失血性休克复苏后肠内给予特殊营养物对肠粘膜血流量的影响

为探讨失血性休克复苏后肠内营养与肠粘膜血流改变的关系 ,从SD大鼠开腹制作空肠袋 ,将激光多谱勒探头和肠粘膜张力计放置在空肠袋两端 ,根据动物分组分别向袋内注射葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸及甘露醇。复制失血性休克模型 (30mmHg ,维持 6 0min) ,然后用林格氏液复苏 ,恢复灌流 6 0min。分别测定肠粘膜血流量和局部PCO2 张力 (PrCO2 )。结果显示 ,失血性休克和复苏过程中 ,谷氨酰胺和葡萄糖组粘膜血流量比甘露醇和丙氨酸组显著增加 ,PrCO2 显著降低 ;而肠内给予丙氨酸进一步降低肠粘膜血流量 ,升高PrCO2 。提示 :失血性休克复苏后 ,肠内给予丙氨酸减少肠粘膜血流量 ;而给予谷氨酰胺和葡萄糖能增加肠粘膜血流量 ,对缺血再灌流损伤的肠道提供保护作用     

胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:观察胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后小肠组织损伤的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为4组,每组10只,手术对照组、单纯缺血组、再灌注组、胰岛素干预组。于30min缺血和120min再灌注后,进行组织病理学和生化检测。结果:(1)单纯缺血组肠粘膜损害较手术对照组明显升高(P<0.01),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无明显变化;(2)再灌注组SOD活性明显降低,与手术对照组和单纯缺血组相比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01);(3)胰岛素组SOD活性与再灌注组相比有明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:肠缺血可以引起肠粘膜损伤,再灌注则可加重这种损伤,胰岛素可以减轻再灌注损伤。     

胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的：观察胰岛素对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后小肠组织损伤的影响。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为4组,每组10只,手术对照组、单纯缺血组、再灌注组、胰岛素干预组。于30min缺血和120min再灌注后,进行组织病理学和生化检测。结果：（1）单纯缺血组肠粘膜损害较手术对照组明显升高（P〈0.01）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性无明显变化;（2）再灌注组SOD活性明显降低,与手术对照组和单纯缺血组相比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.01）;（3）胰岛素组SOD活性与再灌注组相比有明显改善（P〈0.01）。结论：肠缺血可以引起肠粘膜损伤,再灌注则可加重这种损伤,胰岛素可以减轻再灌注损伤。     

兔肠缺血／再灌注损伤的超微结构改变及红花的保护作用

目的：观察红花注射液对兔肠缺血／再灌注损伤超微结构的影响,探讨其机制。方法：复制在体兔肠缺血／再灌注损伤模型。30只日本大耳兔,随机均分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（S组）,缺A／再灌注组（I／R组）和缺血／再灌注＋红花注射液组（SI组）。使用电镜观察各组肠组织标本超微结构的改变,作对比分析。结果：L／R组多数肠粘膜上皮细胞肿胀,胞质内液泡增多,大多数线粒体呈不同程度的肿胀,严重者可见嵴减少或消失,内质网扩张较明显,细胞表面微绒毛数量明显减少且排列较乱,部分微绒毛有肿胀、融合现象,上皮细胞间隙扩大,连接较疏松。粘膜下间质可见少量的浆细胞浸润现象,部分毛细血管周围可见水肿现象。SI组在上述部位的病理改变均明显减轻。结论：红花能有效减少炎性渗出,抑制微循环通透性的增加,阻断肠缺血／再灌注损伤进展的病理生理过程,对肠组织超微结构有良好保护作用。     

乌司他丁对肠缺血-再灌注大鼠血清TNF—α，IL-6的影响

目的：通过检测血清TNF-α,IL-6的变化,评价乌司他丁对小肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法i健康Wistar大鼠84只,通过夹闭肠系膜上动脉（SMA）60min制作肠缺血模型,随机分成假手术组（C）,肠缺血再灌注组（I）,UTI治疗组（u）。根据缺血后再灌注时间不同又将I组和U组分成0min、2h和6h组。I组、U组于手术前经尾静脉分别注入生理盐水2mL、乌司他丁5×10^4U／kg,假手术组仅分离SMA,不夹闭血管。于各时点取腹主动脉血测定血清TNF-α、IL-6含量。结果：肠缺血再灌注各时相点均引起血清TNF-α、IL-6的变化,与假手术组相比,各时点TNF-α值显著升高（P〈0．01）,IL-6显著升高（P〈0．01）。u组0min、2h血清TNF-α值低于相应时点的I组（P〈0．01）;U组0min、2h、6h血清IL-6值低于相应时点的I组（P〈0．05）。结论：乌司他丁可减轻小肠缺血再灌注后的炎症反应。     

