长江中游江段四大家鱼资源调查

长江是青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙四大家鱼的主要栖息、繁殖地 ,据余志堂调查 ,重庆到湖北的田家镇共有 30处四大家鱼产卵场 ,而长江宜昌至城陵矶江段就有 1 1处 ,产卵量约占全江产卵量的 42 7% [1 ] 。 1 997年1 1月三峡工程已实现大江截流 ,随着工程进展 ,三峡工程将逐渐改变库区和长江中下游水域生态系统的结构功能 ,对四大家鱼的自然繁殖将带来不利影响。 1 997— 1 999年连续三年对长江宜昌至城陵矶江段家鱼产卵场进行了监测 ,并与 1 981年该江段四大家鱼鱼苗资源进行了比较 ,其目的旨在为今后评价三峡工程对长江四大家鱼产卵场影响提供依据…     

老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库研究

扼要介绍了老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库的结构,并根据老江河故道水域生态系统的结构和功能特点,提出了四大家鱼的放养量应在重视种质质量的基础上,合理调控其放养结构和密度,此外文中还就保护和合理利用长江四大家鱼种质资源的有效途径以及维持老江河四大家鱼天然资源库健康运行的关键进行了分析探讨。     

江中家鱼苗垂直分布的初步观察

随着中小型湖泊养鱼事业的推广以及各地农业合作社中养鱼副业的开展,人民对於鱼苗的需要是在不断增长中。我国的主要饲养鱼类中除了鲤鱼能在池中产卵以外,其他几种像青、鲩、鲢、鱅等目前还没有找到可以使它们在池中产卵的方法,因此这几种所诮“家鱼”的鱼苗,必须捕自江中。长江和西江是家鱼苗的两个主要来源,     

汉江中游江段四大家鱼产卵场现状的初步研究

为掌握汉江中游四大家鱼产卵场的现状,2004年5~8月分别设固定断面和流动采集鱼卵(仔鱼)。鱼卵漂流距离(S)用当时水温条件下胚胎发育经历时间(T)乘以江水平均流速(V)估算,即S=V.T,把产卵集中的江段确定为产卵场;产卵规模(M)根据采样点采获的相近发育期的鱼卵数(m)、采样点断面江水流量(Q)、采样网口流速(V′)、采样断面卵(仔鱼)密度系数(C)和采样网口面积(0.39)估算,即M=m.Q.C/0.39.V′。结果表明,汉江中游干流有四大家鱼产卵场5个,产卵场长度占该江段干流长度的36.22%,产卵总量为0.933×108粒,其中青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分别为7.28×106粒、6.125×107粒、2.067×107粒和4.10×106粒,左岸支流唐白河无四大家鱼产卵;四大家鱼产卵和产卵的规模与江水的温度、涨水持续的时间、流速、流态紧密相关;2004年四大家鱼的产卵量仅相当于1976年监测结果的6.71%,汉江中游四大家鱼资源已严重衰退。     

长江中游不同江段四大家鱼幼鱼孵化日期和早期生长的比较研究

2008年和2009年从东洞庭湖区和长江、监利、鄂州和武穴江段采集青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus (178尾)、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella (341尾)、鳙Aristichthys nobili (6尾)和鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (390尾)幼鱼, 通过耳石日轮分析确定2008年和2009年这些幼鱼的孵化日期分别为5月16日至8月20日和5月14日至8月9日。与三峡建坝前相比, 四大家鱼的繁殖时间明显推迟。洞庭湖和监利江段幼鱼在仔鱼阶段形成的耳石日轮宽度较鄂州和武穴江段幼鱼同期形成的日轮宽度窄, 表明前者仔鱼阶段的生长速度小于后者, 这可能是前者离三峡大坝距离较近、受大坝影响更加显著造成的。三峡大坝下泄水温较低、营养物质较少是影响坝下四大家鱼繁殖和早期生长的重要因素。繁殖季节推迟和早期生长速度下降可能导致坝下四大家鱼早期生活史阶段死亡率增大, 从而影响其资源补充和种群数量变动。       

长江中游四大家鱼仔鱼营养状况的初步研究

通过形态观察,食性分析及消化系统组织学检测,对长江中游四大家鱼仔鱼的营养状况进行了初步评价,仔鱼具有匀称,消瘦和很消瘦三种体型,空肠率较高,草鱼,鲢,青鱼和鳙分别为45．16％－72．13％,30％－40．01％,31．25％－67．65％和87．50％,依据肝胰脏的肠和组织学特征,可以将天然仔鱼的营养水平划分为很好,较好的饥饿三种,1998年采自九江江段的样本中,遭受饥饿的草鱼,鲢,青鱼和鳙分别为40％,48．15％,46．15％和60％。     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状及水文影响条件

