山西野生有毒植物组成

有毒植物是能引起人类或其它生物中毒死亡或有机体长期或暂时性伤害的植物。但是,有毒植物也有积极有益的一面．在人类生活、生产中起着很大作用。本文中重点介绍了山西有毒植物的组成．计47科、105属、150种．其中草本植物126种,木本植物24种．并对有毒部位与毒性作了说明．最后对有毒植物应用前景作了简要分析。     

Application of the exploratory data analysis for evaluating the toxicity of chlorinated phenol derivatives by various cell models

Exploratory data analysis based on multivariate statistical analysis techniques was introduced as a new approach to expressing the toxicity of chemical substances at the simultaneous acceptance of various cell models. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods the toxicity of chlorinated phenol derivatives on employing some of the cell models (chlorococcal algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, micromycetes, plant and animal cells) was characterized. The previous empirical experience that the toxicity of chlorinated phenol derivatives will increase with a growing degree of chlorination and that the presence of the methoxy group will cause a lowering of the toxic effect was demonstrated. The relationship between groups of tests used was presented.     

EFFECT OF COCAINE ON THE GROWTH OF LUPINUS ALBUS. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT PROTOPLASM

1. The effects of cocaine and its decomposition products were studied on the growth of the young roots of Lupinus albus. 2. The results obtained were compared with similar experiments on animal tissues. 3. It was found that, while cocaine is the most toxic of these compounds studied for animal tissues, it was of comparatively low toxicity in respect to its effect on the growth of roots. On the other hand, sodium benzoate, being practically non-toxic for animals, was the most toxic of the compounds studied for the plant roots.     

Biosafety of plant viruses for human and animals

Currently, virions and virus-like particles (VLPs) of plant viruses are considered as the basis for the development of new biotechnologies for human and veterinary medicine, including production of modern and safe vaccines, targeted delivery systems, and novel diagnostic preparations, as well as for production of therapeutic proteins in plants. Despite the fact that plant viruses cannot replicate in vertebrates, there are data that they are able to reproduce one or another phase of the infectious cycle in mammalian cells. Moreover, it was shown that plant viruses can be permanently present in a human and animal organism and can use it as a vector. In the review, the results of biocompatibility, toxicity, teratogenicity, and distribution of plant viruses are presented. Based on recent data, it can be affirmed that plant viruses are safe for humans and animals. It was shown that the virions are biodegradable and are easily eliminated from an organism of laboratory animals. Furthermore the virions and VLPs of plant viruses are highly immunogenic and presentation of antigenic determinant of human and animal pathogens on their surface allow to simulate a safe viral particle that is able to replace live attenuated vaccines.     

The Production,Isolation and Biological Properties of Detoxin Complex

The selective antagonists of blasticidin S elaborated by Streptomyces caespitosus var. detoxicus 7072 GC₁ showed several interesting biological activities to counteract the toxicity of the antibiotic against both plant and animal cells and was designated DX.C. This paper describes the production, isolation and some biological activities of DX.C.     

Phytochelatin biosynthesis and function in heavy-metal detoxification

Plants respond to heavy-metal toxicity via a number of mechanisms. One such mechanism involves the chelation of heavy metals by a family of peptide ligands, the phytochelatins. Molecular genetic approaches have resulted in important advances in our understanding of phytochelatin biosynthesis. In particular, genes encoding the enzyme phytochelatin synthase have been isolated from plant and yeast species. Unexpectedly, genes with similar sequences to those encoding phytochelatin synthase have been identified in some animal species.     

