeatin riboside and the ability forin vitro axillary shoot organogenesis and rhizogenesis were compared between mature and rejuvenated clones ofHevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.). Enhancement of thein vitro organogenesis ability of rubber-tree clones following somatic embryogenesis or repeated grafting onto juvenile rootstocks was accompanied by an increase of zeatin riboside levels in shoots used as starting material forin vitro micropropagation. Furthermore, the zeatin level, inin vitro shoots of clones treated byin vitro micrografting, and consequently capable of axillary shoot and root organogenesis, was higher than inin vitro shoots of non treated mature material incapable of in vitro organogenesis. We conclude that the endogenous zeatin-like cytokinin level (free and ribosylated forms) can be considered as a reliable marker for the recovery ofin vitro shoot and root organogenesis after rejuvenating treatments in rubber-tree clones.     

Genetic evidence for male-biased dispersal in the Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) based on autosomal and Z-chromosomal markers

Sex-bias in natal dispersal patterns can have important genetic and evolutionary consequences; however, reliable information about sex-biased dispersal can be difficult to obtain with observational methods. We analysed the sex-specific patterns of genetic differentiation among three Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) populations, using 11 autosomal and six Z-chromosomal microsatellite markers. Irrespective of marker-type and indices used (viz. F(ST), average pairwise relatedness and effective number of immigrants), all analyses provided strong evidence for male-biased dispersal. Population structuring at autosomal loci (F(ST) =0.046, P<0.05) exceeded that at Z-chromosomal loci (F(ST) =0.033, P<0.05), and levels of introgression were inferred to be significantly higher for Z-chromosomal when compared to autosomal loci. Of the three populations studied, levels of genetic variability were the lowest in the southernmost fringe population, despite the fact that it harboured a group of divergent Z-chromosomal haplotypes that were not found in the other two populations. In general, the results provide strong genetic evidence for male-biased dispersal in Siberian jays, where observational data have previously suggested male philopatry. The results also highlight the utility of Z-chromosomal markers for gaining insights into the genetic diversity and structuring of populations.     

Polymorphism T174M of the angiotensinogen gene in Siberian populations

The level of T174M polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) was studied for the first time in Siberian populations. The frequency of allele M was found to be 7% in Russians, 6% in Tuvinians, and 4% in Buryats. In the Mongoloid population of Siberia (Tuvinians and Buryats), the genotypic frequencies deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05). The studied polymorphism of the AGT gene determined in Siberian populations was compared with that of other ethnic groups in the world population, and genetic distinctions were estimated. Only the Buryat population was found to differ significantly from the French, English, and Chinese in the frequency of allele M. No association between the T174M polymorphism of the AGT gene and pathological pregnancy (gestosis) was revealed in Buryat women.     

Polymorphism of human MDR1 gene in the Siberian and central Asian populations

The multidrug resistance gene (MDR1, ABCB1) encodes transmembrane P-glycoprotein an ATP-dependent transporter, which is involved in elimination of drugs, xenobiotics, peptides from a cell. It is expressed in such organs as a brain, kidneys, a liver, a gastroenteric tract. It is supposed, that this protein may take part in formation of individual resistance to action of adverse factors of an environment, such as toxic substances, xenobiotics and infectious diseases. A number of polymorphisms in MDR1 gene is associated with a expression level and functioning of the gene, as well as with the ability to eliminate drugs and with the resistance to various neurodegeneration and gastroenteric tract diseases. In this study the frequencies of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (3435C/T, 2677G/T/A, 1236C/T, +139C/T and -1G/A), located in MDR1 gene, frequencies of haplotypes, the genetic differentiation and linkage disequilibrium pattern in populations of Russians, Tuvinians, northern and southern Kirghizes are described. Significant genetic differences were found between populations of Russians and northern Kirghizes, and also between Tuvinians and northern Kirghizes. The linkage disequilibrium pattern is characterized by high population specificity.