乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术后上肢淋巴水肿的危险因素分析

研究背景：乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,同时也是治愈率最高的癌症,文献报道早期乳腺癌术后5年生存率达85．16％。上肢淋巴水肿是腋窝淋巴结清扫术后常见并发症,术后10—35％患者出现上肢水肿,就上肢淋巴水肿的风险因素,国内外做了许多研究,但结果不一,分歧较大。方法：抽取60例腋窝淋巴结清扫术后患者,调查统计可能与腋窝淋巴结清扫术后上肢淋巴水肿相关的8个因素（变量）：年龄、临床分期、是否放疗、是否出现延迟愈合／感染／积液等术后其它并发症、术后上肢功能锻炼、是否是优势侧,平时是否参加体育锻炼,是否有高血压等合并症。数据采用SPSS13．0分析软件以logistic回归方法进行分析。结果：四项关联因素分别为：1、是否放疗（OR=8．966）2、延迟愈合／感染／积液等其它术后并发症（0R=8．493）3、术后上肢功能锻炼（OR=0．194）4、高血压（0R=5．609）。结论：放疗、其它术后并发症、高血压为腋窝淋巴结清扫术后上肢淋巴水肿的风险因素,而术后上肢功能锻炼为术后水肿的保护因素。     

A historical literature review on the role of posterior axillary boost field in the axillary lymph node coverage and development of lymphedema following regional nodal irradiation in breast cancer

To elucidate whether (1) a posterior axillary boost (PAB) field is an optimal method to target axillary lymph nodes (LNs); and (2) the addition of a PAB increases the incidence of lymphedema, a systematic review was undertaken. A literature search was performed in the PubMed database. A total of 16 studies were evaluated. There were no randomized studies. Seven articles have investigated dosimetric aspects of a PAB. The remaining 9 articles have determined the effect of a PAB field on the risk of lymphedema. Only 2 of 9 articles have prospectively reported the impact of a PAB on the risk of lymphedema development. There are conflicting reports on the necessity of a PAB. The PAB field provides a good coverage of level I/II axillary LNs because these nodes are usually at a greater depth. The main concern regarding a PAB is that it produces a hot spot in the anterior region of the axilla. Planning studies optimized a traditional PAB field. Prospective studies and the vast majority of retrospective studies have reported the use of a PAB field does not result in increasing the risk of lymphedema development over supraclavicular-only field. The controversies in the incidence of lymphedema suggest that field design may be more important than field arrangement. A key factor regarding the use of a PAB is the depth of axillary LNs. The PAB field should not be used unless there is an absolute indication for its application. Clinicians should weigh lymphedema risk in individual patients against the limited benefit of a PAB, in particular after axillary dissection. The testing of the inclusion of upper arm lymphatics in the regional LN irradiation target volume, and universal methodology measuring lymphedema are all areas for possible future studies.     

自拟温阳利水汤联合地奥司明治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的疗效观察

摘要 目的：探究自拟温阳利水汤联合地奥司明治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的疗效。方法：选择2013年1月至2019年6月在我院经病理确诊为乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的住院患者80例,根据治疗方式不同分为两组,每组各40例,其中,对照组采用地奥司明进行治疗,研究组在对照组基础上联合自拟温阳利水汤进行治疗,两组均连续治疗15 d;对比两组的治疗总有效率,对比两组治疗前后的腕横纹、肘横纹、腕横纹上10 cm、肘横纹上10 cm处臂围;对比两组患者治疗前后的前屈、后伸、外展、内收等活动角度。结果：研究组治疗总有效率95.00 %（38/40）显著高于对照组75.00 %（30/40）,对比有显著差异（P＜0.05）;治疗前,两组的腕横纹、肘横纹、腕横纹上10 cm、肘横纹上10 cm处臂围对比无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;治疗后,两组的腕横纹、肘横纹、腕横纹上10 cm、肘横纹上10 cm处臂围均比治疗前有所减小,且研究组更小（P＜0.05）;治疗前,两组的前屈、后伸、外展、内收等活动角度对比无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;治疗后,两组患者的前屈、后伸、外展、内收等活动角度均比治疗前有所增大,且研究组更大（P＜0.05）。结论：自拟温阳利水汤联合地奥司明治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的疗效显著,该方法可有效改善患者的肩关节活动度,临床应用价值较高。     

