雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布的初步研究

1998年10月至2000年6月,对雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布进行了调查,结果表明,雷州半岛湿地水鸟56种,隶属7目9科,种类最多的是鹭类（Ardeidae)、鸭类（Antidae)和Xin鹬类（Charadriidae and Scolopacidae),共有41种,56种水鸟中,古北界成分35种,占绝对优势;东洋界、广布种分别只有13和8种。以冬候鸟为主,共有33种;留鸟、族鸟和夏候鸟分别占13、7和3种。冬候鸟主要是鸭类和Xin鹬种类,留鸟主要是鹭类,本地的鸥类（Laridae)几乎都是冬候鸟,受各种协定或法规保护的水鸟有38种。雷州半岛的水鸟主要人布在沿海滩涂湿地,共有49种,红树林是最重要的水鸟栖息地,分布在这里的水鸟有37种。     

汉江中上游湿地冬季水鸟资源调查

汉江中上游河道冬季水鸟共30种,隶属7目7科。其中,冬候鸟15种,留鸟8种,占73.3%,旅鸟7种。调查分析表明:独特的动物地理区系和优越的湿地环境使汉水中上游流域成为重要的鸟类越冬地及迁徙中转地,由此形成了该地特殊的冬季鸟类结构。     

宠物鸟·疫病·公共卫生

宠物鸟种类多,来源地广,检验检疫预防措施缺乏,致使宠物鸟疫病不断传播,并造成人类的感染,已经威胁到公共卫生。宠物鸟疫病中以新城疫、禽流感、鹦鹉热最为常见,而且与人类关系密切,具有重要的公共卫生学意义。本文从宠物鸟在疫病流行传播中的意义、疫病的宿主感染谱、疫病的流行特征以及疫病的公共卫生学意义对新城疫、禽流感、鹦鹉热三种疫病进行了综述。表明宠物鸟疫病的感染率比较高,且严重危害人类健康。加强对宠物鸟疫病的检验检疫及预防,很好的防控宠物鸟类疫病具有非常重要的意义。     

广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究

本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛＋农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3．04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2．14。     

Latitudinal extent and natural history characteristics of birds in Nicaragua

This paper assesses the latitudinal extent of terrestrial breeding birds in Nicaragua. In particular, associations among latitudinal midpoint, body mass, and latitudinal extent are examined; significant differences between natural history characteristics (trophic guild, forest dependence, number of forest types) and latitudinal extent are identified; and a test is undertaken of Rapoport's rule for birds at the edge of their northern or southern range in Nicaragua. Birds in Nicaragua were classified into four categories based on latitudinal extent: birds generally restricted to Central America (20%); birds near the edge of their range within Nicaragua (34%); Neotropical birds (42%); and Pan‐American birds (4%). Latitudinal midpoint had a significant negative correlation with latitudinal extent over different taxonomic scales. Natural history characteristics of trophic guild, forest dependence and number of forest types can account for significant differences in species latitudinal extent. Carnivores had greater latitudinal extents than most other trophic guilds, non‐forest birds had greater latitudinal extents than birds that require patchy forest, and birds that occur in four or more forest types had greater latitudinal extents than birds restricted to one or two forest types. Contrary to Rapoport's rule, birds with a northern affinity or latitudinal midpoint north of Nicaragua had significantly smaller latitudinal extents than birds with a southern affinity or latitudinal midpoint south of Nicaragua. A comparison of natural history characteristics of birds with northern and southern affinities found no difference between trophic guild or forest dependence but a significant difference among the number of forest types used by forest birds. Birds with a southern affinity were restricted to fewer forest types than birds with a northern affinity.     

食肉质果鸟对种子的传播作用

食肉质果鸟对种子的传播作用鲁长虎常家传（东北林业大学,哈尔滨１５００４０）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｔｈｅＦｌｅｓｈｙ＿ｆｒｕｉｔｓＥａｔｉｎｇＢｉｒｄｓｏｎＳｅｅｄＤｉｓｐｅｒｓａｌ．ＬｕＣｈａｎｇｈｕ,ＣｈａｎｇＪｉａｃｈｕａｎ（ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＦｏ...     

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区鸟类多样性分析

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区拥有鸟类１４３种,隶属１４目３４科,其中国家一级保护动物１种,二级保护动物１６种,湖南省级保护动物２９种。该地的夏候鸟４９种,冬候鸟１４种,留鸟８０种。东洋界鸟类８５种,古北界鸟类３２种,广布性鸟类２６种。壶瓶山鸟类的多样性指数为１．８４５５,均匀性指数为０．８５５０。     

Avian influenza a virus in wild birds in highly urbanized areas

Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance studies in wild birds are usually conducted in rural areas and nature reserves. Less is known of avian influenza virus prevalence in wild birds located in densely populated urban areas, while these birds are more likely to be in close contact with humans. Influenza virus prevalence was investigated in 6059 wild birds sampled in cities in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2009, and compared with parallel AIV surveillance data from low urbanized areas in the Netherlands. Viral prevalence varied with the level of urbanization, with highest prevalence in low urbanized areas. Within cities virus was detected in 0.5% of birds, while seroprevalence exceeded 50%. Ring recoveries of urban wild birds sampled for virus detection demonstrated that most birds were sighted within the same city, while few were sighted in other cities or migrated up to 2659 km away from the sample location in the Netherlands. Here we show that urban birds were infected with AIVs and that urban birds were not separated completely from populations of long-distance migrants. The latter suggests that wild birds in cities may play a role in the introduction of AIVs into cities. Thus, urban bird populations should not be excluded as a human-animal interface for influenza viruses.     

