捕食线虫真菌在北京地区果园中的季节性分布

通过对北京海淀区2个苹果园和2个葡萄园根际捕食线虫真菌2年的季节性变化调查，共分离到199个捕食线虫真菌菌株，隶属3个属16个种，Arthrobotrys dactyloides分离频率最高，其次是A.oligospora,A.conoides和Stylopage sp.。捕食线虫真菌的数量在晚春夏初最丰富，秋季次之，冬夏最少。通过统计分析，捕食线虫真菌数量的季节性变化与温度线性相关，而与线虫总数S形相关，与土壤湿度和植物寄生线虫数量无显著相关。     

滇金丝猴肠道寄生线虫的生防捕食线虫真菌筛选

据报道,灵长类动物体内寄生线虫感染情况严重。我国特有珍稀灵长类动物——滇金丝猴Rhinopithecus bieti肠道也受到寄生线虫感染,其健康极受影响。滇金丝猴数量稀少,极需保护。捕食线虫真菌是线虫的天敌,具较高的生防动物寄生线虫的潜力。为提供应用捕食线虫真菌生防滇金丝猴肠道寄生线虫的科学依据,本研究从滇金丝猴粪便分离捕食线虫真菌,量化测定及比较不同捕食器官类型和来自不同生境的捕食线虫真菌的捕食率,从中筛选有较高捕食率的菌株。结果显示,从滇金丝猴粪便及其他不同生境共筛选到3株捕食率较高的捕食线虫真菌菌株:Dactylellina gephyropaga(331-1),Dac.drechsleri(84-1),Drechslerella dactyloides(342-2),其捕食率分别为:81.10%,76.17%,81.33%,其中331-1分离自滇金丝猴粪便,该菌株具有高效生防滇金丝猴肠道寄生线虫的潜力;来自不同生境或同一生境同种不同株的捕食线虫真菌的捕食率差异较大;产黏性菌网的捕食线虫真菌其捕食率普遍低于产收缩环、黏性分枝和黏性球的捕食线虫真菌;捕食线虫真菌的捕食率与捕食器官生成速度呈负相关关系。     

洱源西湖底质中捕食线虫真菌多样性研究

捕食线虫真菌是环境中线虫密度的主要控制因子之一, 目前对水生捕食线虫真菌多样性的相关研究还较少。我们对大理州洱源县西湖不同样点底质中捕食线虫真菌多样性进行了调查, 并对底质中捕食线虫真菌多样性与线虫密度的相关性进行比较分析。结果共从78 份底质中分离到135 株捕食线虫真菌菌株, 初步鉴定有3 属23 种捕食线虫真菌, 待定种3 种。捕食线虫真菌总检出率为85.90%, 其中Arthrobotrys oligospora 和Arthrobotrys conoides 的物种优势度Y 值分别为0.091 和0.023, 检出率分别为31.35%和12.71 %, 为优势种。在所分离到的捕食线虫真菌中, 产黏性菌网的种类占86.44%。表明西湖底质中存在丰富的捕食线虫真菌资源, 产黏性菌网的捕食线虫真菌为优势种群。捕食线虫真菌多样性与线虫密度呈负相关关系(r=–0.957, P<0.01), 负相关性极显著, 即捕食线虫真菌种群对线虫密度具有良好的控制作用。     

捕食线虫真菌

捕食线虫真菌是一类通过捕食器官捕食线虫的生物,在自然界是影响线虫数量的主要因子。对捕食线虫真菌的捕食器官、捕食机制、捕食线虫真菌的形态及其在植物线虫的生物防治进行了简要论述。     

高黎贡山捕食线虫真菌资源调查

采集高黎贡山不同海拔高度土壤242 份, 从中分离鉴定出3 属23 种捕食线虫真菌, 包括节丛孢属 (Arthrobotrys),小掘氏孢属(Drechslerella)和小隔指孢属(Dactylellina)。随海拔升高, 捕食线虫真菌多样性及检出率逐渐递减, 在海拔1410-2123 m 的低山地带捕食线虫真菌最为丰富, Arthrobotrys oligospora 和Arthrobotrys musiformis 为优势种, 总检出率分别为44.39%和15.61%, 多样性指数分别为1.93 和2.19。在海拔2200-3484 m, A. musiformis 为优势种, 总检出率是16.62%。所分离到的捕食线虫真菌中, 产黏性菌网的菌种占优势(78.26%), 为高黎贡山捕食线虫真菌的优势种群。     

