Regulation of Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activation by Inorganic Phosphate through Stimulating the Binding of the Activator CO2 to the Activation Sites

The mechanism of the regulation of the activation of ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) by inorganicphosphate (P_i) in the presence of limiting concentrations ofCO₂ was explored. The activation state of RuBisCO increasedsigmoidally following a biphasic kinetics against the concentrationof P_i in the activation mixture with an intermediary plateauat 2 to 3 mM P_i when the enzyme was activated for 30 min. Theintermediary plateau could not be seen when the preincubationtime was 10 min and the activation was completed at 10 mM P_i.RuBisCO from Euglena also showed a quite similar activationkinetics. The activation was not due to the contaminating CO₂included in the stock P_i solution or in the activation buffercontaining the enzyme. The experiments with 2-carboxyarabinitol1,5-bisphosphate showed that the P_i stimulated activation wasdue to the promotion of binding of the activator CO₂ to theactivation sites. It was also found that P_i increased the affinityof RuBisCO for the activator CO₂ 5.4-fold accompanied by a decreaseof the half-saturating concentration of CO₂ to 1.6 µMat 20 mM MgCl₂. Physiological significance of the effects ofP_i on the activation of RuBisCO is discussed. ²Present address: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology,Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE),9-2 Kizugawadai, Kizu-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan.     

Microheterogeneity of the oligosaccharides carried by the recombinant bovine lactoferrin expressed in Mamestra brassicae cells

The development of therapeutic glycoprotein production usingthe baculovirus expression system depends on the ability ofinsect cell lines to reproduce site specific mammalian-likeN-glycans. A combination of ¹H-NMR and mass spectrometry techniques(MALD-MS, ES-MS, and CID-MS-MS) allowed us to elucidate theN-linked oligosaccharides microheterogeneity on three differentN-glycosylation sites, Asn₂₃₃, Asn₄₇₆, and Asn₅₄₅, of a baculovirus-expressedrecombinant bovine lactoferrin produced in Mamestra brassicae.Two families of N-glycan structures have been found: first,oligomannosidic glycans (Man₉₅GlcNAC₂) and secondly, short truncatedpartially fucosylated glycans (Man_3–2[Fuc_0–1]GlcNAc₂).These results indicate that Mamestra brassicae cell line isnot able to synthesize complex N-glycans, even if an     

Differences between the Surface Properties of the PR and PFR Forms of Native Pea Phytochrome, and Their Application to a Simplified Procedure for Purification of the Phytochrome

The ability of phytochrome from etiolated pea shoots (Pisumsativum L. cv. Alaska) to bind to various chromatographic adsorbentsand its mobility during non-denaturing electrophoresis wereexamined with phytochrome in either the red light-absorbingform (PR) or the far-red light-absorbing form (P_FR). Preferentialbinding of P_FR to modified hydrophilic polyvinyl resins, suchas butyl Toyopearl, phenyl Toyopearl, Blue Toyopearl (CibacronBlue F3G-A conjugated) and Red Toyopearl (Procion Red HE-3Bconjugated), was observed. A simplified method for purificationof native phytochrome was developed based on the propertiesof P_R and P_FR. P_FR bound preferentially to the hydrophobic adsorbents,to indicate that the surface of P_FR is more hydrophobic thanthat of P_R. A difference in net surface charges between P_R andP_FR was detected by an analysis based on the different mobilitiesof the two forms during non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisin gels prepared with various concentrations of polyacrylamide.The apparent molecular weights of P_R and P_FR, estimated fromthe analysis, were 378 and 419 kilodaltons, respectively. Thedifference suggests that a significant change in molecular shapeoccurs during the photoconversion. The differences in surfaceproperties of P_R and P_FR are discussed. (Received April 20, 1991; Accepted August 26, 1991)     

A Connection between the Self-Incompatibility Mechanism and the Stress Response in Lily

An attempt was made to examine the possible connection betweenself-incompatibility in Lilium longiflorum and the stress responseusing pistils after self-incompatible pollination. The growthof pollen tubes in the pistil after self-incompatible pollinationwas promoted by treatment with germanium compounds [(GeCH₂CH₂COOH)₂O₃and GeO₂], which are scavengers of active oxygen species, suchas O₂^– and H₂O₂. The promotion by germanium compoundsof the growth of pollen tubes after self-incompatible pollinationwas reflected by the detection of elevated levels of activityof superoxide-forming NADPH-dependent oxidase, xanthine oxidase,superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, allof which are associated with stress responses, in pistils uponself-incompatible pollination as compared to the activitiesof these enzymes after cross-compatible pollination. A possibleconnection between self-incompatibility and stress in pistilsupon self-incompatible pollination is discussed on the basisof these results. (Received October 9, 1995; Accepted November 11, 1996)     