有机磷农药对土壤动物毒性的影响研究

有机磷农药对土壤动物毒性影响的试验结果表明,土壤动物对农药毒性反应敏感,4种有机磷农药处理组的动物种类和数量明显减少,动物种类的减少主要是常见种和稀有种类,动物数量变化则主要是优势类群的数量消长,毒性毒理试验表明,农药对大型土壤动物蚯蚓有明显致死效应,并对蚯蚓,鞘翅目幼虫和等足类鼠妇虫等大型动物的呼吸强度有显著抑制作用,其呼吸代谢强度随着农药处理浓度增加与染毒历时的延长而迅速减弱。     

Pharmacological assay of Cordia verbenacea V: oral and topical anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic effect and fetus toxicity of a crude leaf extract

Cordia verbenacea D.C. (Borraginaceae) is a perennial bush plant that grows widely along the southeastern coast of Brazil. Its leaves have been used in folk medicine for their anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities. We have already described the anti-inflammatory properties of C. verbenacea and its low toxicity in different acute animal models. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity in sub-chronic animal models of a crude leaf lyophilized extract when administered by oral route or topically applied, and concomitantly, its analgesic potency and toxicity to the fetus. Topical administration of the extract inhibited nystatin-induced edema proportionally to the doses used, and this effect at a dose of 4.56 mg/kg body wt. was similar to that observed with 6.0 mg/kg body wt. of naproxen. In miconazole-induced edema, the leaf extract at a dose of 1.24 mg/kg body wt., orally administered, has a very similar effect as compared to nimezulide (2.5 mg/kg body wt.) and dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg body wt.). At an oral dose of 2.48 mg/kg body wt. the extract showed a very low analgesic effect, and total absence of fetus toxicity at doses of less than 7.44 mg/kg body wt.     

The green technology of selenium phytoremediation

Selenium toxicity is encountered in arid and semi-arid regions of the world with alkaline, seleniferous soils derived from marine sediments. Once present in soils and waters at high concentrations, Se is very complicated and highly expensive to remove with conventional physical and chemical techniques. Phytoremediation is a plant-based technology that is being considered for managing Se in central California soils. The technology involves the use of plants in conjunction with microbial activity associated with the plants to extract, accumulate, and volatilize Se. Once absorbed by plant roots, Se is translocated to the shoot where it may be harvested and removed from the site. Therefore, plant species used for phytoremediation of Se-laden soils may by plant uptake and volatilization minimize the Se load eventually entering agricultural effluent and the harvested crop can be carefully blended with animal forage and fed to animals in Se-deficient areas.     

镉与磷、锌、铁、钙等元素的交互作用及其生态学效应

镉是动物和植物的非必需元素 ,也是毒性最大的重金属之一。环境镉污染对植物、动物和人体均产生毒害作用。镉与许多生命必需营养元素存在着交互影响关系 ,相互影响着对方的功能发挥。镉污染胁迫可影响动植物和人体对营养元素的吸收 ,相反补充营养元素可减轻镉的毒害。但是 ,由于每个元素的性质和功能不一样 ,因此不同元素与镉的交互作用存在着差异性。镉与营养元素的交互作用研究可为生物镉污染防治提供科学依据。     

Implementation of the three Rs in the human hazard assessment of Brazilian medicinal plants: an evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of Dipteryx alata Vogel

In Brazil, medicinal plants are widely used by the indigenous people, which leads to a constant requirement for toxicity tests to be performed on the plant extracts. Although the current Brazilian Directive 90/2004 on the preclinical toxicity testing of phytotherapeutics recommends only in vivo tests, some Brazilian researchers would like to change this situation by implementing the Three Rs in the toxicological testing of medicinal plants. The present study evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of bark extracts from Dipteryx alata Vogel, a medicinal plant of the Brazilian cerrado, by using CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. An IC50 value was obtained, which corresponded to 0.16mg/ml of plant extract, and from this the equivalent LD50 was determined as 705mg/kg. In order to determine the genotoxic potential of the sample, the frequency of micronucleus formation was assessed. CHO-K1 cells were exposed, during targeted mitosis, to different concentrations of plant extract and cytochalasin B, in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system (an S9 mix). The results obtained indicated that it might be possible to implement the Three Rs in assessing the potential human hazard of medicinal plants. The publication of such data can increase awareness of the Three Rs by showing how to optimise the management of animal use, if in vivo toxicological experiments are required.     