北京地区苹果及葡萄根限捕食线虫具菌的种类及分布

对北京郊区果园的苹果和葡萄根际的捕食线虫真菌进行调查,发现苹果和葡萄的根际不同位置的捕食线虫真菌数量不同,内标际捕食线虫真菌数量大于外根际,而外根际捕食线虫真菌数量又叁于游离土壤中的捕食线虫真菌数量;在苹果根际发现的捕食线虫真菌共有９种：Ａｒｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｄａｃｔｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ,Ａ．ｃｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ,Ａ．ｍｕｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ,Ａ．ｃｌａｄｏｄｅｓ,Ａ．ｂｒｏｃｈｏｐａｇａ,Ａｒｔｈｒｏｔｒ     

中国的捕食线虫真菌Ⅰ.

采用8种不同分离方法从我国贵州、云南、四川、广西等省的土壤、食用菌菇床上分离到10种捕食线虫真菌。8种方法中,以改良Drechsler法和直接分离法较好。10种捕食线虫真菌中,除Arthrobotrys oligospora曾记载腐生于河北棉桃外,其余均为我国新纪录种,它们是:Arthrobotrys superba,A.conoides A.oviformis,A.haptotyla,A.haptospora,A.cladodes,Monacrosporium lysipaga,M.ellipsopora,M.megalospola     

北京地区苹果及葡萄根际捕食线虫真菌的种类及分布

对北京郊区果园的苹果和葡萄根际的捕食线虫真菌进行调查,发现苹果和葡萄的根际不同位置的捕食线虫真菌数量不同,内根际（包括根表）捕食线虫真菌数量大于外根际,而外根际捕食线虫真菌数量又大于游离土壤中的捕食线虫真菌数量;在苹果根际发现的捕食线虫真菌共有９种：Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｄａｃｔｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ,Ａ．Ｃｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ,Ａ．Ｍｕｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ,Ａ．Ｃｌａｄｏｄｅｓ,Ａ．Ｂｒｏｃｈｏｐａｇａ,Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｓｐ．,Ｍｏｎａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｅｕｄｅｒｍａｔｕｍ,Ｍ．Ｓｐｈ     

中国的捕食线虫真菌I．

采用8种不周分离方法从我国贵州、云南、四川、广西等省的土壤、食用菌菇床上分离到10种捕食线虫真菌。8种方法中,以改良Drechsler法和直接分离法较好。10种捕食线虫真菌中,除 Arthrobotrys oligospora曾记载腐生于河北棉桃外,其余均为我国新纪录种,它们是：Arthrobotrys superba,A．Conoidess A. ovitormis,A．Haptotyla A．Haptospara,A．Cladodes,Monacrosporium lysipaga,M．Ellipsopora,M．Megalospola     

捕食线虫真菌对松材线虫捕食率测定的新方法

本文依据捕食线虫真菌的捕食特性以及松材线虫的生长习性,对松材线虫进行了定时,定量的测定试验,试图通过培养后线虫的种群数量变化,来摸索定量测定捕食率的方法.在漏斗法基础上进行了相应的改进,成功地摸索出3种方法捕食率测定的新方法.各方法各具优缺点,滤膜镜检法和双层镜检法的数据更精确,条切镜检法和漏斗法所测数值较粗略.因此,可依据实验的侧重点以及实验所需的精密程度,而采用最适宜的方法进行捕食率测定实验.     

