中国兰科植物保育的现状和展望

兰科植物是植物保育中的“旗舰”类群 (flaggroup)。中国不是兰科植物种类最丰富的地区 ,但具有最复杂多样的地理分布类型以及众多的原始类群 ,因此 ,开展对中国兰科植物的研究和保育是世界兰科植物研究和保育工作中的重要组成部分。本文介绍了目前中国兰科植物研究和保育的现状 ,分析了与国际同类工作相比存在的差距 ,并对今后的发展方向提出了一些看法     

Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020: Achievements and perspectives

We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1100 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.     

广西雅长林区野生兰科植物资源现状与保护策略

广西雅长林区野生兰科植物资源丰富,约有52属156种,其中雅长保护区几乎每座山头都有兰科植物的分布,但其种类与居群基株数量等分布不均匀,且不连续,呈现出破碎化现象,其中面积较大的局部密集分布区有16处.文中根据野生兰科植物的资源现状及生物生态学特性,针对目前兰科植物保育存在的问题,分析人畜干扰及自然条件变化等不利因素,从兰科植物维持机制角度出发,提出雅长野生兰科植物的保护应以就地保护为主、迁地保育为辅的保育措施与策略:保护区应加快建设的步伐,构建野生兰科植物种质资源基因库,同时对密集分布区在人畜干扰大的区域,优先拉设铁丝网围护,并派专人巡护,重点保护,确保野生兰科植物及基因库安全.     

海南主要陆域自然保护地兰科植物多样性与生境的关联分析

为了掌握海南主要陆域自然保护地内野生兰科植物的物种多样性现状以及制约其发展的关键生境因子,对该地区进行兰科植物资源调查并分析兰科植物多样性的空间分布格局,进一步采用典范对应分析(CCA)探索生境因子对兰科植物组成的影响,最后运用广义线性模型(GLM)框架下的负二项回归拟合兰科植物丰富度和多度对生境变异的响应。结果表明:(1)共发现兰科植物67属193种,为海南兰科植物分布的绝对中心。(2)水平方向上,霸王岭兰科植物丰富度高但居群相对拥挤,而五指山最大的海拔落差带来了更加多样化的小生境类型和宽阔的生存空间,孕育了种类丰富且分布均匀的兰科植物资源。(3)垂直方向上,中海拔地区兰科植物种类最为丰富且种间竞争较为激烈,高海拔地区则存在明显的优势类群。(4)海拔变化对兰科植物物种组成变异有着非常高的解释率,而喀斯特和河谷地貌的显著影响也不容忽视。(5)多因子综合作用共同影响着兰科植物的多样性,其中坡度、河谷地貌、喀斯特地貌的显著正效应和枫香林的显著负效应受其他协变量的影响较小,是驱动兰科植物丰富度和多度变化的关键生境因子。综上所述,中高海拔地区以及特殊地貌(如河谷和喀斯特地貌)应作为兰科植物多样性的优先保护区域。     

Advances in orchid research in East Macedonia (NE Greece) and the importance of current data in furthering our understanding of the orchids’ altitudinal requirements

High-quality data on species distribution and knowledge of species ecology are necessary pre-requisites for their effective conservation. In the European Union, a network of protected areas called the “Natura 2000 network” was set up to conserve the most valuable and threatened species. The Natura 2000 network was supposed to improve rare species conservation, but has it? In this paper, an analysis of data collected from 1 × 1 km grids on the distribution of orchids in East Macedonia (NE Greece) in two consecutive periods of time (before and after 2010), revealed the degree to which a larger data set (including both periods instead of only one) improved our knowledge of the distributions of species and whether the Natura 2000 network can be used as a basis for the conservation of the orchid flora in this area. When the data for the first period and cumulative data for both periods were compared, orchid species richness and density were very similar. However, comparison of the two datasets showed that more orchid taxa were recorded per grid in the first than the second period. However, based on the surveys in the second period, the knowledge on orchid distribution increased significantly. In particular, ten orchid taxa were recorded for the first time in East Macedonia during the second period and significantly more (54.79 % of the total number of species) were recorded. This resulted in a better understanding of their altitudinal requirements. It also confirmed that most of the orchid-rich grid cells in East Macedonia overlap with the Natura 2000 network, which highlights importance of Natura 2000 for orchid conservation.     

