Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen an der Harderschen Drüse des Kaninchens

Zusammenfassung In der Harderschen Drüse von Kaninchen wurden mit der Tetrazoliumtechnik die Enzyme NADH-Tetrazoliumreduktase (NADH-T-Red), NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktase (NADPH-T-Red), NAD-spezifische Isocitrat-Dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH), Succinat-Dehydrogenase (SDH), NAD-spezifische Malat-Dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH), Laktat-Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH),-Glycerophosphat-Dehydrogenase (GPDH) und-Hydroxybuttersäure-Dehydrogenase (HBDH) histochemisch nachgewiesen und ihr Verteilungsbild in den beiden Drüsenlappen studiert. Darüber hinaus wurden histochemische Reaktionen auf folgende Enzyme durchgeführt: Cytochromoxydase (nachBurston), Leucinaminopeptidase (nachNachlas,Crawford undSeligman), alkalische Phosphatase (nachGomori), ATPase (nachPadykula undHerman). Fette wurden mit Scharlachrot und Sudan Schwarz B gefärbt. Die histochemisch faßbare Aktivitätsverteilung der Enzyme geht aus der Tabelle 1 hervor. Die Befunde werden diskutiert.

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Summary A study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of various enzymes in both lobes of the Harder gland in rabbits by means of the tetrazolium technique [NADH-tetrazoliumreductase (NADH-T-Red), NADPH-tetrazolium-reductase (NADPH-T-Red), NAD-specific isocitrate-dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH), succinate-dehydrogenase (SDH), NAD-specific malate-dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH),-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase (GPDH), and-hydroxy-butyrate-dehydrogenase (HBDH)]. In addition histochemical tests for the determination of cytochrome-oxidase (Burston), leucine-amino-peptidase (Nachlas,Crawford andSeligman), alkaline phosphatase (Gomori), and ATP-ase (Padykula andHerman) were carried out. Fets were stained with Scharlach-red and Sudan black B. The results of the histochemically determinable enzyme activities are listed in table 1. The findings are discussed.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Zum Energiestoffwechsel des Gehirns

Zusammenfassung In Gehirnen von Karauschen, Fröschen, Eidechsen, Webervögeln und Mäusen wurden die Aktivitäten von GAPDH, LDH, GDH, GPox, G-6-PDH, CS, SDH und HOAD bestimmt. In allen Fällen zeigen LDH und GAPDH sowohl die bei weitem höchsten Werte als auch weitgehende Übereinstimmung. G-6-PDH ist mit Ausnahme des Froschhirns überall nur in sehr geringer Aktivität vorhanden, während für HOAD stets verhältnismäßig höhere Aktivitäten gemessen wurden. Die Enzyme von Citrat- und GP-Cyclus zeigen in ihrem Verhältnis zur GAPDH eine deutliche Zunahme von den Fischen zu Vögeln und Säugern.Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß eine überwiegende Einstellung auf Kohlenhydratabbau als allgemeines Merkmal des Energiestoffwechsels im Vertebratenhirn gelten kann. Die höheren Wirbeltiere zeigen die Tendenz zur Steigerung der Kapazität zur aeroben Oxidation.

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Energy metabolism of the brainA comparative investigation on representatives of the different vertebrate classes

Summary The activities of GAPDH, LDH, GDH, GPox, G-6-PDH, CS, SDH, and HOAD were assayed in the brains of fish (Carassius), frog (Rana), lizzard (Lacerta), birds (Euplectes, Estrilda) and mouse (Mus). LDH and GAPDH had by far the highest activities and were found to have similar activities in all brains. G-6-PDH activities were very low except in frog-brain. HOAD showed a distinctly higher activity. The enzymes involved in the citric acid and glycerophosphate cycles were relatively increased in higher vertebrates compared with the lower ones.It is concluded from these findings, that the preponderance of carbohydrates as an energy source is a characteristic quality of brain metabolism in all vertebrates, although in the higher classes there appears to be a tendency to increase the capacity of aerobic oxidation.

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Herrn Dr. H.W. Hagens () gewidmet.

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Diese Untersuchung wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durch ein Stipendium (G.W.) unterstützt.     