Soil chemistry and mineral problems in farm livestock. A review

A review is made of the influence of soil chemistry and soil characteristics on the occurrence of mineral problems in farm livestock, with major emphasis on ruminants maintained on pastures and forages. The review is developed in two sections: (1) a general discussion of factors affecting transfer of elements through the soil—plant—animal complex, with some reference to techniques employed in assessing problems of animal health; (2) a more detailed review of certain mineral deficiency and toxicity conditions in livestock caused by specific elements for which a relationship with soil properties has been clearly demonstrated on an international basis. This includes phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, selenium, iodine and fluorine. The relationships are, in general, quite complex and affected not only by geology and soil chemistry but by climate, intensity of the agricultural systems, nature of the vegetative cover and characteristics and management of the grazing animal.     

土壤重金属生物毒性研究进展

世界范围内土壤重金属污染不断加重,由污染所带来的问题以及如何治理污染已经受到人们越来越多的关注.土壤重金属将对土壤生物产生影响,而土壤生物在重金属的胁迫下也会产生不同的响应.综述了国内外近年来土壤重金属生物毒性的研究进展,介绍了土壤重金属污染对陆地生态系统中植物、动物和微生物生长的影响;土壤重金属生物毒性的影响因素;土壤重金属生物毒性的研究方法;土壤重金属生物毒性的预测模型,最后提出了问题和展望.     

Aluminum ions inhibit phospholipase D in a microtubule-dependent manner.

Aluminum is a highly cytotoxic metal to plants, but the molecular base and the primary target of Al toxicity are still unknown. The most important physiological consequence of Al toxicity is a cessation of root growth and changes in root morphology suggesting a role of the root cytoskeleton as a target structure. The important role of phospholipid degrading enzyme phospholipase D in regulation of cytoskeleton remodelling in both animal and plant organisms is now evident. Both the phospholipid pathway and the cytoskeleton are influenced by Al(3+), but their relationship with Al stress remains to be explored. Therefore, we tested the possibility that Al stress could be sensed by plants through microtubules in close interaction with phospholipases. We have shown that Al(3+) reduced the formation of phosphatidic acid in vivo, inhibited activity of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-dependent phospholipase D in vitro and that the phosphatidic acid production is modified by microtubule dynamics.     

Reproductive toxicity in boron exposed workers in Bandirma, Turkey

Boric acid and sodium borates have been considered as being “toxic to reproduction and development”, following results of animal studies with high doses. However unfavorable effects of boron exposure on reproduction and development have not been proved in epidemiological studies so far. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproductive toxicity indicators in highly exposed workers employed in a boric acid production plant in Band?rma, Turkey. Two hundred and four workers participated in this study. The mean blood boron concentration of the high exposure group of workers was 223.89 ± 69.49 (152.82–454.02) ng/g. Unfavorable effects of boron exposure on the reproductive toxicity indicators were not observed.     

Biotransformation of industrial tannins by filamentous fungi

Tannins are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They act as growth inhibitors for many microorganisms: they are released upon microbial attack, helping to fight infection in plant tissues. Extraction of tannins from plants is an active industrial sector with several applications, including oenology, animal feeding, mining, the chemical industry, and, in particular, the tanning industry. However, tannins are also considered very recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater of diverse origin. The ability to grow on plant substrates rich in tannins and on industrial tannin preparations is usually considered typical of some species of fungi. These organisms are able to tolerate the toxicity of tannins thanks to the production of enzymes that transform or degrade these substrates, mainly through hydrolysis and oxidation. Filamentous fungi capable of degrading tannins could have a strong environmental impact as bioremediation agents, in particular in the treatment of tanning wastewaters.

     

植物镉忍耐的分子机理

Cd是植物非必需的微量元素,对植物有很强的毒性.Cd抑制植物细胞生长,抑制氧化磷酸化,引发氧化胁迫,影响光合作用,损伤核仁和影响质膜ATP酶的活力.一些耐Cd植物通过诱导形成螯合肽、金属硫蛋白、植物应激蛋白等抵御Cd毒,也有的耐Cd植物则通过细胞壁固定、液泡分隔、腺体分泌等途径来抵御Cd毒.植物螯合肽合成酶(PCS)相关的一些基因已得到克隆.金属硫蛋白(MT)的克隆基因导入植物,使植物对Cd毒的抗性增加;植物胁迫蛋白可提高植物对Cd毒的抗性,Zn转运蛋白可运转Cd.修饰基因则通过影响主要基因提高植物对Cd的忍耐能力.野生型植物耐Cd毒是多基因控制的,而植物短期的Cd忍耐,则仅受一个或少数基因控制.     