中国1,334种兰科植物就地保护状况评价

作者通过对中国543个自然保护区内兰科植物数据的分析,对我国1,334种兰科植物的就地保护状况进行了逐一评价。我们根据有记录分布保护区的数量,通过专家咨询的方式,将兰科植物就地保护水平划分为"有效保护"、"较好保护"、"一般保护"、"较少保护"、"保护状况不明"和"未予评价"6个等级。结果发现:有676种兰科植物在自然保护区内得到了不同程度的就地保护,占所评价兰科植物总数的51.9%;但有626种兰科植物保护状况不明,尚未受到就地保护,占总数的46.9%。另外有32种仅分布在香港、澳门和台湾地区,本研究中未予评价,约占总数的2.4%。根据评价结果,就兰科植物就地保护中存在的基础调查不足、受关注程度低、受保护率低等问题进行了深入的讨论,提出5条有针对性的建议对策:(1)加强兰科植物的调查监测;(2)提高兰科植物的保护级别与受关注程度;(3)进一步完善兰科自然保护区建设;(4)规范自然保护区综合科学考察;(5)定期评价我国兰科植物保护成效。     

金佛山自然保护区兰科植物多样性及保护对策研究

通过对保护区内兰科植物的调查,分析了保护区内兰科植物的物种多样性、垂直分布格局.结果表明,金佛山兰科植物种类丰富,区系成分复杂多样,共有兰科植物48属114种;金佛山兰科植物特有现象明显,中国特有兰科植物47种,3种为金佛山特有;垂直分布格局明显;不同海拔段的兰科植物濒危程度差异较大,低海拔地区物种?受威胁程度较低,资源保存状况更好.对造成兰科植物濒危的主要原因进行了分析,并提出了保护对策.     

Forest fragments with larger core areas better sustain diverse orchid bee faunas (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina)

Male orchid bees were attracted to chemical baits and collected in nine Atlantic Forest fragments in southeastern Brazil. Fragments differed in size and shape. Three additional sites were also sampled in a nearby large fragment. Three hypothetical core areas of each fragment were measured as the total area minus an area of 50, 100, and 200-m-wide perimeter. Abundance and richness were not correlated with either fragment size or ratio area/perimeter, but were positively correlated with the size of core areas. These results suggest that orchid bee conservation requires the preservation of the fragments with the largest possible core areas. Neither size nor shape alone (area/perimeter ratio) seemed to be good indicators of the value of a given fragment for sustaining diverse and abundant faunas of orchid bees.     

Planning the priority protected areas of endangered orchid species in northeastern China

We used endangered orchid species as a case study for establishing priority protected areas (PPAs). We conducted a detailed investigation of 2,884 plots in northeastern China and selected 6 nationally protected orchid species (the number of plots for each species ≥5) to plan PPAs in order to conserve these endangered plants. First, we estimated the potential habitat distributions of 6 orchid species using species distribution models (in the program Maxent). Second, we identified PPAs using the results of both Maxent and systematic conservation planning software (Zonation). We found that the PPAs we identified were all distributed in the eastern, northeastern, and northern parts of the study region on which we focused. We observed that existing nature reserves in those areas were much smaller than the PPAs we identified, suggesting the need for expansion of these zones. Finally, we identified some recommended protection areas based on our PPAs, which we believe are suitable areas of in situ conservation. These areas could assist in the formulation of protection policies for these endangered orchid species. Our results have broad implications for conservation biology and the redefinition of protective zones for at-risk species.     