Methodological aspects of the histochemical localization and activity of some cerebellar dehydrogenases

Summary In a detailed study focused on the methodological problems in dehydrogenase histochemistry [e.g., fixation, diffusion of enzymes and of reduced inermediates, conversion of NADPH and NADP to NADH and NAD, respectively, penetration of tetrazolium salt and formazan substantivity, nothing dehydrogenase reaction, use of exogenous CoQ₁₀ and of flavoprotein substitute (PMS)], the distribution and activity of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H-tetrazolium reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (H and M types), and of l-glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.2 and E.C. 1.4.1.3) have been investigated in the rat cerebellum.It was evident from the study that reliable results could only be obtained if all the aforementioned factors had been considered. The image of actual concentration of SDH in the neuropil of the molecular layer could only be recorded by adding CoQ₁₀, while other structures exhibited greater balance between SDH and endogenous mitochondrial CoQ. Contrary to previous studies, a reversed localization of the activity of G-6-PDH and LDH was noticed. The elements of molecular and Purkinje layers were rich in G-6-PDH, while the granular layer was nearly depleted. The actual level of LDH could only be recorded if NADH-tetrazolium reductase was bypassed with PMS. The H and M types of LDH coexisted in the three cortical layers, the H type being prevalent and the M type attaining its highest level in synaptic glomeruli followed by the structures of the molecular layer and the Purkinje cells. High activity of GDH was noticed in Bergmann glia followed by synaptic glomeruli, while most other structures showed weak to moderate activity. The two GDH types coexisted in all structures showing activity, except for Bergmann cells, which only showed presence of the E.C. 1.4.1.3 type.Furthermore, Bergmann glia was exceptional by showing no activity of SDH and LDH, but strong activity of G-6-PDH and NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. The granular cells were exceptional by showing weak or no activity of all enzymes in question.     

Die postnatale Entwicklung der Harderschen Drüse der weißen Ratte

Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an eine lichtmikroskopisch-morphologische Studie (I. Mitteilung) wurden die Harderschen Drüsen neugeborener bis 13 Wochen alter Ratten mit fermenthistochemischen Methoden (ATPase, alkalische und saure Pase, LAP, LDH, G-6-PDH, -GPDH, -HBDH, SDH, MDH, IDH, Cyt-Ox, NADH-T-Red, NADPH-T-Red) untersucht. Dabei wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt:Während der ersten Tage nach der Geburt fallen sämtliche Enzymreaktionen nur schwach positiv aus. Mit beginnender Sekretproduktion am 6. Lebenstag nimmt die Dehydrogenasen-und Diaphorasen-Aktivität in den Drüsenzellen zu und steigt bis gegen Ende der 3. Lebenswoche weiter kontinuierlich an.Von den Hydrolasen sind die saure Phosphatase nur in der 1., die Leucinaminopeptidase nur während der 1.–3. Woche post partum nachweisbar. ATPase reagiert an den ersten Lebenstagen in den Zellen der Drüsenanlage apikal kräftig positiv; von der 2. Woche an findet sie sich vorwiegend basal. Alkalische Phosphatase ist in den Drüsenzellen während der gesamten Beobachtungszeit nur schwach aktiv, dagegen läßt sie sich in den Myoepithelzellen vom 8. Tage an in zunehmender Intensität nachweisen.Die B-Zellen zeigen zwischen dem 10. und 14. Lebenstage eine höhere LAP-Aktivität als die A-Zellen und heben sich vom 21. Tage an durch kräftig positive Dehydrogenasen- und Diaphorasen-Reaktionen von ihnen ab.Die fermenthistochemische Entwicklung der Harderschen Drüse ist gegen Ende der 4. Lebenswoche abgeschlossen. Anhaltspunkte für geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede fanden sich nicht.

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The postnatal development of the rat harderian glandII. Enzyme-histochemical studies

Summary Following a previous lightmicroscopic-morphological investigation (1st communication), the Harderian glands of rats, age ranging from newly born to 13 weeks, are studied by means of enzyme-histochemical methods (ATPase, alkaline and acid Pase, LAP, LDH, G-6-PDH, -GPDH, -HBDH, SDH, MDH, IDH, Cyt-Ox, NADH-T-Red, NADPH-T-Red). The following results are obtained:All the enzymes examined react weakly during the first days after birth. The beginning of synthesis activity of the glandular cells in 6 days old rats corresponds to an increase of dehydrogenase- and diaphorase-activity. This increase continues until the age of 3 weeks.Acid phosphatase can only be observed in the 1st postnatal week, leucine-amino-peptidase during the 1st to 3rd week. ATPase is localized in the apical part of the gland cells at the first days post partum, and predominandly in the basal part from the first week forth. The alkaline phosphatase activity is low in the glandular cells during all the period observed, whereas in myoepithelial cells its intensity keeps increasing from the 8th day.B-cells show between the 10th and 14th day of age a stronger leucine-amino-peptidase-reaction than A-cells, and after the 21st day differenciate from these by having a more intensive dehydrogenase and diaphorase activity.The Harderian gland enzyme-histochemical developing is finished at the end of the 4th week. Histochemically it was not possible to find sex-dependent differences.