大鼠脑缺血/再灌注过程中血流量和脑组织含水量的变化趋势*

目的:研究大鼠脑缺血/再灌注过程中血流量及与脑组织水含量变化的趋势。方法:选取5只成年SD雄性大鼠(n=5),参照改良Zea-Longa线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注模型,2 h后拔出线栓。利用PeriCam PSI血流灌注成像系统实时监测大鼠在缺血前及缺血5 min、30 min、1 h、2 h、再灌注5 min、30 min、1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h及24 h的血流灌注量,记录在ROI(感兴趣区)测量的数值。再选取15只成年SD雄性大鼠,分为Control组、缺血2 h、再灌注30 min、4 h及24 h组(n=3)。正常组不做任何处理,实验组按上述线栓法制备MCAO模型。取新鲜脑组织用干湿重法测定其左、右半球的水含量。结果:栓塞时缺血侧血流量逐渐下降,缺血2 h下降最低(P＜0.05);再灌注早期血流量恢复较大(P＜0.05),30 min时显著下降(P＜0.05),4 h明显上升(P＜0.05),24 h再次上升(P＜0.05)但低于缺血前血流量(P＞0.05)。脑组织水含量测量,缺血2 h组和再灌注30 min组与正常组无明显差异(P＞0.05);再灌4 h组和再灌24 h组明显增高(P＜0.05),且再灌24 h组明显高于再灌4 h组(P＜0.05)。结论:大鼠脑缺血/再灌注过程中血流量和脑组织中水含量的变化存在一定的规律,且脑组织中水含量与再灌注过程中血流量的变化有一定关系。     

犬小肠缺血再灌注后NO、SOD浓度改变和血管内皮细胞凋亡相关基因表达及其意义

目的　研究犬小肠缺血再灌注后氧自由基的改变、血管内皮细胞中的Bcl 2、Bax和血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)表达改变的意义及其相关性。方法　阻断分布于小肠较小范围的小肠动脉 ,建立小肠缺血再灌注模型。检测血中NO(Nu ml)和SOD(μmol L)浓度并以免疫组织化学方法对小肠组织中的Bcl 2、Bax和VEGF的表达及它们的相关性进行观察研究。结果　小肠缺血再灌注后 ,NO和SOD的浓度 ,Bcl 2、Bax和VEGF的表达有明显的改变。小肠再灌注 0min ,NO和SOD的浓度分别是 12和 75 ,Bcl 2、Bax和VEGF的阳性细胞率分别为 85 % ,5 5 %和10 % ,再灌注 30min ,NO和SOD的浓度达最底 (11和 4 3) ,Bcl 2、Bax和VEGF分别为 6 6 %、5 4 %和 6 5 % ,而再灌注 6 0min ,NO和SOD的浓度恢复至 15和 90 ,三种基因的表达则分别为 4 4 %、75 %和 5 %。在对照组仅有少量阳性细胞。结论　小肠缺血再灌注可引起NO和SOD浓度降低、Bcl 2和VEGF表达增加 ,但随着血流恢复NO和SOD的浓度有所回升而Bcl 2和VEGF阳性细胞逐渐减少。而凋亡基因Bax的表达则逐渐增加。小肠缺血再灌注能引起氧自由基的增多、凋亡基因表达增强且有明显的相关性     