海南岛野生兰科植物多样性及其保护区域的优先性

兰科是显花植物中的一个大类群,世界约有800属25 000种,全世界所有野生兰科植物均被列入《濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约》的保护范围,是植物保护中的“旗舰”类群。中国是野生兰科植物最重要的多样性中心之一,约有171属1 247种。作为中国的典型热带地区,海南岛具有丰富的野生兰科植物资源。该文系统地收集和整理了海南岛野生兰科植物资源信息,以海南岛19个行政县为基本分布区,构建海南岛野生兰科植物数据库,采用特有性简约分析(Parsimony analysis of endemicity)和互补分析(Complementarity analysis)两种方法,探讨海南岛野生兰科植物多样性保护的最低保护区组合和区域保护优先序问题。结果表明:海南岛约分布有野生兰科植物77属202种(30个中国特有种),其多样性保护的关键区域为南部和西南部地区;基于物种相似性,两个区域被建议作为优先保护区域:一个是以保亭、三亚和陵水为代表的区域,另一个区域以昌江和乐东为代表;基于互补性原理,最低保护区组合为10个分布区,按照其保护优先序依次排列为保亭、三亚、五指山、陵水、白沙、乐东、琼中、东方、昌江和琼山等地,其中陵水、保亭、琼中、乐东、三亚和五指山等6个分布区就包含了30个特有科在内。我们认为,基于海南岛野生兰科植物建立优先保护区域,利用有限的资源达到最优的保护,是一个较为合理、科学和高效的保护策略。     

Phylogenetic endemism of the orchids of Megamexico reveals complementary areas for conservation

Orchid diversity provides a unique opportunity to further our understanding of biotic and abiotic factors linked to patterns of richness, endemism, and phylogenetic endemism in many regions. However, orchid diversity is consistently threatened by illegal trade and habitat transformation. Here, we identified areas critical for orchid conservation in the biogeographic province of Megamexico. For this purpose, we evaluated orchid endemism, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism within Megamexico and characterized orchid life forms. Our results indicate that the majority of the regions with the highest estimates of endemism and phylogenetic endemism are in southern Mexico and northern Central America, mostly located on the Pacific side of Megamexico. Among the most important orchid lineages, several belong to epiphytic lineages such as Pleurothallidinae, Laeliinae and Oncidiinae. We also found that species from diverse and distantly related lineages converge in montane forests where suitable substrates for epiphytes abound. Furthermore, the southernmost areas of phylogenetic diversity and endemism of Megamexico are in unprotected areas. Thus, we conclude that the most critical areas for orchid conservation in Megamexico are located in southern Mexico and northern Central America. We recommend that these areas should be given priority by the Mexican system of natural protected areas as complementary conservation areas.     

Ex Situ Conservation of Orchids in a Warming World

Whilst there is overwhelming scientific evidence that dramatic changes in regional climates are likely to occur throughout the 21st century, the scientific community remains uncertain how the effects of global heating will combine with other environmental factors to affect wild orchid populations. It is, however, likely that many populations will be affected adversely and that in situ conservation techniques by themselves will not be sufficient to prevent the extinction of many species. A range of complimentary ex situ strategies are discussed. Amongst these orchid seed banking has been shown to be an invaluable tool for conserving the maximum amount of genetic diversity in the minimum space and has the potential to enable the conservation of valuable material for possible re-introduction and habitat restoration programmes in the future. The Darwin Initiative project, ‘Orchid Seed Stores for Sustainable Use’ (OSSSU), is currently establishing a global network of orchid seed banks focussing initially on countries with high orchid biodiversity in Asia and Latin America. Particular reference is made to ex situ conservation in China, together with the urgent need to gather more data to determine which habitats and species are most at risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future.     

中国新分布种海伦兜兰的濒危状况

海伦兜兰Paphiopedilum helenae Aver.为中国新记录种。本种中萼片黄色,花瓣橙色,狭长圆形或略带匙形,边缘直,唇瓣橙褐色,退化雄蕊为近圆形。文章首次报道了海伦兜兰在中国新分布点的居群大小和繁育现状,并对其生境、伴生植物等作了详细描述。海伦兜兰所在的森林群落目前保护状况良好,但由于该地靠近村寨和公路,又不在保护区内,海伦兜兰居群仍然面临潜在的威胁。考虑到海伦兜兰在越南已遭受过度采集,建议进一步加强对该新分布兜兰属Pahiopdeilum植物的保护和监测。     

Pollination Syndromes in Mediterranean Orchids—Implications for Speciation,Taxonomy and Conservation