     

Histochemical study on the localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by androgen or thyroxine in the convoluted tubules of mouse submandibular gland

Summary The effects of 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and thyroxine (T₄) on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity in mouse submandibular gland were investigated histochemically. A strong positive histochemical reaction for G-6-PDH was observed in the excretory ducts of untreated male and female mice, with a slight reaction in the basal portion of the convoluted tubules (striated ducts) of males. Administraition of DHT to female mice increased G-6-PDH activity specifically in the convoluted tubules. T₄ increased the enzyme activity in the tubules more than DHT. The induction of G-6-PDH activity by T₄ in adrenalectomized mice suggests that T₄ has a direct effect on the submandibular gland.     

Enzymhistotopochemische Studien an inaktiven Salzdrüsen von Hausenten (Anas platyrhynchus)

Zusammenfassung In der sog. inaktiven Salzdrüse von einheimischen Hausenten werden eine Reihe von Oxydoreduktasen aus der Glykolysekette, dem Citronensäurezyklus und der Atmungskette, sowie die Enzyme G-6-PDH, GDH, (-HBDH und GLUDH mit histochemischen Methoden lokalisiert. Die Epithelien der Zwischenstücke, Zentralkanäle und Aus-führungsgänge sind mit hohen Aktivitäten der glykolytischen Oxydoreduktasen und der NADPH₂-liefernden Enzyme ausgestattet. Die Dehydrogenasen des Citratzyklus besitzen vergleichsweise geringere Aktivitäten in diesen Zellen. Das histochemisch faßbare Enzymverteilungsmuster läßt echte Syntheseleistungen der Salzdrüse vermuten.

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Enzyme histochemical studies on the salt gland of ducks (Anas platyrhynchus)I. Enzyme pattern of oxydoreductases

Summary The salt glands of ducks were subjected to histochemical examination. The following enzymes were demonstrated and localized: Oxydo-reductases of glycolysis, of the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain and the pentosephosphat shunt; furthermore, GDH, -HBDH and GLUDH. Of particular interest are the central tubulus, the intermediate portion, the central canal and the duct system. The epithelial cells of the intermediate portion and the central canal show a high level of activity of glycolytic oxydo-reductases and of enzymes yielding NADPH₂. Only relatively low activity, however, was found of the dehydrogenases of the citric acid cycle.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ku-210/2).     

Copper toxicity in young maize (Zea mays L.) plants: effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents, and enzyme activities

Changes in the growth parameters and in enzyme activities were studied in roots and leaves of 14-days old maize grown in a nutrient solution containing various copper concentrations (i.e. 0.01 to 10 M). A significant decrease in root and leaf biomass was only found at 10 M Cu. In contrast, changes in several enzyme activities occured at lower copper concentrations in the solution, corresponding to different threshold values which are lower than those observed for growth parameters. Peroxidase (POD) activity significantly increased in all investigated plant organs (i.e. 3rd-leaf, 4th-leaf and roots) in relation to their copper content. Additionally, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activities decreased in the leaves, especially in the 4th-leaf. However, the activity of malic enzyme (ME), G-6-PDH, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and ICDH increased with the copper content in roots. According to the relationship between POD activity and copper content, the toxic critical value was set at 26 mg Cu per kg dry matter (DM) in roots and 21 mg Cu per kg DM in the 3rd-leaf. In roots, a new isoenzyme of peroxidase appeared for copper content above 12.6 mg Cu kg DM^–1. Measurement of enzyme activity, especially that of POD and Cu-specific changes in the (iso)peroxidase pattern, might be used as biomarkers to assess the phytotoxicity for maize grown on copper-contaminated substrata.     

Histochemical study of isolated neurons in culture from chick embryo sympathetic ganglia

Summary The dissociated sympathetic neurons maintained in culture without direct contact with glia cells keep up some enzymatic activities, like those of carboxylic esterases, of succinic-dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamic-dehydrogenase (GDH), monoamine oxydase (MAO), lactic-dehydrogenase (LDH) and alcoholic dehydrogenase (ADH) for more or less long periods.Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes the maintenance of mitochondrial enzymes, of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and non-specific cholinesterases (n. s. ChE), of LDH in sympathetic neurons. In absence of NGF, the more archaic enzymes, like ADH, or the less specific, like -naphtol esterases still are kept up, whereas the enzymatic mitochondrial and cholinesterasic activities are no more detected.With the technical assistance of Miss E. Darcel.This communication is part of the Doctorat de Biologie Humaine thesis.     