Photoproduction of the Azidyl Radical from the Azide Anion on the Oxidizing Side of Photosystem II and Suppression of Photooxidation of Tyrosine Z by the Azidyl Radical

Azide ions inhibited O₂ evolution in PSII membranes from spinachin a time-dependent manner in the light until all activity disappeared.Illumination in the presence of azide (azide-phototreatment)irreversibly inhibited the following processes: (1) both theoxidation of water and the electron transport between the redox-activetyrosine 161 of the D1 protein (Y_Z) and the secondary quinoneelectron acceptor (Q_B) site, to the same extent; (2) the donationof electrons to the primary quinone electron acceptor (Q_A),as measured by monitoring the maximum variable fluorescenceof Chl; and (3) the photoproduction of the Y_Z radical (Y). Thus,the primary site of inhibition appeared to lie between Y_Z andQ_A. On illumination of Tris-treated PSII membranes in the presenceof azide, production of the azidyl radical was observed by spin-trappingESR. Yield of Y in Tris-treated membranes on illumination wassuppressed by azide. Electron transport from Y_Z to Q_B in Tris-treatedmembranes was inhibited only when the azidyl radical was photoproduced,and it was inhibited more rapidly than it was in the oxygenicPSII membranes. These results indicate that the azidyl radicalwas produced via a univalent oxidation of azide by Y and thatit irreversibly inhibited the electron transport from Y_Z toQ_A in Tris-treated membranes. Although the azidyl radical wasundetectable in the oxygenic PSII membranes, probably due tosteric interference by the peripheral proteins of water-oxidizingcomplex with the access of the spin-trapping reagent to theproduction site of the radical, the participation of the azidylradical in the inhibition of the oxygenic PSII membranes issuggested since simultaneous occurrence of both electron transportand azide was required for the inhibition. Possible inhibitorymechanisms and the target sites of azidyl radical are discussed. (Received April 21, 1995; Accepted July 3, 1995)     

Control of the germination of secondary dormant cocklebur seeds by various germination stimulants

The responsiveness of non-dormant, upper cocklebur (Xanthiumpennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds to various germination stimulants,such as CO₂ C₂H₄ CS(NH₂)₂, BA and enriched O₂, decreased withincreasing periods of water imbibition and was completely lostin the state of secondary dormancy. Unlike CO₂ BA and CS(NH₂)₂however, C₂H₂ and enriched O₂ effectively prevented the developmentof secondary dormancy, and their combination was the most effectivefor stimulating the germination of seeds which had undergoneimbibition for a long time. CS(NH₂)₂ and BA were effective,not by themselves but either under anaerobiosis or elevatedO₂ tension. Growth of the axial and cotyledonary segments excisedfrom aged seeds remained responsive to these germination stimulantsand could be further stimulated by exogenous C₂H₂. With imbibitionat a lower temperature, the seeds maintained high germinationin response to various stimulants and a high rate of C₂H₂ andCO₂ production during a long period of water imbibition. Theseresults are discussed in terms of the two possible causes forthe loss of responsiveness or induction of the secondary dormancy. (Received June 27, 1978; )     

An Analysis of the Photosynthesis and Productivity of Vegetative Crops in the United Kingdom

The rate of total dry matter production of a vegetative crop,under optimal water and nutrient regimens is related to someleaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics. Three leaf photosyntheticcharacteristics are examined in detail: the light utilizationefficiency at normal ambient CO₂ and O₂ concentrations, a, therate of light saturated photosynthesis per unit leaf area, F_max,and the ratio of the rates of photorespira tion and gross photosynthesis.The genetic variability in each of these characteristics issought from published data on a wide range of C₃ and C₄ planttypes. Within C₃ and C₄ plant types there are significant genetic differencesonly in F_max,, although differences exist between C₃ and C₄plants in the other two characteristics. The effects of thesedifferences on the rate total dry matter production are estimated,and it is concluded that there is no compelling evidence toindicate that improvements in total dry matter production rates,in the U.K., are likely to result from genetic manipulationof these characteristics in the existing range of plant material.     