HGF and MET mutations in primary and secondary lymphedema

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is the abnormal accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the interstitial space. Primary lymphedema is a rare genetic condition with both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive modes of inheritance. Three genes, FLT4 (VEGFR3), FOXC2, and SOX18 cause varying forms of primary lymphedema. In industrialized countries, secondary lymphedema is usually associated with cancer therapy and/or trauma. Recent observations suggested that hepatocyte growth factor/high affinity hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF/MET) were new candidate lymphedema genes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The coding exons and flanking regions of HGF and MET were directly sequenced in 145 lymphedema probands, 59 unrelated women with secondary lymphedema following treatment for breast cancer, 21 individual patients with lymphedema and intestinal lymphangiectasia, and at least 159 unrelated ethnic matched control individuals. Mutations leading to truncation or missense changes in evolutionarily conserved residues of HGF and MET were identified. These mutations were not polymorphic in control individuals. CONCLUSIONS:The identification of HGF/MET mutations in primary lymphedema, lymphedema/lymphangiectasia, and breast cancer-associated secondary lymphedema suggests that the HGF/MET pathway is causal or alters susceptibility for a broad range of lymphedema phenotypes. The HGF/MET pathway provides a new target for the prevention and/or treatment of lymphedema.     

Short-term effects of axillary lymph node clearance surgery on lymphatic physiology of the arm in breast cancer.

It is not known why some women develop breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) of the arm, whereas others having similar treatment do not. We speculated that increased uptake of protein into local blood may protect against BCRL. Sixteen women were given bilateral subcutaneous hand webspace injections of polyclonal immunoglobulin (HIgG), (99m)Tc-HIgG on one side and (111)In-HIgG on the other, before and 3 mo after axillary clearance surgery. The rates of clearance of activity from the depot (k) and accumulation in central blood (b(contra)) were measured using a scintillation probe and bilateral antecubital vein blood sampling, respectively. Activity accumulating in blood ipsilateral to the injected side, in excess of central blood activity (b(ipsi)) was also calculated as a measure of local vascular uptake. The k correlated with b(contra), but neither changed in response to surgery. However, b(ipsi) for injections of (99m)Tc-HIgG into the affected arm increased in all seven patients in whom data were available (0.018 +/- 0.006 to 0.038 +/- 0.007%/min; P < 0.05); indeed, in five of these seven, b(ipsi) paradoxically exceeded b(contra), and none developed BCRL at 3-yr follow-up. We conclude that uptake of protein into local blood and/or proteolysis increases after axillary surgery and may protect against BCRL.     

Temporal and spatial patterns of endogenous danger signal expression after wound healing and in response to lymphedema

While acute tissue injury potently induces endogenous danger signal expression, the role of these molecules in chronic wound healing and lymphedema is undefined. The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the endogenous danger signals high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein (HSP)70 during wound healing and chronic lymphatic fluid stasis. In a surgical mouse tail model of tissue injury and lymphedema, HMGB1 and HSP70 expression occurred along a spatial gradient relative to the site of injury, with peak expression at the wound and greater than twofold reduced expression within 5 mm (P < 0.05). Expression primarily occurred in cells native to injured tissue. In particular, HMGB1 was highly expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells (>40% positivity; twofold increase in chronic inflammation, P < 0.001). We found similar findings using a peritoneal inflammation model. Interestingly, upregulation of HMGB1 (2.2-fold), HSP70 (1.4-fold), and nuclear factor (NF)-κβ activation persisted at least 6 wk postoperatively only in lymphedematous tissues. Similarly, we found upregulation of endogenous danger signals in soft tissue of the arm after axillary lymphadenectomy in a mouse model and in matched biopsy samples obtained from patients with secondary lymphedema comparing normal to lymphedematous arms (2.4-fold increased HMGB1, 1.9-fold increased HSP70; P < 0.01). Finally, HMGB1 blockade significantly reduced inflammatory lymphangiogenesis within inflamed draining lymph nodes (35% reduction, P < 0.01). In conclusion, HMGB1 and HSP70 are expressed along spatial gradients and upregulated in chronic lymphatic fluid stasis. Furthermore, acute expression of endogenous danger signals may play a role in inflammatory lymphangiogenesis.     