Enzymatic activity in crude oil contaminated rats

The activity of enzymes found in the plasma, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and enzymes from erythrocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and catalase, was studied in rats contaminated by crude oil. Crude oil (tube fed) contamination caused a significant increase in MDH and LDH activity 96 hr after contamination while a decrease in activity was noted in 6-6-PDH and catalase. An additional contamination (1 week after the first contamination), measured 96 hr after contamination, caused a relative decrease in MDH and LDH activity while there was a contrasting relative increase in G-6-PDH and catalase activity. After a recovery period of 3 weeks the only significant change was an increase in catalase activity.     

Vergleichende histologische,histochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Tränendrüsen

Zusammenfassung Die Glandula lacrimalis der Ziege ist eine tubulo-acinöse Drüse vom serösen Typus, deren Zellen unterschiedliche Formen aufweisen. Lichtmikroskopisch lassen sich dunkle und helle Zellen unterscheiden. Die dunklen enthalten regelmäßig PAS-positiv reagierende Substanzen. Das Epithel der Ausführungsgänge ist kubisch bis zylindrisch, teilweise erscheint es zweireihig. Auch elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich verschiedene Zelltypen unterscheiden. Die supranukleären Zellbereiche sind mit Sekretvakuolen unterschiedlich strukturierten Inhalts angefüllt. Die apikale Zellmembran wird durch kurze Mikrovilli vergrößert. Außerdem wurde das Verhalten zahlreicher Hydrolasen und Oxydoreduktasen histochemisch untersucht. Die starke Fermentaktivität der Aldolase und Laktat-Dehydrogenase in Drüsen- und Gangepithelien und der relativ hohe Gehalt an histochemisch nachweisbarer G-6-PDH in den Drüsenzellen werden diskutiert.

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Summary The lacrimal gland of the goat is a tubulo-acinar gland of serous type. The glandular epithelium consists of dark and light cells. The dark cells are rich in PAS-positive material. The ducts are lined with a cuboidal or columnar epithelium; the larger ducts have a double-layered epithelium. Electronmicroscopical investigations show that the apical two-thirds of the cells are occupied by numerous light and dark secretory vacuoles in various stages of maturation. Short microvilli project into the lumen. Also reactions of numerous enzymes (hydrolases and oxydoreductases) were checked up. The strong reaction of ALD and LDH in the gland cells as well as in the ductular cells and the relatively high amount of G-6-PDH in the gland cells are discussed.

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Gekürzter Teil einer Arbeit, die der Medizinischen Fakultät der Philipps-Universität Marburg a. d. Lahn als Habilitationsschrift vorlag.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

砷对兰州鲇组织中代谢酶活性及RNA和蛋白质含量影响

采用毒性试验方法,研究了安全浓度（1.288 mg/L）条件下亚砷酸钠（NaAsO2）对兰州鲇（Silurus lanzhouensis）脑、鳃、肝脏、肌肉4种组织中6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G-6-PDH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性,以及RNA和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,染毒21d时,As（Ⅲ）可显著降低4种组织中G-6-PDH和LDH活性、RNA和蛋白质含量（P0.05）。撤毒后21d,除脑和肝组织中蛋白质含量未恢复到对照组水平（P0.05）,肝脏中G-6-PDH活性超过了对照组水平（P0.05）外,其余各组织中G-6-PDH和LDH活性、RNA和蛋白质含量均可恢复到对照组水平（P0.05）。以上结果表明,As（Ⅲ）对兰州鲇组织中代谢酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,可致组织细胞RNA损伤和可溶性蛋白质减少,但这种影响是可逆的,撤毒后一定时间内可恢复到正常水平。       

Glycolytic enzymes in the premolt field crab Paratelphusa hydrodromus (Milne-Edwards) (Crustacea)

The quantitative assay of hexokinase (HK), phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3 PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) revealed that coxal muscles compared to hepatopancreas contained higher activities of all the enzymes investigated. It appears that the coxal muscles of the premolt field crab has carbohydrate-based fuel economy. The hepatopancreas is a rich source of lipid and very poor source of glycogen. The activity of G-6-PDH is moderately high in the hepatopancreas. It seems that in this lipogenic tissue conversion of G-6-P to triose phosphate occurs predominately via pentose-phosphate pathway thus generating NADPH for lipogenesis. The relative G-3PDH ad LDH activities in hepatopancreas and coxal muscles led us to believe that the reconversion of NAD from NADH in hepatopancreas nd muscle flexor is effected by glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, whereas in muscle extensor it is achieved by both G-3PDH and LDH activities.     