The Effect of Various Nitrogen Sources upon the Production of Extracellular Polysaccharide by the Blue-Green Alga Anabaena flos-aquae A-37

Anabaena flos-aquae A-37 was grown in bacteria-free cultureon a variety of nitrogen sources. Extracellular polysaccharideproduction was found to be a part of the normal metabolic processescausing the liberation of excess carbohydrates into the surroundingmedium rather than the result of cellular lysis. Non-adaptedcells supplied with NH₄Cl produced abundant polysaccharide.However, the population did not increase. Cells adapted to NH₄Clproduced smaller quantities of polysaccharide, but the populationdid increase. Polysaccharide production per cell was similaron Mg(NO₃)₂, KNO₃, NaN0₃, NH₄NO₃, and NH₄Cl. It was concludedthat an adequately utilized nitrogen source does not affectpolysaccharide production in A. flos-aquae A-37.     

Mechanisms of Electron Flow through the QB Site in Photosystem II. 3. Effects of the Presence of Membrane Structure on the Redox Reactions at the QB Site

Reduction kinetics of chloro- or methyl-substituted benzoquinones(BQs) in spinach PSII membrane fragments or n-heptyl-rß-D-thioglucoside-extractedPSII core complexes (HTG-PSII) was studied and compared to thatin cyanobacterial PSII core complexes [Satoh et al. (1995) PlantCell Physiol. 36: 597]. It was found that the BQs accept electronsat two sites (the Q_B and PQ sites) in the both spinach preparationsas in the cyanobacterial preparation. Maximum turnover rates(V_max) and binding affinities (K_m) of the two sites were estimated.Comparison of the values in PSII membrane fragments with thosein HTG-PSII showed that removal of the membrane structure orlight-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes from thePSII core complexes had little effect on the characteristicsof the Q_B site, indicating that the HTG-PSII have the intactQ_B site and are good materials to study the site. The K_m andV_max values were comparable to those in the cyanobacterial preparation. Low affinity (high K_m values) and high V_max values of methyl-substitutedBQs to the Q_B site and almost the same rate of intrinsic electronflow through the Q_B site in the both spinach preparations furthersupport the hypothesis that the plastoquinone (PQ) moleculeat the Q_B site is not replaced by another PQ molecule but, afterreduction, only its head group goes out of the Q_B pocket, andcomes back after transferring the electrons and protons to afree PQ molecule [Satoh et al. (1993) Z. Naturforsch. 48c: 174]. (Received May 2, 1996; Accepted July 26, 1996)     

Scaling to a common temperature improves the correlation between the photosynthesis parameters Jmax and Vcmax

A strong correlation between the photosynthetic parameters J_maxand V_cmax was found by Wullschleger (1993) in a survey of 109plant species. Measurements were made at various leaf temperatures,but the temperature dependence of J_max and V_cmax differ. Oncevalues for J_max and V_cmax in Wullschleger's analysis were adjustedto a common temperature, using an equation for the temperaturedependence of these parameters, the slope of the linear regressionfor J_max versus V_cmax forced through the origin increased from1.97 to 2.68, and r² increased from 0.79 to 0.87. Key words: Temperature, photosynthesis parameters     

Hydrogen Peroxide Production is a General Property of the Lignifying Xylem from Vascular Plants

Production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by the lignifying xylemof several vascular plants has been studied using a new histochemicalmethod based on the H₂O₂-dependent oxidation of 3,5,3'5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) catalysed by cell wall peroxidases. This method allowsH₂O₂to be determined in the range of 5–100 µM, whereother methods, such as the KI/starch reagent, fail. With thismethod, it has been possible to determine H₂O₂production inthe lignifying xylem of a wide range of vascular plants (gymnospermsand angiosperms). The capability of xylem tissues of sustainingH₂O₂production lends support to the hypothesis that cinnamylalcohol polymerization in xylem vessels is caused by an H₂O₂-dependentoxidative coupling process.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company H₂O₂generation, lignification, peroxidase, tetramethylbenzidine, xylem.     