结合素-4（nectin-4）在乳腺癌中表达及其临床意义研究

目的：观察乳腺癌患者血清及乳腺组织中结合素4的表达并探讨其临床意义。方法：选择2007年6月至2008年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属三院收集的40例乳腺癌患者和20例乳腺良性肿瘤患者为研究对象,分为正常对照组、乳腺癌组、乳腺良性肿瘤组,采用Elisa法和免疫组化法对所选择的血清及组织标本中nectin-4及血清中癌胚抗原（CEA）、CA153的表达进行检测。结果：（1）nectin-4的阳性表达定位于细胞质和细胞膜,其在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率显著高于乳腺良性组织（P〈0．05）;nectin-4的表达与患者的年龄、临床分期无关（P〉0．05）,但与乳腺癌的病理类型、腋窝淋巴结转移与否、Her-2、ER和PR的表达均显著相关（P〈0．05）。②乳腺癌组血清nectin-4表达水平最高,为238＋4．95pg／ml;乳腺良性病变组为1205：3．28pg／ml;正常对照组为104±5．86pg／ml,三者之间比较,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。③与正常对照组、乳腺良性病变组比较,乳腺癌组血清CEA、CAl53水平均明显升高,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。④nectin-4、CEA和CA153诊断乳腺癌的敏感性分别为31．67％、43-33％、28．33％,特异性分别为92．50％、95％、95％,三者联合检测诊断乳腺癌的敏感性较单独检测显著升高（P〈0．05）,可达81．67％。结论：Nectin-4在乳腺癌中高表达,且与乳腺癌的病理类型、腋窝淋巴结转移与否、Her-2、ER和PR的表达均呈显著相关,通过联合检测血清nectin-4、CEA和CA153水平可显著提高乳腺癌诊断的敏感性,有助于乳腺癌的治疗和预后评估,值得临床进一步深入研究。     

Reliability of bioimpedance spectroscopy and tonometry after breast conserving cancer treatment

BACKGROUND: Measuring the female breast, especially after breast cancer treatment, is problematic due to breast size, texture, and patient positioning. However, being able to accurately measure changes in the breast is important, as it may help in the earlier diagnosis and treatment of early breast edema and later lymphedema. METHODS: 14 women who had undergone breast conserving surgery for breast cancer (> 12 months ago) were recruited to assess the between subject reproducibility of tonometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). With the participant supine, two repeat measurements of the resistance of the tissues to compression (tonometry) and fluid levels (BIS) of the treated and normal breast were taken for each of the four quadrants of the breast. RESULTS: The between subject reproducibility for both measurement techniques was high, with covariance ranging from 1.29% to 3.25% for tonometry and 0.20-0.86% for BIS. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of these two measurement techniques provides an opportunity for researchers and clinicians to easily quantify breast tissue and fluid changes which in turn may lead to the earlier diagnosis and targeted treatment of breast edema and lymphedema.     

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Basic Lymphedema Management in Leogane,Haiti, an Area Endemic for Bancroftian Filariasis

Background

Approximately 14 million persons living in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis have lymphedema of the leg. Clinical studies indicate that repeated episodes of bacterial acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) lead to progression of lymphedema and that basic lymphedema management, which emphasizes hygiene, skin care, exercise, and leg elevation, can reduce ADLA frequency. However, few studies have prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of basic lymphedema management or assessed the role of compressive bandaging for lymphedema in resource-poor settings.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Between 1995 and 1998, we prospectively monitored ADLA incidence and leg volume in 175 persons with lymphedema of the leg who enrolled in a lymphedema clinic in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for Wuchereria bancrofti. During the first phase of the study, when a major focus of the program was to reduce leg volume using compression bandages, ADLA incidence was 1.56 episodes per person-year. After March 1997, when hygiene and skin care were systematically emphasized and bandaging discouraged, ADLA incidence decreased to 0.48 episodes per person-year (P<0.0001). ADLA incidence was significantly associated with leg volume, stage of lymphedema, illiteracy, and use of compression bandages. Leg volume decreased in 78% of patients; over the entire study period, this reduction was statistically significant only for legs with stage 2 lymphedema (P = 0.01).

Conclusions/Significance

Basic lymphedema management, which emphasized hygiene and self-care, was associated with a 69% reduction in ADLA incidence. Use of compression bandages in this setting was associated with an increased risk of ADLA. Basic lymphedema management is feasible and effective in resource-limited areas that are endemic for lymphatic filariasis.     