The Mediterranean flora is spectacularly rich in orchid species that have evolved remarkable adaptations to their environment. Orchids have complex and delicate interactions with their pollinators, which makes them particularly prone to local extinction. Conservation actions should be encouraged for a range of endangered Mediterranean orchid species, but the current taxonomic confusion in several genera and the apparent disagreement among orchid taxonomists make the situation particularly confusing from a conservation perspective. In this review, we document how the different pollination syndromes of Mediterranean orchids (nectar reward, shelter offering, food deception and sexual deception) can have a profound impact on the type of reproductive barriers among species, on floral phenotypic variation as we perceive it, on potentially related processes of species sorting and extinction and, consequently, should have a strong influence on the related conservation management programs. We also highlight that the majority of Mediterranean orchids are pollinated by specialised bees often occupying otherwise narrow ecological niches (e.g. pollen specialisation, brood cell parasites, specific nesting site). This condition makes the orchid-pollinator interactions very fragile and several orchid species prone to local extinction. We illustrate this phenomenon by a selection of case studies that show how the adequate integration of the ecological requirements/traits of the orchids and their associated pollinators into conservation actions could help protect endangered species and ensure the sustainability of the often complex local pollination web.     

广东兰科植物多样性保育现状

为了使广东省的兰科植物及其遗传多样性得到有效的保育, 保存我国重要野生植物资源, 在2017-2019年间, 采用样线和样地相结合的调查手段、专家快速评估和野外调查相结合的评估技术以及Wilcoxon符号秩检验和Friedman检验的统计方法, 对广东省自然分布的兰科植物进行了全面的调查和濒危等级评估, 并对其在广东省自然保护区中的就地保育情况和全国植物园中的迁地保育情况进行了综合分析。结果表明, 广东省分布有兰科植物80属235种, 其中广东特有种20种; 广东兰科植物受威胁物种有186种, 其中极危11种、濒危114种、易危61种; 就地保育的兰科植物有111种, 迁地保育的兰科植物有156种, 就地和迁地共同保育的兰科植物有96种, 保育的有效程度较低; 另外, 就地、迁地、就地和迁地共同保育的兰科植物之间没有体现出明显的差异, 保育工作缺乏选择性和针对性。基于此, 我们建议广东兰科植物的保育工作应重视基础数据的收集和持续的野外监测、提高保育物种的数量、优化迁地保育物种的选择性和针对性、完善迁地保育和就地保育之间的协同性, 同时也应重视立法和公众教育, 并构建广东兰科植物保育的网络系统。     

濒危兰科植物再引入技术及其应用

稀有、濒危植物的再引入,是在条件成熟时,把经过迁地保护的人工繁殖体重新放回到它们原来自然和半自然的生态系统或适合它们生存的野外环境中去,重建较为完善的生态系统。再引入技术的目标在于提高生态系统生物多样性及群落稳定性,建立可自我维持种群,它是继就地保护和迁地保护等保护策略之外的一种新兴的珍稀濒危植物保育方式。国际上再引入技术的研究刚起步,高度成功的还不多,目前可借鉴的成熟经验较少。通过分析国内外已经开展的若干珍稀濒危植物再引入技术案例,重点介绍国内外濒危兰科植物再引入的研究现状、技术体系和评价标准,讨论了再引入技术的类型和方法,并总结了可能影响再引入成败的制约性因素,分析了适用于兰科植物的再引入技术要素。由此提出濒危兰科植物再引入的重要现实意义,为今后的规模化人工栽培提供科学依据,同时有利于指导其他濒危植物再引入技术规程的制定。     

药用植物绶草(兰科)的菌根真菌群落组成分析

兰科菌根真菌(OMF)被认为是影响兰科植物物种丰度和分布的一个重要因素.对广域分布兰科植物的菌根区系进行研究有助于人们更深入地了解兰科植物分布格局的形成机制.本研究以我国广域分布的兰科药用植物绶草Spiranthes sinensis为材料,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对北京、上海、江西、广西、云南、...     