为了解长江中游鱼类的早期资源现状, 2017年和2018年5—7月在长江干流宜都断面开展鱼类早期资源调查,采样网具包括弶网和圆锥网。调查期间共采集鱼卵21120粒和仔鱼2123尾。利用形态学和分子生物学等方法,鉴定鱼类5目9科37种。其中,鱼卵有29种,仔鱼有27种。2017年和2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量分别为124.45×10⁸粒和101.07×10⁸粒,优势种为四大家鱼和贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri);仔鱼径流量分别为16.43×10⁸尾和8.29×10⁸尾,优势种为贝氏?和寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolanbuca engraulis)。根据发育期和流速分析,四大家鱼鱼卵来源于三峡大坝下游至宜都断面之间的产卵场,仔鱼来源于三峡大坝以上的产卵场。与2009—2010年相比, 2017—2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量增大了85.3%,尤其是四大家鱼的鱼卵径流量与2005—2012年相比增加了约13倍。冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)结果显示,流量...     

珠江水系四大家鱼资源现状及空间分布特征研究

四大家鱼是我国淡水养殖和捕捞的主要对象, 但关于珠江水系四大家鱼资源状况的研究甚少。研究于2015—2016年对珠江全流域16个站位分春夏秋3个季节进行了全面调查, 调查的渔具主要为钩钓网、流刺网、定置刺网和虾笼。共采集四大家鱼965尾, 其中青鱼41尾、草鱼454尾、鲢351尾、鳙119尾, 均以1—2龄为主, 占所有个体的70%左右。四大家鱼主要分布于西江桂平至肇庆江段, 以及上游南盘江万峰湖库区江段。其在整个流域CPUE最高为南盘江鲁布革江段(5.68 kg); 而在中上游红水河大化、合山江段, 其资源量较低, CPUE值不足1.50 kg。重要的东江、柳江、郁江等支流, 资源量也较少, CPUE值不足2.00 kg。采用冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了四大家鱼种群空间分布格局与环境因子的关系, 发现河流等级、河流水电站总装机容量、径流量与河流深度是珠江水系四大家鱼空间分布格局差异的主要影响因子。总体上, 四大家鱼主要分布于干流, 鲢、鱅和草鱼的分布主要受径流量和河流深度的影响, 河流水电站的建设对草鱼分布的影响最大。研究结果将对渔业资源多样性保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。     

长江中、上游铜鱼的生长特性

铜鱼是长江中上游的重要经济鱼类和天然捕捞对象,1990—1995年作者利用在长江中上游收集的1030尾标本,对铜鱼的生长特性进行了研究。其体重和体长的关系为W=0.005413L~(3.113)(r=0.9982),生长方程为L_t=60.0229[1-e~(-0.2325(t 0.6108))];W_t=3261.9137[1-e~(-0.2325(t 0.6108))]~(3.113),体重生长拐点t=4.2龄,相应的体长41.05cm、体重973.03g。按生长指标值分析,阶段生长可明显地划分为两个时期,即4龄前的生长迅速期和4龄后的生长减缓期。因此,天然渔业的捕捞规格应控制在约1000g以上的个体,目前在葛洲坝以下的中游江段主要捕捞幼鱼的现状应该改变。     

三峡库区丰都江段鱼类早期资源现状

2014 年47 月鱼类主要繁殖季节于三峡库区(重庆丰都县)进行鱼类早期资源调查, 以了解三峡库区鱼类早期资源现状, 四大家鱼在库区是否仍有产卵场等问题。调查共采集到鱼类50 种, 分属5 目9 科。采集时, 卵汛出现在6 月后流速较高的时段, 其中贝氏的数量最多, 占86.24%。仔鱼出现的高峰期为6 月上旬至7 月中旬, 太湖新银鱼的数量最多, 占58.36%, 其次为子陵吻虎鱼, 占27.04%。在仔鱼中, 种类组成呈明显的月份差异, 4 月鲤、鲫占数量优势;5 月太湖新银鱼、子陵吻 虎鱼占数量优势;6 月后鲌亚科、鳅科、鳜等种类开始出现, 种类明显增多。通过估算, 调查期间流经丰都断面的鱼卵总量为4.37108 粒, 四大家鱼鱼卵为0.21107 粒;仔鱼总量为111.98108 尾, 四大家鱼仔鱼为0.21108 尾。通过产卵场的推算, 丰都断面采集的四大家鱼来自涪陵城区江段和三峡库区上游的重庆巴南区至朱沱镇江段的产卵场。通过对卵苗漂流密度的昼夜规律分析, 6 月之前夜间仔鱼密度显著高于白天, 而6 月后仔鱼昼夜漂流密度无显著差异。本研究表明, 从三峡库尾进入三峡水库的鱼类早期资源丰富, 大部分鱼类繁殖发生在6 月以后水温较高、入库流量大、库区流速较高的时段, 库尾部分江段在流速较高时期, 仍存在四大家鱼的产卵场。       