Breast cancer found at the time of breast reduction.

In a recent study involving 27,500 women who had breast reduction surgery in Ontario, Canada, 17 women who were diagnosed as having breast cancer at the time of their breast reduction surgery were identified. The aims of this study were to (1) describe a population-based series of patients who had breast cancer diagnosed at the time of breast reduction, (2) describe the treatment of these cancers, and (3) compare their survival rate with survival in patients in the general population who had breast cancer. Information about these women, their treatment, and outcome was extracted from hospital records, pathology reports, and reports from regional cancer centers. The chance of finding an invasive breast cancer at the time of breast reduction was 0.06 percent, which is lower than what has been reported previously. Sixty-seven percent of these women were treated with total mastectomy. In the remaining 33 percent, who were treated with partial mastectomy, the entire tumor was removed at the time of breast reduction. Fifty percent of the women were treated with radiation, and 25 percent were treated with chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Compared with women in the general population of Ontario who have breast cancer, women whose breast cancer is discovered during breast reduction surgery are more likely to be treated with complete mastectomy and less likely to be treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Seventy-one percent of the breast reduction group were axillary node-negative at diagnosis, compared with 58 percent in the general population of women with breast cancer. Survival from breast cancer in women diagnosed at the time of breast reduction (88 percent, 5-year survival) was better than survival from breast cancer in the general population (77 percent). These findings suggest that cancers found in women at the time of breast reduction are less advanced, possibly because they are diagnosed at an earlier stage.     

真空负压引流瓶引流对乳腺癌术后皮下积液的预防和治疗分析

目的：探讨真空负压引流瓶引流对乳腺癌术后皮下积液的预防和治疗效果。方法：160例乳腺癌患者根据引流方法的不同分为治疗组与对照组各80例,两组都采用保乳手术,对照组常规缝合切口及加压包扎,治疗组缝合切口时留置真空负压引流瓶引流及普通包扎。结果：治疗组术后24小时引流量和引流时间明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,但是两组的术后72小时引流量和术后72小时引流日平均引流量对比无明显差异（P〉O．05）。两组都无皮瓣坏死、上肢淋巴水肿等严重并发症,治疗组术后积液的发生率明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,对症处理后痊愈。J-P负压引流系统所能提供的负压明显低于文献提供的数据。结论：乳腺癌术后发生皮下积液是乳腺癌术后最常见并发症,真空负压引流瓶引流是有效的预防方法,同时能减少引流量与引流时间。     

Stewart-Treves syndrome: Case report and literature review

Lymphangiosarcoma, or Stewart-Treves Syndrome (STS), is a very rare skin angiosarcoma with poor prognosis, which usually affects the upper limbs of patients who underwent breast cancer surgery, including axillary dissection followed by radiotherapy (RT). Cutaneous lymphangiosarcomas, which account for approximately 5% of all angiosarcomas, usually originate in the limb with chronic lymphedema. Lymphatic blockade is involved in the onset of STS. RT contributes indirectly to an increased risk of developing STS by causing axillary-node sclerosis and resulting in a lymphatic blockade and lymphedema. Chronic lymphedema causes local immunodeficiency, which indirectly leads to oncogenesis. Currently, axillary nodes are no longer routinely irradiated after axillary dissection, which is associated with a reduction in the incidence of chronic lymphedema from 40% to 4%. The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy technique is also widespread and the associated risk of lymphedema is further reduced. Thus, the incidence of STS decreased significantly with improved surgical and radiation techniques. The overall prognosis of STS patients is very poor. Only early radical surgical removal, including amputation or disarticulation of the affected limb, or wide excision at an early stage offers the greatest chance of long-term survival. Only a few case reports and series with a small number of patients with lymphangiosarcoma can be found in the literature. We present a case report of the first diagnosed STS at our department in an effort to highlight the need of the consideration of developing lymphangiosarcoma in patients with chronic lymphedema.     