Histochemical observations on the occurrence of glycolytic and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in the hepatopancreas and their possible relation to eyestalk factor(s) in the crab Scylla serrata (Forskal).

Histochemical studies were carried out on some of the glycolytic enzymes viz. phosphorylase, aldose, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and a key enzyme of the pentose phosphatase cycle, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), in the hepatopancreas of Scylla serrata (Forskal). 1. Weak activities of phosphorylase and aldolase and strong-activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticed mainly in the brush border of the tubules and R-cell cytoplasm. A trace activity of G-6-PDH was noticed in the brush border. 2. Bilateral eyestalk removal results in inhibition of both phosphorylase and aldolase. However, enhanced activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticeable 4 h after the operation. The G-6-PDH activity remained unaltered till 24 h. 3. Injection of eyestalk extract into both intact and destalked crabs activated all the enzymes.     

Die Kopfregeneration vonLineus sanguineus Rathke(Nemertini) unter dem Einfluβ von Actinomycin-D. Chemomorphologische Befunde

Zusammenfassung Isolierte Körperteile vonLineus sanguineus wurden in Seewasser gehalten, das unterschiedliche Konzentrationen (1,9, 0,95 und 0,48 g/ml) von Actinomycin-D enthielt. Nach 4, 5, 6 und 10 Tagen wurden die Regenerate histologisch und histochemisch (Glykogen, Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase und RNS) untersucht. In Abhängigkeit von der Actinomycin-D-Konzentration werden bestimmte Phasen der Regeneration gehemmt; dabei sind Proliferationsprozesse weniger empfindlich als Differenzierungsprozesse. Histochemisch werden bei Hemmung der wachstumsaktiven Areale die im Normalfall zu beobachtenden stofflichen Merkmale: Glykogeneinlagerung und nachfolgender Anstieg der G-6-P-DH-Aktivität und der RNS-Konzentration vermißt.

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The head regeneration ofLineus sanguineus Rathke (Nemertini) under the influence of actinomycin-D. Chemomorphological data

Summary Fragments ofLineus sanguineus were incubated in seawater, which contained different concentrations of actinomycin-D (1.9 g/ml, 0.95 g/ml and 0.48 g/ml). After 4, 5, 6 and 10 days the regenerates were studied by histological and histochemical methods (glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and RNA). Corresponding to actinomycin-D concentration certain phases of regeneration are inhibited. The phases of proliferation are less sensitive to actinomycin-D than the phases of differentiation. If morphogenetic areas are inhibited, the normally demonstrable histochemical characteristics: accumulation of glycogen and later, the increase of G-6-P-DH activity and RNA concentration do not appear.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Effect of tuftsin on enzyme activity in the energy metabolism of lymphocytes

The cytochemical technique was used to measure the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) of peripheral blood lymphocytes of mice and rats given intraperitoneal injections of an endogenous immunostimulant tuftcin (Tre-Lys-Pro-Arg) in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. A significant decrease of SDH activity was observed both in mice and rats 4 and 6 hours following injection, respectively. In mice, that activity returned to normal in 12, while in rats in 24 hours. An opposite action was produced by tuftcin on G-6-PDH, causing the maximum elevation of the enzyme activity in rat lymphocytes 6 hours after peptide administration. The decrease to the initial level was observed in 24 hours. Tuftcin did not affect the activity of LDH. The data obtained indicate that the immunological effect of tuftcin is coupled with the changes in the activity of Krebs cycle enzymes (SDH) and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes (G-6-PDH).     

Die Histotopik von Aldolase und Alkohol-Dehydrogenase in der Harderschen Drüse des Kaninchens

Zusammenfassung In der Harderschen Drüse des Kaninchens wurden mit der Tetrazoliumtechnik die Enzyme Aldolase und Alkohol-Dehydrogenase histochemisch nachgewiesen und ihr Verteilungsbild in den beiden Drüsenlappen studiert. Beide Drüsenanteile zeigen hohe Aktivitäten der genannten Enzyme. Auf Grund dieser und früher mitgeteilten Befunde (Kühnel, 1966) wird die Möglichkeit nicht ausgeschlossen, daß die Hardersche Drüse an der Biosynthese von Steroiden beteiligt ist.