4种生态类群中10种鸟消化系统的形态学比较

本文从生态类群角度,对游禽(绿头鸭、秋沙鸭、鹊鸭、斑嘴鸭)、鸣禽(红尾伯劳、白头鹀、白眉鹀)、猛禽(雕鸮、金雕)和涉禽(苍鹭)这4种生态类群中10种鸟的消化系统形态结构进行了比较分析.研究获得各项基础数据,通过比较表明,4种生态类群10种鸟类消化系统形态多处存在明显差异.对于不同生态类群的鸟类来说,食性、食物的质量及活动特点等是影响消化系统形态的重要因素.     

Venipuncture in psittacine birds

Techniques for jugular, basilic and medial metatarsal venipuncture in psittacine birds are discussed in detail. Although the number of animals used in the US for research annually is documented, birds and laboratory rats and mice are not included. It is presumed that the number of psittacine birds used for scientific purposes is relatively low. Therefore, only limited information is available about clinical techniques applicable to psittacine birds.     

Bipedalism in birds, a determining feature for their adaptive success

The birds are flying animals but they are also basically bipeds. The theropod dinosaurs, precursors of the birds, were already cursorial bipeds. Because the body structure was modelled by aerodynamical constraints during the evolution, all birds, even those that do not fly anymore, share a typical avian body shape. The osteological differences between birds are more adjustments than deep disruptions. Nevertheless, the birds are very diversified in their way of life and habitat. Yet, the hind limbs of the birds are surprisingly efficient in many manners, such as taking off, landing, swimming and walking. The limb structures adaptability to the various tasks require different mechanical fitness or device such as shock absorber during landing, or thrusters during tacking off. Moreover, almost all birds can walk, even if they have another locomotor specialization, as swimming or flying. Depending on the specialization, the gait features of the walk and the kinematics pattern are slightly modified. The functional adaptability of their hind limb structure may be a key to the evolutive success of the birds.     

新疆食蝗鸟类的初步研究

新疆是我国主要畜牧业生产基地之一,全区拥有90余万平方公里的天然草场,约占全国草场面积四分之一,仅次于内蒙,居全国第二位。但这富饶辽阔的草原,蝗害严重,蝗虫种类达150多种。新中国成立后,党和人民政府十分重视治蝗工作,据新疆治蝗灭鼠指挥部的资料,1953—1984年,全区累计治蝗面积达5000多万亩,其中飞机治蝗1460多万亩,为发展新疆畜牧业生产起到了十分重要的作用。虽然如此,由于单一化学防治,人们已经看到生态学上的弊端及伴随而来的严重后果,为此,哈巴河、昌吉等县已把草原养鸡和惊鸟的招引作为防治蝗害的重要措施。     

Mercury levels in feathers of eagle-owls Bubo bubo in a captive, a reintroduced and a native wild population in SW Sweden

Mercury levels in feathers are presented for both captive and wild eagle-owls from the period 1963-1976. Levels are compared between wild birds occupying old territories and released birds in newly occupied territories. The wild population in SW Sweden shows decreasing levels in the inland territories, and at present these levels are similar to the natural background level. The coastal owls have significantly higher levels which show no decrease. Low levels prevail in captive eagle-owls, fed on low-contaminated food. Birds in newly occupied territories (mainly released birds) have similar mercury levels as native birds. After being released captive birds therefore seem to accumulate mercury rather quickly.     

东洞庭湖冬季鸟类及其多样性分析

东洞庭湖冬季常见鸟类共30种,隶属11目17科20属,其中国家二级保护动物4种,湖南省级保护动物14种。该地的冬候鸟21种,留鸟9种。东洋界鸟类10种,古北界鸟类1种,广布性鸟类19种,东洞庭湖冬季鸟类的多样性指数为1．5171,均匀性指数为0．4460。     

河南大学校园鸟类初步调查

截至2010年12月,为期2年的河南大学校园鸟类调查共记录到鸟类44种,隶属11目、25科;其中雀形目鸟类28种,留鸟20种,夏候鸟18种,冬候鸟和旅鸟各3种,分别占总数的63.6%、45.5%、40.9%、6.8%和6.8%;区系分析表明东洋种9种,古北种16种,广布种19种,分别占总数的20.5%、36.4%和43.2%。整体表现出南北混杂,古北种鸟类较东洋种比例大,广布种鸟类较多的特点。在调查基础上,提出了一些校园鸟类保护的建议。     