RNA干扰NF-κB p65对缺血再灌注损伤鼠肺NF-κB和TNF-α的影响

为了研究RNA干扰NF-κBp65对鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤肺组织中NF-κB、TNF-α表达的影响,并探讨减轻鼠肺损伤的保护机制。本研究构建了体外靶向NF-κBp65的短发夹RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA)重组表达载体,并采用QPCR检测NF-κBp65的沉默结果。供试的16只SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组4只、缺血再灌注+生理盐水组4只,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 sh RNA组4只,缺血再灌注+空载组4只,假手术组无缺血再灌注损伤,开胸游离左肺门180 min,缺血再灌注+生理盐水组左肺门阻断前术前24 h给予生理盐水处理,开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组左肺门阻断前术前24 h滴鼻给予NF-κB shRNA腺病毒(1×1010pfu, 100μL/只),开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min,缺血再灌注+空载组左肺门阻断前术前24 h滴鼻给予空载shRNA腺病毒(1×10~(10)pfu, 100μL/只),开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min。实验结束后每组分别留取左肺组织,留取左肺上叶肺组织测定肺湿/干重比(W/D),部分肺组织光镜下观察病理变化,ELISA法测量NF-κB和TNF-α的表达含量。研究结果表明:成功构建重组NF-κBp65载体,并获得稳定转染的NF-κBp65 shRNA细胞,与转染空载体的阴性对照组(negative control, NC)比较,NF-κBp65 sh RNA能明显使NF-κBp65基因沉默(p0.05),肺组织NF-κB、TNF-α的表达量及W/D值与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组有明显升高(p0.05);而与缺血再和灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组比较,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组明显降低(p0.05),病理学检查表明:假手术组肺组织无明显的炎症损伤;缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组肺炎性损伤较缺血再灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组明显减轻。本研究结果初步说明,RNA干扰NF-κBp65能明显减轻早期肺移植损伤,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB和TNF-α的表达从而减轻肺组织炎症损伤有关。     

含血停搏液镁离子浓度对未成熟心肌保护的影响

目的 采用幼兔离体心脏模型。模拟临床上可能出现的含血停搏液Ca^2 浓度变化,探讨适宜于未成熟心肌保护的Mg^2 浓度。方法 3-4周龄长耳白兔,依照含血停搏液不同Mg^2 浓度（0.6mmol/L,4.0mmol/L,8.0mmol/L,120mmol/L,16.0mmol/L）随机分为5组,建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型。采用Ca^2 浓度1.2-1.5mmol/L的含血停搏液,运用温血停搏液诱导停搏,冷血停搏液间断灌注,低温保护,终末温血停搏液控制性再灌注技术,观察以下指标：1、血流动力学指标;实验前后恢复率;心率,主动脉流量,冠脉流量,心排量,左室收缩压和左室舒张末压;2、心肌含水量;3、冠脉流出液乳酸盐含量;4、心肌肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶漏出率;5、心肌细胞内Na^2 ,Ca^2 含量;6、心肌组织ATP含量;7、心肌组织SOD活性,MDA含量;8、心肌超微结构。结果 1、心率恢复率,主动脉流量恢复率及左室收缩压恢复率组间总体差异无显著性。而冠脉流量恢复率,心排量恢复率和左室舒张末压恢复率以Mg^2 浓度8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L为优,0.4mmol/L组最差。2、心肌含水量以Mg^2 浓度8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L为最低。3、冠脉流出液乳酸盐含量0.4mmol/L组,8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组高于欺科2组。4、心肌乳本能部氢酶漏出率以8.0mmol/L组最低,而肌酸激酶漏出率以8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组为最低。5、心肌细胞内Na^ 、Ca^2 含量;6、心肌组织ATP含量;7、心肌组织SOD活性,MDA含量;8、心肌超微结构。结果：1、心率恢复率,主动脉流量恢复率及左室收缩压恢复率组间总体差异无显著性。而冠脉流量恢复率,心排量恢复率和左室舒张末压恢复率以Mg^2 浓度8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L为优,0.4mmol/L组最差。2、心肌含水量以Mg^2 浓度8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L为最低。3、冠脉流出液乳酸盐含量0.4mmol/L组最差。2、心肌含水量以Mg^2 浓度8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L为最低。3、冠脉流出液乳桎卤含量0.4mmol/L组,8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组高于其余2组。4、心肌乳酸脱氢酶漏出率以8.0mmol/L组最低,而肌酸激酶漏出率以8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组为最低。5、心肌细胞内Na^2 含量以8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组为最低,而心肌细胞内Ca^2 含量以8.0mmol/L组最低。6、心肌组织ATP含量以12.0mmol/L组为最高。7、心肌组织SOD活性以8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组库最高,而MDA含量各组间总体差异无显著性。8、心肌超微结构;8.0mmol/L和12.0mmol/L组表现为基本正常未成熟心肌超微结构,而0.4mmol/L组超微结构有明显损伤表现。结论 对于未成熟心肌,当采用温血停搏液诱导停搏,冷血停搏液间断灌注,低温保护,温血停搏液终末控制性再灌注技术时,为避免含血停搏液Ca^2 浓度偏高对未成熟心肌的不利影响。应维持含血停搏液中Mg^2 浓度在8-12mmol/L。     