Antagonism Between Malate and Ethylene in the Regulation of Avena sativa Coleoptile Elongation

Etiolated Avena sativa L. coleoptile sections were used to determinethe influence of C₂H₄ on in vivo and in vitro rates of CO₂ fixation,and to measure the influence of various permutations of C₂H₄,CO₂, and malate on growth. Whereas 1 mM malate or 320 µI^-1 CO₂ stimulated growth by approximately 100 per cent, inhibitionof growth by 10-8 µ I_-1 C₂H₄ was substantial only in thepresence of malate or CO₂ The increase in growth rate in responseto these two agents was eliminated by the simultaneous applicationof C₂H₄. The in vivo rate of dark [¹⁴C]bicarbonate fixationand in vitro enzymic assays of fixation were not measurablyinhibited by C₂H₄. These results are discussed in the lightof evidence which indicates that CO₂-stimulated growth is mediatedby dark fixation. The data do not support the view that C₂H₄inhibition of growth results from an inhibition of fixation,but suggests that C₂H₄ may inhibit some step in the processby which malate stimulates growth.     

Operation of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle daring the induction period of photosynthesis in Chlorella

When Chlorella oulgaris ll h cells grown in air containing 4%CO₂ (high-CO₂ cells) were given low concentrations of¹⁴CO₂ (<150ppm), the initial rate of photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ fixation wasvery low and linear ¹⁴CO₂ fixation was observed after an inductionperiod which lasted for ca. 45 min. No such induction period was observed when high-CO₂ cells weregiven high concentrations of ¹⁴CO₂ (10,000 ppm) or when IOW-CO₂cells were given either low or high concentrations of ¹⁴CO₂,supporting the observations by Briggs and Whittingham (l). However,irrespective of CO₂ concentrations during growth and of ¹⁴CO₂concentrations during the experiments, most of the ¹⁴C was incorporatedinto phosphate esters during the initial periods of photosynthetic¹⁴CO₂ fixation. These results are in sharp contrast to the reportby Graham and Whittingham (4). ¹ Requests for reprints should be addressed to S. Miyachi, RadioisotopeCentre, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. (Received June 30, 1979; )     

意大利蜜蜂蜂毒磷脂酶A2基因在杆状病毒-昆虫细胞系统中的表达

利用Bac to Bac系统将意大利蜜蜂蜂毒磷脂酶A₂（AmPLA₂）基因cDNA克隆至转移载体pFastBacHTa中,得到pBacHT-AmPLA₂,再将其转化入含穿梭载体Bacmid的受体大肠杆菌DH10Bac中,通过转座作用,得到含AmPLA₂基因的重组病毒rBacmid-AmPLA₂的DNA。提取其基因组DNA,用脂质体介导转染粉纹夜蛾细胞Tn-5B1-4,得到重组病毒rACV-Bac-AmPLA₂。用此重组病毒感染Tn-5B1-4细胞, 在细胞中表达AmPLA₂。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,与6×His Tag融合表达的产物蛋白分子量约为18 kD左右,表达量约占细胞总蛋白的5.35%。Western blot印迹显示,融合表达产物能与意大利蜜蜂蜂毒AmPLA₂抗血清发生免疫反应。生物活性测定显示,含表达产物的细胞蛋白粗提物对底物蛋黄的酶活力约为6.13 μmol·min^-1·mg^-1。     

Diversity in the sialic acids

Fig. 1. The sialic acids. The nine-carbon backbone common toall sialic acids is shown. Natural substitutions described todate (at C₄, C₅, C₇ C₈, and C₉,) are indicated. Additional diversityis generated by various types of glycosidic linkage (at R₃)by generation of lactones (at C₁ ), by dehydro forms (eliminatingR₃), and anhydro forms diversity sialic acids neuraminic acids O-acetylation sialidase     

Kinetic Studies on the Active Species of Inorganic Carbon Absorbed by the Cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta

Cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta which had been grown in ordinaryair (low-CO₂ cells) had high carbonic anhydrase (CA) activityon the cell surface and mainly utilized HCO₃^– for photosynthesis.When CA activity on the cell surface was inhibited by Diamoxor subtilisin, the cells utilized CO₂. When bovine CA was added,the subtilisin-treated low-CO₂ cells utilized mainly HCO₃^–.When grown in air containing 2% CO₂, the cells had low CA activityon the cell surface, and preferred CO₂ to HCO₃^–. Kineticanalysis of these results indicated that low-CO₂ cells of D.tertiolecta absorb CO₂ which was converted from HCO₃^–via the CA located on the cell surface. (Received June 29, 1985; Accepted October 9, 1985)     

Acetylene-induced Changes in the Oxygen Diffusion Resistance and Nitrogenase Activity of Legume Root Nodules