The value of juvenile animal studies: a Japanese industry perspective

Pharmaceuticals have been used on adults and children; however, they were previously investigated only by adult human clinical studies and adult animal nonclinical studies. The US FDA finalized the guidance of juvenile animal toxicity studies in 2006, and EMEA was finalized in 2008. At that point, juvenile animal toxicity studies were encouraged to investigate the safety of the pediatric population. In Japan, the awareness of the development of pediatric drugs is increasing, and many scientific meetings about juvenile animal studies are being held. A Japanese guideline for juvenile animal toxicity studies has been long awaited by many Japanese pharmaceutical companies because concrete directionality has not been available in Japan thus far. The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare started to prepare the guideline for nonclinical safety studies in juvenile animals since October 2010. After completion of the Japanese guideline, guidelines would exist in the three regions: Japan, US, and Europe. Then, global development of pediatric pharmaceuticals would be accelerated effectively.     

Toxigenicity of some fusaria associated with plant and human diseases in the Malaysian peninsula

In the course of a plant disease survey of the Malaysian Peninsula (Malaysia comprises the Malaysian Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak) during the period 1981-1986, more than 1000 isolates of Fusarium were obtained from diseased plants and seeds. Two further isolates were obtained from patients admitted to hospitals in the same area. The occurrences of F. proliferatum, F. nygamai and F. longipes are new records for the Malaysian Peninsula and the association of F. solani and F. oxysporum var. redolens with human diseases does not seem to have been reported previously. Ten representative species which could be classified into seven sections of the genus were selected for studies of their toxigenicity in liquid cultures and/or on rice. Crude toxin preparations from culture filtrates or extracts of the inoculated rice were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp larvae and tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. The protoplasts were more sensitive than the brine shrimp larvae to the toxin preparations, except those from the isolates of F. solani and F. oxysporum var. redolens obtained from either humans or tobacco. The toxicity of the preparations from rice cultures per g rice was always greater than the toxicity per ml of culture filtrates from cultures grown on Czapek-Dox broth, Czapek-Dox supplemented with 1% (w/v) peptone or Czapek-Dox supplemented with 5% (w/v) tobacco extract. The activity of all toxin preparations was stable to heat. It is concluded that the occurrence of toxigenic species of Fusarium in the Malaysian Peninsula is widespread and that they may pose a serious threat to the health of human, animal and plant populations.     

Programmed cell death-involved aluminum toxicity in yeast alleviated by antiapoptotic members with decreased calcium signals

The molecular mechanisms of aluminum (Al) toxicity and tolerance in plants have been the focus of ongoing research in the area of stress phytophysiology. Recent studies have described Al-induced apoptosis-like cell death in plant and animal cells. In this study, we show that yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) exposed to low effective concentrations of Al for short times undergoes enhanced cell division in a manner that is dose and cell density dependent. At higher concentrations of Al or longer exposure times, Al induces cell death and growth inhibition. Several apoptotic features appear during Al treatment, including cell shrinkage, vacuolation, chromatin marginalization, nuclear fragmentation, DNA degradation, and DNA strand breaks, as well as concomitant cell aggregation. Yeast strains expressing Ced-9, Bcl-2, and PpBI-1 (a plant Bax inhibitor-1 isolated from Phyllostachys praecox), respectively, display more resistance to Al toxicity compared with control cells. Data from flow cytometric studies show these three antiapoptotic members do not affect reactive oxygen species levels, but decrease calcium ion (Ca(2+)) signals in response to Al stress, although both intracellular reactive oxygen species and Ca(2+) levels were increased. The data presented suggest that manipulation of the negative regulation process of programmed cell death may provide a novel mechanism for conferring Al tolerance.