活性氧、NO和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道在TNF-α预处理对缺血/再灌注心肌保护中的作用

目的: 观察TNF-α预处理对缺血/再灌注心脏功能和酶学指标的影响及其可能机制.方法: 采用心脏Langendorff灌流模型.结果:与单独缺血/再灌注组相比,TNF-α(104U/L)预处理明显减弱缺血/再灌注对左室发展压、左室舒张末压、最大收缩/舒张速率和左室发展压与心率乘积的抑制作用(P<0.05),并显著降低复灌后冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量,增加线粒体中锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活性(P<0.05);分别使用抗氧化剂2-MPG(0.3 mmol/L)、一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME(0.5 mmol/L)或线粒体ATP敏感钾通道抑制剂5-HD(100 μmol/L)预处理,减弱了TNF-α改善缺血/再灌注后心功能、抑制心肌LDH释放和诱导Mn-SOD活性增高的作用.结论: TNF-α预处理具有减轻心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的作用,这一作用可能与其诱导Mn-SOD活性增高有关,活性氧、一氧化氮和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道参与介导TNF-α的心肌保护作用.     

Melatonin and N-acetylcysteine have beneficial effects during hepatic ischemia and reperfusion

This study was designed to study the effects of Melatonin (Mel) and N-Acetylcystein (NAC) on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. For this purpose Wistar albino rats were subjected to 45 minutes of hepatic ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion period. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) or NAC (150 mg/kg) were administered alone or in combination, intraperitoneally, 15 minutes prior to ischemia and just before reperfusion. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined to assess liver functions. Liver tissues were taken for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an end product of lipid peroxidation; glutathione (GSH) levels, a key antioxidant; protein carbonyl concentration (protein oxidation) (PO), a specific marker of oxidative damage of proteins; and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as an indirect index of neutrophil infiltration. Plasma ALT and AST activities were higher in ischemia/reperfusion group than in control. They were decreased in the groups given Mel, NAC or the combination. Hepatic GSH levels, significantly depressed by I/R, were elevated to control levels in the combination group, whereas treatment with Mel or NAC alone provided only a limited protection. Hepatic MDA and PO levels, and MPO activity were significantly increased by I/R. The increase in these parameters were partially decreased by Mel or NAC alone, whereas treatment with the combination reduced these values back to control levels. In conclusion, considering the dosages used, Mel appeared to be significantly more potent than NAC in reversing the oxidative damage induced by I/R. Our findings show that Mel and NAC have beneficial effects against the I/R injury and due to their synergistic effects, when administered in combination, may have a more pronounced protective effects on the liver.     

Rotenone,a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor,ameliorates ischemia–reperfusion-induced intestinal mucosal damage in rats

Abstract

In ischemia–reperfusion (I/R)-induced tissue injury, oxygen radicals can be generated by several mechanisms. One of the important sources of oxygen radicals is thought to be mitochondrial respiration. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative defense effect of the mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor, rotenone using the I/R-induced rat intestinal mucosal injury model in vivo. Intestinal ischemia was induced for 30 min by applying a small clamp to the superior mesenteric artery in rats. Rotenone at a dose of 100 mg/kg was given to rats orally 2 h before the ischemia. Intraluminal hemoglobin and protein levels, the mucosal content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), the mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, and the content of inflammatory cytokines (CINC-1, TNF-α) were all significantly increased from mean basal levels after 60 min of reperfusion. These increases after I/R were inhibited by treatment with rotenone at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Co-administration with succinate (100 mg/kg), a substrate of the mitochondrial electron transport system, cancelled significant reduction of intraluminal hemoglobin and mucosal TBARS treated with rotenone alone. The results of the present study indicate that rotenone inhibited lipid peroxidation and reduced development of the intestinal mucosal inflammation induced by I/R in rats. This investigation suggests that rotenone has potential as a new therapeutic agent for reperfusion injury.     