环境DNA技术在宜昌江段四大家鱼自然繁殖中的应用

本研究通过环境DNA(eDNA)技术的样品采集及DNA提取方法,采用微滴式数字PCR(ddPCR)技术检测了长江干流宜昌江段不同水层、不同断面四大家鱼的eDNA浓度,分析了eDNA浓度变化与卵苗密度的关系,探讨了利用eDNA技术监测四大家鱼自然繁殖情况的可行性.结果 表明:与传统调查结果相比,四大家鱼的eDNA浓度与卵...     

Spawning activity of the four major Chinese carps in the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River,during the Three Gorges Reservoir operation period,China

River flow alterations caused by dams have introduced many ecological problems, in particular a decline in aquatic species such as fishes. One compensatory measure is to create a hydrological process similar to the natural state with regard to the survival requirements of the fish. In recent years, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has introduced man‐made flood by ecological operation experiments to facilitate spawning of the four major Chinese carps in the Yangtze River, China. To investigate the fish spawning activities and their responses to the TGR operation, eggs from the four major Chinese carps were sampled using conical drift nets in the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River, May to July in 2012 and 2013. Spawning timing, location, and scale of the four carps were studied and compared between the 2 years; key hydrological and environmental factors associated with spawning were determined by principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis. Two factors were significantly positive when correlated with egg abundance: one was increasing rate of the river flow (flood amplitude), and the other was river transparency; only one factor, starting of the river flow (flooding occasions), was significantly and negatively correlated with the time of spawning. Comparison of egg abundance in one flood pulse response to different operation rules showed that flooding made by an ecological operation induced a larger scale of spawning than a conventional operation. The study implied that suitable flood conditions could produce a successful spawning event, and that the occasion and pattern of the flood process might result in different responses in fish spawning. Further research is required to develop more scientific monitoring designs in order to obtain accurate field data for both biotic and abiotic factors, and explore new research methods for egg abundance estimations combined with particle experiment and hydrodynamic modeling. This work is fundamental to improve the strategic decisions on reservoir operation and river management.     

Determination of suitable ecological flow regimes for spawning of four major Chinese carps: A case study of the Hongshui River,China

Due to the construction and operation of cascade reservoirs in Hongshui River (HSR), most natural fish spawning grounds have been destroyed, thus causing ecological-economic impacts on local riverine ecosystems and fisheries. An effective way to restore spawning habitats and fulfill their spawning requirements is to generate an appropriate ecological flow regime. With a focus on the existing spawning ground of Dingzi Beach (DZB) for four major Chinese carps (FMCC) in HSR, this study built a one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D)-coupled and fuzzy logic-based fish habitat model to estimate a suitable ecological flow to ensure the existence of continuous and connected habitats. In addition, critical indicators and timing to trigger spawning behaviors were quantified given the requirements for water temperature and high-flow pulses. Thus, suitable ecological flow regimes during the spawning period of FMCC in HSR were established based on the notion of thresholds of flow discharge. The ecological flow between 2,500 and 11,000 m³/s from April to July at DZB was found to be maintained. Three high-flow pulses characterized with different thresholds of flow indicators were recommended to be generated to meet the requirements of the FMCC spawning either in the second half of May, June, or July. Results of this study can provide the basis for sustainably managing cascade reservoirs as well as establishing a suitable ecological flow regime to protect the reproduction of FMCC in HSR.     