Long-term results after microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema

Over the last 14 years, 134 patients with obstructive lymphedema have been treated with microlymphaticovenous anastomoses. Ninety patients were available for long-term follow-up study. Of these, 52 patients were treated by microlymphatic surgery only and 38 of them also had segmental or radical reduction surgery, either at the same time or secondarily. Objective assessment was undertaken by volume and circumferential measurements. Initially, lymphangiography was used, but a study demonstrated increased edema immediately following the investigation in one-third of the patients and it was abandoned, both preoperatively and postoperatively. In the microlymphaticovenous anastomoses only group (N = 52), subjective improvement occurred in 38 patients (73 percent). Objectively, volume changes showed a significant improvement in 22 patients (42 percent), with an average reduction of 44 percent of the excess volume. In the microlymphaticovenous anastomoses and reduction surgery, usually segmental, group (N = 38), subjective improvement occurred in 30 patients (78 percent) and objective improvement occurred in 23 patients (60 percent), with an average reduction of 44 percent of the excess volume. Of those followed up, 67 patients (74 percent) have been able to discontinue the use of conservative measures, with an average follow-up of 4.0 years and average reduction in excess volume of 26 percent. There was a 58 percent reduction in the incidence of cellulitis following surgery. In those patients who were improved, drainage resulted in increased softness of the limbs. Edema of the hand diminished considerably in most patients, although this was difficult to measure. These long-term results indicate that microlymphaticovenous anastomoses have a valuable place in the treatment of obstructive lymphedema and should be the treatment of choice in these patients. Reduction surgery can be used as an adjunct in some of these patients, especially in the posteromedial aspect of the upper arm. Liposuction has been used in failed cases or in patients in whom no lymphatics could be found. Improved results can be expected with earlier operations because patients referred earlier usually have less lymphatic disruption.     

The reliability and accuracy of intraoperative imprint cytology of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a new component of the surgical treatment of breast cancer that accurately predicts axillary status. In this study the authors evaluated the accuracy of intraoperative imprint cytology (IC) in comparison with definitive histologic evaluation of SLN in breast cancer patients. METHODS: A total 413 women with breast carcinoma and clinically negative axillary nodes underwent breast surgery and SLN biopsy. Mapping of SLN involved injection of (99m)Technecium labelled human albumin nanocolloid particles and Patent Blue dye. At the Department of Pathology, SLNs were bisected along its major axis. Both halves were imprinted 2-4 times on the slides and immediate staining with Hemacolor (Merck Germany) was performed for intraoperative examination. Imprint node negative women underwent no further surgery, while node positive women proceeded to full axillary clearance. Histological analysis of the SLN involved serial sectioning of the whole node with H&E and immunostaining for cytokeratin. RESULTS: Definitive histology revealed metastases (pN+) in 159/413 patients (38.5%): 69 (16.7%) macro metastases, 57 (13.8%) micro metastases, and 33 (8%) women with only isolated IHC positive cells or positive cell groups smaller than 0.2 mm (pNO sn+). The other 254 women had negative SLN biopsy. Imprint cytology detected 54/69 macro metastases, and 4/57 micro metastases. In the group with negative SLN (254), 2 cases were 'false positives'. CONCLUSIONS: Imprint of SLN biopsy can identify a negative axilla with high accuracy (specificity 99.2%). Overall sensitivity is only 36.5%, but macrometastases are detected in 77% which is important for performing ALDN in one session with operation of primary tumour.     

不同切口下乳腺癌根治术的临床疗效对比分析

目的:探讨不同切口下乳腺癌根治术的临床效果。方法:将140例乳腺癌患者根据治疗方法的不同分为对照组60例和治疗组80例,两组都行乳腺癌改良根治术,对照组采用Halsted-Meyer纵切口,治疗组采用Stewart横切口。比较两组手术并发症的发生情况、术后局部复发与远处转移的情况以及生存质量的改变情况。结果:所有患者都顺利完成手术,与对照组相比,治疗组术后皮瓣下积液、皮瓣坏死、上肢淋巴水肿的并发症发生率均明显降低(P0.05),术后躯体、心理、社会支持、精神评分均明显升高(P0.05),术后6个月的局部复发率与远处转移率均明显降低(P0.05)。结论:横切口下实施乳腺癌改良根治术能减少术后并发症,提高患者的术后生存质量,改善患者的远期预后。     

The Influence of Arm Swelling Duration on Shoulder Pathology in Breast Cancer Patients with Lymphedema

Purpose

To evaluate the pathological effect of the duration of arm swelling on the shoulder pathology in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema.

Methods

Forty seven breast cancer patients with unilateral arm lymphedema were assessed. The duration of the arm swelling and shoulder pain were recorded. Ultrasound examination of the shoulder joint was performed in all patients to detect any lesions.