Rotenone, a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor, ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal mucosal damage in rats

In ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced tissue injury, oxygen radicals can be generated by several mechanisms. One of the important sources of oxygen radicals is thought to be mitochondrial respiration. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative defense effect of the mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor, rotenone using the I/R-induced rat intestinal mucosal injury model in vivo. Intestinal ischemia was induced for 30 min by applying a small clamp to the superior mesenteric artery in rats. Rotenone at a dose of 100 mg/kg was given to rats orally 2 h before the ischemia. Intraluminal hemoglobin and protein levels, the mucosal content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), the mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, and the content of inflammatory cytokines (CINC-1, TNF-alpha) were all significantly increased from mean basal levels after 60 min of reperfusion. These increases after I/R were inhibited by treatment with rotenone at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Co-administration with succinate (100 mg/kg), a substrate of the mitochondrial electron transport system, cancelled significant reduction of intraluminal hemoglobin and mucosal TBARS treated with rotenone alone. The results of the present study indicate that rotenone inhibited lipid peroxidation and reduced development of the intestinal mucosal inflammation induced by I/R in rats. This investigation suggests that rotenone has potential as a new therapeutic agent for reperfusion injury.     

Ethanol modulates gut ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats

Whereas both ethanol and gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) are known to alter hepatic microvascular function, little is known about the influence of ethanol consumption on the hepatic microvascular responses to I/R. The objective of this study was to determine whether acute ethanol administration exacerbates the hepatic microvascular dysfunction induced by gut I/R. Rats were exposed to gut ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion. Intravital videomicroscopy was used to monitor leukocyte recruitment and the number of nonperfused sinusoids (NPS). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and endotoxin concentrations were monitored. In separate experiments, ethanol was administered 15 min or 24 h before gut ischemia. In control rats, gut I/R increased the number of stationary leukocytes and NPS. It also elevated the plasma ALT, TNF-alpha, and endotoxin with a corresponding increase in intestinal mucosal permeability. Low-dose ethanol consumption 15 min before gut ischemia blunted the gut I/R-induced leukostasis and elevations in plasma TNF-alpha and ALT. However, high-dose ethanol consumption aggravated the gut I/R-induced increases in leukostasis and increases in plasma endotoxin and ALT. When ethanol was administered 24 h before, high-dose ethanol aggravated the gut I/R-induced hepatocellular injury, but low-dose ethanol did not have any effects on it. These results suggest that low-dose ethanol consumption shortly before gut ischemia attenuates the hepatic inflammatory responses, microvascular dysfunction, and hepatocellular injury elicited by gut I/R, whereas high-dose ethanol consumption appears to significantly aggravate these gut I/R-induced responses.     

Hypoxia-inducible factor plays a gut-injurious role in intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury

Gut injury and loss of normal intestinal barrier function are key elements in the paradigm of gut-origin systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute lung injury, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). As hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) is a critical determinant of the physiological and pathophysiological response to hypoxia and ischemia, we asked whether HIF-1 plays a proximal role in the induction of gut injury and subsequent lung injury. Using partially HIF-1α-deficient mice in an isolated superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury model (45 min SMAO followed by 3 h of reperfusion), we showed a direct relationship between HIF-1 activation and intestinal I/R injury. Specifically, partial HIF-1α deficiency attenuated SMAO-induced increases in intestinal permeability, lipid peroxidation, mucosal caspase-3 activity, and IL-1β mRNA levels. Furthermore, partial HIF-1α deficiency prevented the induction of ileal mucosal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels after SMAO and iNOS deficiency ameliorated SMAO-induced villus injury. Resistance to SMAO-induced gut injury was also associated with resistance to lung injury, as reflected by decreased levels of myeloperoxidase, IL-6 and IL-10 in the lungs of HIF-1α(+/-) mice. In contrast, a short duration of SMAO (15 min) followed by 3 h of reperfusion neither induced mucosal HIF-1α protein levels nor caused significant gut and lung injury in wild-type or HIF-1α(+/-) mice. This study indicates that intestinal HIF-1 activation is a proximal regulator of I/R-induced gut mucosal injury and gut-induced lung injury. However, the duration and severity of the gut I/R insult dictate whether HIF-1 plays a gut-protective or deleterious role.     

Proteomics of ischemia and reperfusion injuries in rabbit myocardium with and without intervention by an oxygen-free radical scavenger