Changes in abundance of larvae of the four domestic Chinese carps in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China, before and after closing of the Three Gorges Dam

The four domestic Chinese carps, i.e. grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), cast their drifting eggs in the running water of the Yangtze River. In 1997 ~ 2005, a systematic study on the dynamics of the abundance the larvae of the four domestic Chinese carps was performed in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, close to Sanzhou city. It was calculated that in breeding seasons from early May to late June every year the abundance of fry drifting through the section of Sanzhou was 3.59 billion in 1997, 2.75 billion in 1998, 2.15 billion in 1999, 2.85 billion in 2000, 1.90 billion in 2001, 1.90 billion in 2002, 406 million in 2003, 339 million in 2004 and 105 million in 2005 respectively. Several environmental parameters related to the dynamics of larval abundance were also examined simultaneously. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam near Yichang between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River has apparently had a drastic influence on the abundance of fish larvae.     

Bath immunisation of spawn,fry and fingerlings of Indian major carps using a particulate bacterial antigen

Larval mortality in Indian major carps is one of the major problems encountered in the pond culture system. The present investigation was carried out to investigate the proper age, duration of exposure, and optimum bacterin concentration for vaccinating rohu (Labeo rohita) and catla (Catla catla) at their early stages with a formalin killed Edwardsiella tarda bacterin suspension. The development of immunological competence was recorded with spawn of rohu and catla of 3 weeks of age exposed to a bacterin at a concentration 10(9) cfu ml(-1) for 15 min, where it persisted up to 4 weeks post vaccination. They showed significant resistance against challenge with virulent E. tarda bacteria. Significant antibody titre could be recorded in advanced fries and fingerlings exposed to 10(9) cfu/ml(-1) bacterin concentration for 45 and 60 min, respectively.     

Preliminary evidence of delayed spawning and suppressed larval growth and condition of the major carps in the Yangtze River below the Three Gorges Dam

Commercial catches of the ‘major carps’ (grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have declined precipitously since construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). To assess specific environmental effects, young-of-the-year major carps were collected below TGD in the Yangtze River at Jianli (larvae) and E’zhou (juveniles) and in the Dongting Lake (juveniles) during June–August 2007. Lapillar otoliths were analyzed to determine early growth. There were no discernible growth increments in otoliths for a majority of the larvae (38 of 63 grass carp and 40 of 47 silver carp), while increments were evident in otoliths formed in the larval stage for all the juveniles, indicating that larvae without discernible increments failed to recruit to the juvenile stage. Back-calculated hatch dates of major carps were between 31 May and 24 July. The initiation of the spawning season was delayed about 1 month compared to pre-TGD records. Larval growth rates, as reflected by otolith-increment width, were lower at Dongting Lake (closer to TGD) than at E’zhou (farther from TGD), indicating that TGD-moderated effects on early growth and development of carps are more apparent for fishes hatched nearer to the dam. The delay in spawning and decreased early growth may partly explain the recent decline of the major carp resources in the middle and lower Yangtze River.     

长江东流河道整治对长江江豚种群数量的影响

长江江豚是生活在长江中下游的濒危水生哺乳动物,通常活动在江心洲和浅水缓滩附近。航道整治改变了鱼类栖息活动的水文环境,也给豚类生存带来负面影响。本文根据长江东流河道整治施工前和施工后各3 次野外考察资料,分析了3 种流态中江豚的数量与群结构。结果表明,该工程实施前江豚主要栖息活动在边滩的分离区,其次在洲头的分流区。工程实施后,整治江段的江豚种群数量年下降率达8. 9% 。江豚在分流区活动已消失,在分离区集群规模较小,且在流态之间移动增大。本文研究结果也提示长江江豚就地保护难度越来越大,从长江干流中把长江江豚迁入故道中是一件刻不容缓的工作。     

Relationship between meteorological conditions and natural reproduction behavior of the four famous Chinese carps

Known as the four famous carps in China, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) are commercially important fish species with a high production in China. To reveal the relationships between meteorological conditions and the natural spawning behavior of these fishes, we considered six meteorological factors (including wind, rainfall, temperature, air pressure, sunshine hours and humidity) and the weather conditions in 80 spawning events. The results showed that the spawning activities were more likely to be activated in consecutive rainy days or days when weather changed drastically, while the spawning activities showed no tendency for the weather type except consecutive rainy days. Our analyses also showed that the average rainfall in the initial spawning days is higher than that in the spawning time windows (the time from the earliest spawning activity to the latest spawning activity), while other meteorological elements remained at more or less the same values in both time periods; spawning activity tended to happen in days when the average air pressure was going down or the average temperature going up, while the other meteorological elements showed no consistent tendency.