内蒙古乌海市鸟类区系特征及群落结构

2009年4月至2010年3月对内蒙古乌海市的鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类132种,隶属于17目37科。其中留鸟26种,夏候鸟71种,旅鸟27种,冬候鸟8种。繁殖鸟有97种,其中古北界鸟类有83种,占繁殖鸟类种数的85.6%。研究发现不同季节、不同生境中的鸟类群落特征差异较大。春季的鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数均最高;湿地的鸟类多样性指数最高。本文基于研究结果提出了对乌海市鸟类及其生存环境的保护建议。     

Status and abundance of the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini at the eastern limit of its breeding range

From 1983 to 2004 the breeding population of African Black Oystercatchers along the East London coast has more than trebled. The population increase is probably due to immigration as local breeding success is low. There are three classes of birds: breeding pairs, tenants and visitors, and birds may change status during the breeding season. In the winter, birds aggregate into groups and some birds may disperse from the East London coast. The presence of African Black Oystercatchers in all months of the year shows that they are resident, but may only be resident in the general sense, and at a local level appear to be nomadic, wandering along the coast in search of resources and, in the summer, opportunities to breed. The birds remain at any locality only for as long as conditions are suitable, suggesting that the birds along the East London coast are mostly visitors that have dispersed from their natal areas in the south.     

我国内蒙古发现白鹤夏季群体

白鹤 (Grusleucogeranus)又名西伯利亚鹤、黑袖鹤。体长 1 3 5cm ,站高 1 40cm。体羽除初级飞羽外 ,皆为白色。全世界野生白鹤数量不足 40 0 0只 ,已经被IUCN红皮书列为全球濒危种类 ,CITES列入附录Ⅰ ,我国也将白鹤列为国家一级重点保护鸟类。据文献记载及现有资料证明 ,白鹤在我国为旅鸟和冬候鸟。 2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 4年夏季在内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区均记录到白鹤夏季种群 ,数量为 8只、7只和1 6只。这是我国首次记录到白鹤夏季集群。笔者对白鹤夏季行为及食性进行了初步观察。     

THE CONTAMINATION OF BIRDS' FEATHERS BY FUNGI

Fungi have regularly been recorded on feathers removed from birds. Cellulose-decomposing spores which are merely carried on the feathers were common on birds sampled in Britain, but were fewer than expected on the basis of random distribution on birds sampled in India. Hyaline-spored fungi were less common on Indian birds, and more abundant on British birds than expected. Keratinophilic fungi, which are related to the dermatophytes, were particularly associated with related groups of birds: thus Turdus spp. regularly yielded Arthroderma curreyi, and partridges were contaminated with Ctenomyces serratus. Chrysosporium spp. were widespread on birds in India and Britain. Where associations have been shown, feather fats from these birds stimulate, or do not depress the growth of the keratinophilic fungi. Otherwise, feather fats were inhibitory to the fungi. The temperature relationships of the fungi, showing no growth at 40°C, would explain the restriction of the keratinophilic fungi to the outer, contour feathers, and of dermatophytes mainly to the non-insulated parts of the birds' surface.     

Efficacy of wildlife rehabilitation centers in surveillance and monitoring of pathogen activity: a case study with West Nile virus

Surveillance is critical for identifying and monitoring pathogen activity in wildlife populations, but often is cost- and time-prohibitive and logistically challenging. We tested the hypothesis that wildlife rehabilitation centers are useful for monitoring pathogen activity using West Nile virus (WNV) as a case study. We hypothesized that birds submitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers would have a similar prevalence of antibody to WNV as free-ranging birds. From 2008 to 2010, we collected sera from peridomestic birds submitted to the Wildlife Care Clinic (WCC), a wildlife rehabilitation center in central Iowa, and tested them for antibodies to WNV. We also collected and tested sera from free-ranging peridomestic birds in the area from which approximately 50% of WCC submissions historically originated. Prevalences of WNV antibodies in free-ranging birds and in peridomestic WCC birds were 2.3% (44/1,936) and 2.8% (2/72), respectively. However, none of the birds submitted to the WCC from the area where we captured free-ranging birds had antibodies (0/29). Our results indicate that rehabilitation facilities are not likely to be useful for monitoring WNV activity at small spatial scales or over short-time periods due to the low endemic prevalence of WNV, and low and variable submission rates. However, at larger spatial scales (ca. nine Iowa counties) WNV antibody prevalence in peridomestic birds submitted to the WCC was similar to that of free-ranging birds. Although limitations to using rehabilitation birds to monitor WNV must be considered, testing these birds could be useful for monitoring WNV activity regionally, especially with many states limiting surveillance due to budgetary constraints.