Rhizosphere Colonization and Control of Meloidogyne spp. by Nematode-trapping Fungi

The ability of nematode-trapping fungi to colonize the rhizosphere of crop plants has been suggested to be an important factor in biological control of root-infecting nematodes. In this study, rhizosphere colonization was evaluated for 38 isolates of nematode-trapping fungi representing 11 species. In an initial screen, Arthrobotrys dactyloides, A. superba, and Monacrosporium ellipsosporum were most frequently detected in the tomato rhizosphere. In subsequent pot experiments these fungi and the non-root colonizing M. geophyropagum were introduced to soil in a sodium alginate matrix, and further tested both for establishment in the tomato rhizosphere and suppression of root-knot nematodes. The knob-forming M. ellipsosporum showed a high capacity to colonize the rhizosphere both in the initial screen and the pot experiments, with more than twice as many fungal propagules in the rhizosphere as in the root-free soil. However, neither this fungus nor the other nematode-trapping fungi tested reduced nematode damage to tomato plants.     

Anfälligkeit von entomopathogenen Nematoden gegenüber nematodenfangenden und endoparasitären Pilzen

Abstract Susceptibility of entomopathogenic nematodes to nematode-trapping and endoparasitic fungi
Laboratory tests in petri dishes demonstrated that the nematode-trapping fungi Arthrobotrys superba and A. robusta preyed upon the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema bibionis, S. feltiae and a species of Heterohabditis. Up to 100% of the nematodes were trapped 48 h after application. Large differences existed in the time required for trapping as well as for mortality after trapping and was dependent on the fungal or nematode species studied. Arthrobotrys robusta , reduced S. bibionis densities in sand-block bioassay chambers. The prior introduction of a microphagous nematode, Panagrellus redivivus , to induce trap formation caused a 52% reduction in S. bibionis levels.
The endoparasitic fungi Harposporium anguillulae and Drechmeria coniospora did not parasitize the entomopathogenic nematodes in petri dish tests. However, Verticillium balanoides , was shown to be a parasite of S. bibionis. Predivivus and a mycophagous species of Ditylenchus were more quickly parasitized than S. bibionis , with parasitism reaching 100, 90 and 30% after 42 days, respectively. In the sand-block chambers V. balanoides did not reduce the, number of recovered S. bibionis juveniles after 14 or 28 days.     

环渤海湾苹果产区老果园与连作果园土壤线虫群落特征

应用类群多样性、类群丰富度、个体密度和功能类群指数等群落参数,于2009年5-10月分3次对环渤海湾苹果栽植区老果园不同位置和连作果园取样研究了土壤线虫群落特征。结果表明:苹果连作对果园土壤生物环境具有明显的恶化作用,连作果园土壤环境条件恶劣;对功能类群指数的统计表明,苹果连作明显改变了果园土壤中植物寄生性线虫r-选择和k-选择的比例,与自由生活线虫比较,连作对植物寄生线虫影响更明显;连作提高了果园的土壤线虫PPI/MI,说明连作对果园土壤健康的扰动最大;土壤不同食性线虫数量统计结果显示,环渤海湾苹果栽植区植食性线虫数量未达线虫伤害阈值,线虫不是引起环渤海湾地区苹果连作障碍的主要原因。     

Suppression of the Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Alginate Pellets Containing the Nematophagous Fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis , Monacrosporium cionopagum and M. ellipsosporum

The endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis and the nematode-trapping fungi Monacrosporium cionopagum and M. ellipsosporum were formulated as hyphae in alginate pellets. In a soil microcosm experiment, dried pellets of all three fungi decreased the invasion of cabbage seedlings by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica when juvenile nematodes were placed 2 cm from roots; M. cionopagum was more effective than the other two fungi, reducing nematode invasion by 40-95% with 0.24-0.94 pellets cm - 3 of soil. In a field microplot experiment, in which neither H. rhossiliensis nor M. ellipsosporum suppressed nematodes, 0.5 pellets of M. cionopagum cm - 3 of soil suppressed M. javanica invasion of tomato seedlings by 73%. In a second microplot experiment with only M. cionopagum , again at 0.5 pellets cm - 3 of soil, the fungus suppressed the invasion of tomato seedlings whether the pellets were added 0, 5 or 14 days before planting; the population density of M. cionopagum increased to nearly 3000 propagules g - 1 of soil by day 8 and then declined to less than 300 by day 22. Enchytraeid worms were observed in and around damaged and apparently destroyed pellets in both microplot experiments. Whether enchytraeids consumed the fungi or otherwise affected biological control requires additional research.     