A brief period of ischemia followed by timely reperfusion may lead to prolonged, yet reversible, contractile dysfunction (myocardial stunning). Damage to the myocardium occurs not only during ischemia, but also during reperfusion, where a massive release of oxygen-free radicals (OFR) occurs. We have previously utilized 2-DE and MS to define 57 protein spot changes during brief ischemia/reperfusion (15 min ischemia, 60 min reperfusion; 15I/60R) injury in a rabbit model (White, M. Y., Cordwell, S. J., McCarron, H. C. K., Prasan, A. M. et al., Proteomics 2005, 5, 1395-1410) and shown that the majority of these occur because of physical and/or chemical PTMs. In this study, we subjected rabbit myocardium to 15I/60R in the presence of the OFR scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG). Thirty-seven of 57 protein spots altered during 15I/60R remained at control levels in the presence of MPG (15I/60R + MPG). Changes to contractile proteins, including myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2) and troponin C (TnC), were prevented by the addition of MPG. To further investigate the individual effects of ischemia and reperfusion, we generated 2-DE gels from rabbit myocardium subjected to brief ischemia alone (15I/0R), and observed alterations of 33 protein spots, including 18/20 seen in both 15I/60R-treated and 15I/60R + MPG-treated tissue. The tissue was also subjected to ischemia in the presence of MPG (15I/0R + MPG), and 21 spot changes, representing 14 protein variants, remained altered despite the presence of the OFR scavenger. These ischemia-specific proteins comprised those involved in energy metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase alpha), redox regulation (NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase 51 kDa and GST Mu), and stress response (Hsp27 and 70, and deamidated alpha B-crystallin). We conclude that contractile dysfunction associated with myocardial stunning is predominantly caused by OFR damage at the onset of reperfusion, but that OFR-independent damage also occurs during ischemia. These ischemia-specific protein modifications may be indicative of early myocardial injury.     

A specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) ligand,pioglitazone, ameliorates gastric mucosal damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion in rats

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, has recently been implicated as a regulator of cellular proliferation and inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Gastric ischemia was induced for 30 min by applying a small vascular clamp to the celiac artery and reperfusion was produced by removal of the clamp in male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with and without pioglitazone. Pioglitazone was given to the rats intraperitoneally 2 h before the vascular clamping. The area of gastric mucosal erosion (erosion index) significantly increased from mean basal levels after 60 min of reperfusion. This erosion index was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with pioglitazone in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the gastric mucosa were both significantly increased after I/R, and pretreatment with pioglitazone significantly reduced these increases. The contents of both mucosal TNF-alpha and CINC-2beta in the I/R group were significantly increased compared with the levels in the sham-operated group. These increases in TNF-alpha and CINC-2beta were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with pioglitazone at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The results of the present study indicate that pioglitazone inhibited lipid peroxidation and reduced development of the gastric mucosal inflammation induced by I/R in rats. This investigation suggests that pioglitazone has potential as a new therapeutic agent for reperfusion injury.     

Synergistic protective effect of ischemic preconditioning and allopurinol on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver

This study examined the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), allopurinol (Allo) or a combination of both on the extent of mitochondrial injury caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). I/R increased the serum aminotransferase activity and the level of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, whereas it decreased the mitochondrial glutathione level. Either IPC or Allo alone attenuated these changes with Allo+IPC having a synergistic effect. Allo increased the serum nitrite and nitrate level after brief ischemia. The significant peroxide production observed after 10 min of reperfusion after sustained ischemia was markedly attenuated by Allo+IPC. The mitochondria isolated after I/R were swollen, which was reduced by Allo+IPC. At the end of ischemia, the hepatic ATP level was lower and there was significant xanthine accumulation, which was attenuated by Allo+IPC. These results suggest that IPC and Allo act synergistically to protect cells against mitochondrial injury and preserve the hepatic energy metabolism during hepatic I/R.     

Effect of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on the proteome of hearts with ischemia-reperfusion injury

Growing attention has been given to the role of the Rho kinase pathway in the development of heart disease and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Y‐27632 is a Rho kinase inhibitor demonstrated to protect against I/R injury, but the exact mechanism by which it does so remains to be elucidated. The goal of this project was to determine new targets by which Y‐27632 can protect the heart against I/R injury. Isolated rat hearts were perfused under aerobic conditions or subjected to I/R in the presence or absence of Y‐27632. Administration of Y‐27632 (1 μM) before ischemia and during the first 10 min of reperfusion resulted in complete recovery of cardiac function. 2‐D electrophoresis followed by MS identified four proteins whose levels were affected by Y‐27632 treatment. Lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in the Y‐27632 treated group, while creatine kinase was normalized to control levels. In addition, we found increased level of two different molecular fragments of ATP synthase, which were normalized by Y‐27632. This increase suggests that during ischemia ATP synthase is subjected to degradation. The changes in metabolic enzymes' levels and their regulation by Y‐27632 suggest that the cardioprotective effect of Y‐27632 involves increased energy production.