Results

Abnormalities were detected by ultrasound in 41/47 (87.2%) study participants. Subacromial subdeltoid bursal thickening was found in 26/47 (55.3%) participants, distension of the biceps brachii tendon sheath was found in 14/47 (29.8%) and a supraspinatus tendon tear was found in 13/47 (27.7%). Patients with a supraspinatus tendon tear were found to have a significantly longer duration of lymphedema (1310 days vs. 398 days, p = 0.032).

Conclusions

The duration of arm lymphedema has a progressive pathological effect on rotator cuff. Clinicians should adopt an early management approach of shoulder pain in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema.     

A follow-up study of 105 women with breast cancer following reduction mammaplasty.

Reduction mammaplasty is one of the most common procedures performed by plastic surgeons in Canada. In a recent study of 27,500 women in the province of Ontario who underwent breast reduction surgery, 105 women were identified who developed breast cancer after reduction mammaplasty. The purpose of this study was to compare women who had breast cancer and had a previous breast reduction with women who had breast cancer but did not have a breast reduction. Specifically, we wanted to document patient demographics, cancer type, surgical and nonsurgical treatment, and eventual outcome. A comparison group of non-breast reduction women was taken from the cohort of breast cancer patients in the province of Ontario, and the two groups were matched for age, year of diagnosis, and place of diagnosis. It was found that (1) the average age at diagnosis of breast cancer is significantly younger for women who have had previous breast reduction surgery than for those who have not; (2) the median interval between breast reduction and cancer is 5 years; (3) the type, location, and side of breast cancers are similar in the two groups of women; (4) breast reduction does not significantly increase or decrease survival rate from breast cancer; and (5) women who have had breast reduction receive the same treatment for their breast cancer as women who have not had reduction mammaplasty.     

Evaluation of axillary lymph nodes from the results of radioisotopic study

The purpose of the investigation was to study the pattern of 99mTc (MIBI) technitrile uptake in the metastatically involved lymph nodes in breast cancer, by applying the plain scintigraphic technique. The scintigraphic study of the breast and regional metastatic areas by means of the radionuclide 99mTc (MIBI) technitrile was made on a Millennium GE tomographic gamma chamber. The radiotracer 550 (MBq) dissolved in 10-20 ml of saline solution was intravenously injected into the arm cubital vein contralaterally to the lesion. Following 20 minutes of injection of the agent, plain scintigraphy was carried out in three standard projections: frontal and two oblique ones. The scintigraphy was performed using a high-resolution collimator recording a 128 x 128 matrix image. The detector was maximally approximated to the organ being examined. A plain scintigraphic scan was recorded on each side for 10 minutes. By the degree of axillary lymph nodal involvement, the patients were divided into 3 groups in accordance with the international TNM classification: N0 (n = 55), N1 (n = 13), N2 (n = 4). Among 72 patients, axillary lymph nodes could be detected in 6, in 2 of them changes were not diagnosed by X-ray and ultrasound studies. The final pathomorphological study of intraoperative materials revealed axillary lymph nodal metastatic involvement in 17 patients. A micrometastasis in one lymph node was found in 1 patient. None of the radionuclide studies showed tumor spread in 5 cases. The sensitivity, specificity, and precision of the technique were 35.3, 100, and 84.7%, respectively. Thus, a combination of the high cost of the procedure, its radiation load on a patient, and its low sensitivity make the use of plain scintigraphy of axillary regions inexpedient in the complex of studies of the extent of breast cancer in the present development of technology.     

乳腺癌保乳改良根治术与传统改良根治术临床疗效的比较

目的:对比分析保乳改良根治术与传统改良根治术治疗乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法:将行手术治疗的415例女性乳腺癌患者按手术方式分为保乳改良根治术组76例与传统改良根治术组339例,两组患者术后均接受辅助治疗。比较两组患者术后满意度,术后并发症,复发、转移及死亡率,评价保乳改良根治术的临床疗效。结果:两组患者的发病年龄,术后病理类型,失随访情况,转移、死亡及复发率比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。保乳改良根治术组皮下积液发生率明显低于传统改良根治术组(P0.05),术后满意度明显优于传统改良根治术组(P0.05),其他并发症比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:保乳改良根治术能得到和传统改良根治术同样的疗效,且具有损伤小、并发症少、外形美观、术后满意度高等优势。