Legume symbioses such as pea, lucerne and clover exhibit a substantialdecline in nodular respiration and nitrogenase activity whensubjected to gas streams containing C₂H₂. Assuming a constantrate of O₂ diffusion into the nodule this decrease in respiratoryO₂ consumption would lead to an increase in internal O₂ concentrationwhich would inactivate nitrogenase. No such inactivation hasbeen observed indicating that a change in diffusion resistanceis involved in the C₂H₂ response. Root nodules of C₂H₂ responsivesymbioses are distinguished by their tolerance to high (80 percent) O₂ levels. The nitrogenase of soya-bean and sainfoin,which do not respond to added C₂H₂, is denatured at O₂ levelsabove 40 per cent. Even in O₂-tolerant systems (e.g. pea) theenzyme is damaged if the increase in O₂ levels is rapid (ca.45 s) indicating that an induced change rather than a ‘permanent’feature is involved. The O₂-tolerant, C₂H₂-responsive behaviourpattern of white clover nodules was reversed by pulse feedingwith nitrate-N indicating that the overall C: N ratio in thenodules is involved in determining the response.     

Effects of nutrient enrichment on the growth rates and community structure of summer phytoplankton from the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea

Sea water collected in mid-July was spiked with different combinationsof nutrients. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) became exhausted,while significant amounts of P-PO₄ and Si-SiO₃ remained available.NH₄ was taken up before NO₃, but, in some cultures, NO₃ uptakeappears to have started in the presence of     

Actinomycin D Inhibits the GA3-Induced Elongation of Azuki Bean Epicotyls and the Reorientation of Cortical Microtubules

Actinomycin D inhibited the elongation of epicotyl segmentsfrom azuki bean seedlings that was induced by simultaneous treatmentwith IAA and GA₃. The drug also inhibited the elongation ofthe segments that was caused by IAA alone when it was appliedtogether with IAA. When the segments were pretreated with GA₃and then incubated with IAA, GA₃ promoted the elongation causedby IAA and brought about a predominance of transverse corticalmicrotubules (MTs) in the epidermal cells of the segments. Thechange in the arrangement of MTs caused by pretreatment withGA₃ was evident 1 h after the start of subsequent incubationwith IAA when the effect of pretreatment with GA₃ on the elongationhad not yet become apparent. Pretreatment with GA₃ did not causeany change in the arrangement of MTs when GA₃-pretreated segmentswere not incubated subsequently with IAA. Although actinomycinD applied before treatment with IAA did not inhibit the IAA-inducedelongation, the drug diminished the promotion of the elongationcaused by pretreatment with GA₃ and prevented GA₃ from bringingabout a predominance of transverse MTs when the drug was appliedduring the pretreatment with GA₃. GA₃-induced synthesis of mRNA seems to be involved in the promotionby GA₃ of IAA-induced elongation and in the GA₃-induced rearrangementof cortical MTs. (Received June 15, 1993; Accepted August 16, 1993)     

Function and contribution of the root tip in the induction of NO3- uptake along the barley root axis

The seminal roots of N-free-grown barley seedlings were ableto take up NO₃^– immediately upon initial exposure; theuptake rate in the tip was half of that in the older root zones(middle and base). A lag of 60 min was required in all rootzones before the uptake rates started to increase during inductionwith external NO₃^–. This increase could be prevented bythe addition of pFPA; we thus assume that additional NO₃^–transport proteins were synthesized during NO₃^– induction.During the time-course of NO₃^– induction different uptakerates were measured in morphologically different regions ofthe tip (1 mm segments) indicating a regulation of NO₃^–induction on a narrow local scale. In NO₃^– grown plants, NO₃^– uptake as well as NO₃^–content increased basipetally along the root axis concomitantlywith increasing vacuolization of the cells. Although NO₃^–uptake into the tip was only half of that into the older rootzones, this NO₃^– uptake was very important for the entireroot. Firstly, it provided the substrate for protein biosynthesisin the meristematic region: nitrate reductase activity and totalsoluble protein were highest in the first apical mm of the tip.Secondly, 3% of the NO₃^– taken up by the tip was foundin the base where it induced NO₃^– uptake: NO₃^– wastranslocated almost exclusively basipetally and as little as20nmolg^–1 root fr. wt. translocated from the tip weresufficient for acceleration of NO₃^– induction in the rootbase of N-free-grown plants. This clearly shows that the inductionof NO₃^– uptake does not depend exclusively on the availabilityof external NO₃^–, but can be mediated also with internallytranslocated NO₃^–.The root tip, therefore, may be consideredthe NO₃^– sensing region of the root. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L, internal NO₃^–, NO₃^– uptake, root zones