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Summary The histochemical localization of aldolase (ALD) and alcohol-dehydrogenase (NAD-ADH) was studied in both lobes of the Harder gland in rabbits by means of the tetrazolium technique. Both lobes of the Harder gland were active. The enzyme activities of ALD and ADH and those of G-6-PDH and NAD-T-Red and their functional link with the process of steroidbiosynthesis are discussed.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

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FräuleinIngrid Meyersiek undHerrn Fraedrich danken wir für gewissenhafte technische Mitarbeit.     

Histochemical studies on the submandibular ganglia of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penecillata).

The histochemistry of the neural cells was studied in the submandibular ganglia of 5 Callithrix jacchus (3 males and 2 females) and 4 Callithrix penicillata (2 males and 2 females). These cells contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipidic materia, but are apparently devoid of glycogen. It is impossible to demonstrate in them any reactivity for UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, ATPase at pH 6.3, leucine aminopeptidase and alanyl aminopeptidas. The reaction for the other searched enzymes was as follows: weak (F-1,6-P Ald and cytochrome oxidase), weak to moderate (ADH, 6-P-GDH, ICDH, SDH, MDH, alpha-GPDH and beta-OHBDH), moderate (G-6-PDH, F-1,6-PA, LDH and GDH), moderate to strong (ATPase at pH 7.4, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) and strong (G-6-PA, NADH2,-TR, NADPH2-TR, ATPase at pH 8.5 and 9.4 and alkaline phosphatase).     

国人睾丸、附睾和输精管的氧化还原酶的组织化学观察

本文收集了１９—３８岁国人正常男性新鲜睾丸、附睾和输精管１３例,进行了氧化还原酶组织化学染色、光镜定位及定性观察。结果表明：睾丸曲细精管和输出小管上皮的ＧＤＨ,ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＧＰＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ９种酶;睾丸间质细胞和附睾管上皮的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ８种酶;输精管的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＩＣＤＨ和ＧＤＨ４种酶的酶活性呈强阳性或极强阳性。提示输出小管和头部附睾管含有的多种氧化还原酶对精子功能成熟有极重要作用。     

Zur Histochemie von Hydrolasen im Hoden des Hundes und der Katze

Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten das Verteilungsmuster von unspezifischer Esterase, alkalischer Phosphatase, Adenosintriphosphatase, 5-Nucleotidase und -D-Glucuronidase im Hoden von Hund und Katze. Besonders hervorzuheben sind eine starke Aktivität der unspezifischen Esterase in den Sertolizellen der Katze, der Reichtum der Membrana propria aller Hodentubuli an alkalischer Phosphatase und Adenosintriphosphatase sowie die kräftige Reaktion auf -D-Glucuronidase in den Leydigzellen beider Tierarten.Die Befunde werden diskutiert.

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Summary The localization of unspecific esterase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, and -D-glucuronidase in the testes of cat and dog was demonstrated by histochemical means. We observed a strong esterase activity in the Sertoli cells of the cat and high amounts of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase in the membrana propria of all seminiferous tubules. In both species the principal site of -D-glucuronidase was in the Leydig cells. Our findings obtained being discussed.

     

In situ measurements of enzyme activities in the brain

Summary The present review focusses on enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acid neurotransmitters and the microphotometric determinations of their activities in various layers of the rat hippocampus. The enzymes are NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-ICDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and GABA transaminase (GABAT), all of which are localized in mitochondria. GDH seems to be restricted to astrocytes, whereas NAD-ICDH and GABAT are localized in neurons as well as in astrocytes. NAD-ICDH is an important enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and may deliver -ketoglutarate for the formation of glutamate and GABA, which serve as neurotransmitters in the hippocampus. GDH catalyses the interconversion of -ketoglutarate and glutamate, whereas GABAT is the important GABA-degrading enzyme and requires -ketoglutarate for its activity. While differing in their cellular distribution and activity levels, NAD-ICDH, GDH and GABAT are significantly correlated in their hippocampal distribution. Furthermore, developmental and pharmacohistochemical studies suggest that the distribution and activity of astrocytic GDH is correlated with amino-acidergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus. The data reported give further evidence for a metabolic relationship between neurons and astrocytes in the turnover and metabolism of glutamate and GABA.