四川黄龙沟草本层植物种类组成与数量特征

四川黄龙沟草本植物群落在所调查样方中(N=662)共出现维管植物124种,分属于37科91属,有54个中国特有种:其中兰科植物多达21属33种,中国特有种有12个,新种一个。如此众多的地生兰科植物聚集在面积不到1公里的沟内,而且部分兰科植物种类在沟内形成优势草本群落,这在中国地生兰的分布区域中是不多见的。大多数物种,包括兰科植物在内,出现的频率都较小,并且分布不均匀。黄龙沟兰科植物主要分布在两种生境中,即钙化滩流地和森林中。在这两种生境中微环境条件以及兰科植物的种类组成、数量特征和分布格局的差异都很大。钙化滩流地的兰科植物种类数目和每个样方中包含的兰科植物种类数目都比森林生境中的高。钙化滩流地中发现有30种兰科植物,最为常见的是无苞杓兰、黄花杓兰、西藏杓兰、广布小碟兰、二叶根茎兰和少花鹤顶兰。森林生境中有21种兰科植物分布,其中筒距兰和斑叶兰出现最多,光照强度可能对兰科植物的分布起到重要的决定作用。钙化滩流地中的溪流对建立和维持兰科植物生存所必须的稳定环境条件起到至关重要的作用,如果随意改变水流的方向或减少水流的流量,将给某些兰科植物带来灾难性的后果。     

Orchid Species Richness along Elevational and Environmental Gradients in Yunnan,China

The family Orchidaceae is not only one of the most diverse families of flowering plants, but also one of the most endangered plant taxa. Therefore, understanding how its species richness varies along geographical and environmental gradients is essential for conservation efforts. However, such knowledge is rarely available, especially on a large scale. We used a database extracted from herbarium records to investigate the relationships between orchid species richness and elevation, and to examine how elevational diversity in Yunnan Province, China, might be explained by mid-domain effect (MDE), species–area relationship (SAR), water–energy dynamics (WED), Rapoport’s Rule, and climatic variables. This particular location was selected because it is one of the primary centers of distribution for orchids. We recorded 691 species that span 127 genera and account for 88.59% of all confirmed orchid species in Yunnan. Species richness, estimated at 200-m intervals along a slope, was closely correlated with elevation, peaking at 1395 to 1723 m. The elevational pattern of orchid richness was considerably shaped by MDE, SAR, WED, and climate. Among those four predictors, climate was the strongest while MDE was the weakest for predicting the elevational pattern of orchid richness. Species richness showed parabolic responses to mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), with maximum richness values recorded at 13.7 to 17.7°C for MAT and 1237 to 1414 mm for MAP. Rapoport’s Rule also helped to explain the elevational pattern of species richness in Yunnan, but those influences were not entirely uniform across all methods. These results suggested that the elevational pattern of orchid species richness in Yunnan is collectively shaped by several mechanisms related to geometric constraints, size of the land area, and environments. Because of the dominant role of climate in determining orchid richness, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the potential effects of climate change on orchid diversity, and the development of conservation strategies for orchids.     

Identifying areas of high importance for orchid conservation in east Macedonia (NE Greece)

The establishment of a network of reserves is of fundamental importance to the loss of biodiversity. Seven different area selection methods for the establishment of a reserve network were applied in the present study: (a) 5% cut-off value of the grid cells with the highest species richness or conservation value, (b) complementarity analysis using as criteria species richness or conservation value or rarest species richness, and (c) mixed complementarity analysis using as criteria species richness or conservation value. These methods were applied in the orchid taxa of east Macedonia. The conservation values of taxa were estimated on the basis of regional rarity, broad-scale rarity, and species specialization. The spatial overlap between the resulting networks and the Natura 2000 network of the study area was assessed. Furthermore, the efficiency of the latter network to protect the orchid taxa of the study area was examined. Our results suggest that: (a) a multiscale estimation of rarity is necessary for the unbiased estimation of species conservation values; (b) species specialization adds valuable ecological information to the assessment of taxa conservation values; (c) complementarity and mixed complementarity analyses on species richness or conservation value safeguard all the taxa of the region; (d) complementarity analysis on the basis of the richness of the rarest species safeguards all the rarest taxa, but not the total number of the remaining taxa; (e) the 5% cut-off value on species richness or conservation value fails to protect all the taxa of the region, including a large number of the rarest taxa; and (f) the Natura 2000 network, despite its large coverage in the study area, fails to safeguard all the taxa, including some of the rarest.