Biocontrol: Fungi as Nematode Control Agents

The fungal antagonists of nematodes consist of a great variety of organisms belonging to widely divergent orders and families of fungi. They include the nematode-trapping fungi, endoparasitic fungi, parasites of nematode eggs and cysts, and fungi which produce metabolites toxic to nematodes. The diversity, adaptations, and distribution of nematode-destroying fungi and taxonomic problems encountered in their study are reviewed. The importance of nemato-phagous fungi in soil biology, with special emphasis on their relationship to populations of plant-parasitic nematodes, is considered. While predacious fungi have long been investigated as possible biocontrol agents and have often exhibited spectacular results in vitro, their performance in field studies has generated little enthusiasm among nematologists. To date no species has demonstrated control of any plant pest to a degree achieved with nematicides, but recent studies have provided a much clearer concept of possibilities and problems in the applied use of fungal antagonists. The discovery of new species, which appear to control certain pests effectively under specific conditions, holds out some promise that fungi may be utilized as alternatives to chemical control after a more thorough and expanded study of their biology and ecology.     

New insights into the evolution of subtilisin-like serine protease genes in Pezizomycotina

Background  

Subtilisin-like serine proteases play an important role in pathogenic fungi during the penetration and colonization of their hosts. In this study, we perform an evolutionary analysis of the subtilisin-like serine protease genes of subphylum Pezizomycotina to find if there are similar pathogenic mechanisms among the pathogenic fungi with different life styles, which utilize subtilisin-like serine proteases as virulence factors. Within Pezizomycotina, nematode-trapping fungi are unique because they capture soil nematodes using specialized trapping devices. Increasing evidence suggests subtilisin-like serine proteases from nematode-trapping fungi are involved in the penetration and digestion of nematode cuticles. Here we also conduct positive selection analysis on the subtilisin-like serine protease genes from nematode-trapping fungi.     

荒漠植物根际AM真菌的空间分布和定殖

 通过分析以色列荒漠地区Zygophyllum dumosum, Hammada scoparia, Artemisia herba-alba 和 Atriplex halimus 等4种灌木根际AM真菌的空间分布和定殖程度,研究了AM真菌分布和定殖与植物种类和土壤因子间的相关性。样品分别从0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm,30～40 cm和40～50 cm等5个土层中采取,土样过2 mm筛。收集的根样切成1 cm根段,经染色后,根据感染长度确定AM真菌不同结构的定殖率;用湿筛倾析法和蔗     

The Influence of Medium Composition and Additions of Animal Origin on the Formation of Capture Organs in Arthrobotrys oligospora

The formation of capture organs for nematodes in A. oligospora. and its dependence on substrate composition and additions of animal origin was studied in laboratory experiments. Variations in only the substrate composition did not give rise to capture organ formation. If nematodes were present, however, the medium composition was of great importance for the number of traps formed. Capture organs were not only formed in the presence of nematodes but also by addition of other taxonomically diverse animals such as earthworms, fly-larvae and spring-tails. The initialing factor is, for full effect, bound to the living state and not confined to nematodes. For biological control of nematodes with the aid of nematode-trapping fungi, therefore, the effect of the other microfauna of the soil should also be taken into consideration.     

福建和溪亚热带雨林地表微生物的数量动态

分枯枝落叶层、腐解层和表土层（0—20cm深）三个层次研究福建和溪亚热带雨林的细菌、真菌和放线菌三大微生物类群的数量和月变化。结果表明：三个层次的微生物数量均以细菌最多,次为真菌,后为放线菌。比较三个层次,各微生物类群在各月份都是枯枝落叶层和腐解层数量较多。同一微生物类群在三个层次的数量均有明显而相似的季节变化;不同类群变化规律不尽相同,但基本只有一个高峰。细菌的高峰值在4月份,真菌约滞后一个月在5月份,放线菌则在8月份才出现高峰。各层次的细菌数和真菌数与月凋落物量、月降雨量和月平均气温各有显著的线性正相关（p＜0．01或0．05）,而放线菌则仅与月平均气温显著相关。