Assigning Brassica microsatellite markers to the nine C-genome chromosomes using Brassica rapa var. trilocularis–B. oleracea var. alboglabra monosomic alien addition lines

Brassica rapa var. trilocularis-B. oleracea var. alboglabra monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) were used to assign simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to the nine C-genome chromosomes. A total of 64 SSR markers specific to single C-chromosomes were identified. The number of specific markers for each chromosome varied from two (C3) to ten (C4, C7 and C9), where the designation of the chromosomes was according to Cheng et al. (Genome 38:313-319, 1995). Seventeen additional SSRs, which were duplicated on 2-5 C-chromosomes, were also identified. Using the SSR markers assigned to the previously developed eight MAALs and recently obtained aneuploid plants, a new Brassica rapa-B. oleracea var. alboglabra MAAL carrying the alien chromosome C7 was identified and developed. The application of reported genetically mapped SSR markers on the nine MAALs contributed to the determination of the correspondence between numerical C-genome cytological (Cheng et al. in Genome 38:313-319, 1995) and linkage group designations. This correspondence facilitates the integration of C-genome genetic information that has been generated based on the two designation systems and accordingly increases our knowledge about each chromosome. The present study is a significant contribution to genetic linkage analysis of SSR markers and important agronomic traits in B. oleracea and to the potential use of the MAALs in plant breeding.     

荷兰鸢尾(Iris xiphium L. var. hybridum)的组织培养

取荷兰鸢尾（ＩｒｉｓｘｉｐｈｉｕｍＬ．ｖａｒ．ｈｙｂｒｉｄｕｍ）鳞茎片不同部位外植体块,接种于附加不同激素配比的基本培养基上,其中取自鳞茎片基部外植体块２ｍｍ×２ｍｍ×２ｍｍ,培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的不定芽诱导率为最高（７０％）;最理想的增殖培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ。不定芽直径４～５ｍｍ,培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ有利于不定根的发生,诱导生根率达８３３％。试管苗不经练苗可直接出瓶,移栽于泥炭∶田土∶河沙＝１∶１∶１（Ｖ／Ｖ）的基质中。     

茄子(Solanum melongena L. var. grossum)花药培养的研究

通过花药培养进行单倍体育种的研究,目前在我国已取得了很大进展。为了加速蔬菜新品种的选育和现有品种的纯化,我们对茄子花药离体培养进行了一些研究,结果如下:材料与方法1.培养基培养花药及诱导愈伤组织分化,我们采用两种基本培养基,一是 MS 培养基,另一种是 NT 培养基的无机盐加 H 培养基的活性物质。转移小苗时用 H 培养基,并根据需要附加萘乙酸(NAA)、吲(口朶)乙酸(IAA)、2,4-D、生根剂(Racine)、激动素等物质,蔗糖为2—3％,琼脂0.8％,pH 调至5.8,最后热压(15磅,120℃)消毒20分钟。     

中华按蚊(Anopheles hyrcanus var.sinensis)的卵

根据文献记载,中华按蚊分布的地域很广,已在我国十九个省内发现(冯兰洲氏1938及1939)。从自然界采获的蚊体内,已经检查出疟原虫的囊胞(Oocyst)及胞子体(Sporozoite),同时间日疟的人工感染试验也已成功(冯兰洲氏1938及姚永政氏等1934),因此中华按蚊能够传播疟疾是毫无疑义的事实了。并且在文     

Enzymatic Properties of β-Xylosidase from Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea No. 48

Some enzymatic properties of Malbranchea β-xylosidase were investigated. The β- xylosidase activity was inhibited by Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, N-bromosuccinimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate and sodium laurylsulfate, while this activity was activated by Ca²⁺. The enzyme released xylose as the end product even from 10% xylobiose solution without forming any xylooligosaccharides. The enzyme well acted on aryl-β-d-xylosides, but showed no activity on alkyl-β-d-xylosides, and it was practically free from glucosidase activity. The Km and V_max values of this enzyme for xylobiose were calculated to be 2.86 × 10^?8 m and 34.5 μmoles/mg/min, respectively, and these values determined for phenyl-β-d-xyloside were 3.01 × 10^?8 m and 16.2 μmoles/mg/min, respectively.     

Two New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Spiraea japonica L. f. var.fortunei （Planchon） Rehd.

Two new hetisine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids named spiraqine (1) and 6-hydroxylspiraqine (2), and four known alkaloids, namely spiredine (3), spiradine A (4), spiradine B (5), and spirasine V/VI (6),were isolated from Spiraea japonica L. f. var.fortunei (Planchon) Rehd. The structures of the alkaloids were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry data.     

Experimentelle und biometrische Untersuchungen über die systematische Relevanz von Samen- und Fruchtmerkmalen anArabis glabra var.glabra und var.pseudoturritis (Brassicaceae)

Arabis glabra (L.)Bernh. var.pseudoturritis (Boiss. & Heldr.)Fiori (till now treated as a separate Mediterranean species:Arabis pseudoturritis Boiss. & Heldr.) differs fromA. glabra var.glabra only in the larger ± pleurorhizal seeds with a ± conspicuous wing that are arranged in one row in each loculus of the (sometimes longer) pods, the pedicels of the siliquae being shorter than in var.glabra. These closely correlated characters are of little systematic relevance according to biometrical and statistical analyses of both taxa and their experimental hybrids. Furthermore, there is correspondence in pod septum anatomy and chromosome number (2n = 12). This, the lack of intrinsic crossing barriers and sympatric occurence (outside the Mediterranean area!) in North America confirm the classification of these taxa as varieties withinA. glabra. Obviously, the seed and fruit characters discussed, are of even less value as generic characters for a separate genus Turritis (comprising Turritisglabra L.).

Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr.Hermann Merxmüller anläßlich der Vollendung seines 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet.     

Decarboxylation of α-Keto Acids by Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes

Decarboxylation rates for a series of C-3 to C-6 α-keto acids were determined in the presence of resting cells and cell-free extracts of Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes. The C-5 and C-6 acids branched at the penultimate carbon atom were converted most rapidly to the respective aldehydes in the manner described for α-carboxylases. Pyruvate and α-ketobutyrate did not behave as α-carboxylase substrates, in that O₂ was absorbed when they were reacted with resting cells. The same effect with pyruvate was noted in a nonmalty S. lactis, accounting for CO₂ produced by some “homofermentative” streptococci. Mixed substrate reactions indicated that the same enzyme was responsible for decarboxylation of α-ketoisocaproate and α-ketoisovalerate, but it appeared unlikely that this enzyme was responsible for the decarboxylation of pyruvate. Ultrasonic disruption of cells of the malty culture resulted in an extract inactive for decarboxylation of pyruvate in the absence of ferricyanide. Dialyzed cell-free extracts were inactive against all keto acids and could not be reactivated.     

中国水仙(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)的组织培养

以栽培的中国水仙Narcissus tazetta var.Chinensis鳞茎为实验材料,采取“无液处理”的简捷方法获取外植体,并筛选出中国水仙离体鳞茎培养的最佳培养基。     

Trigonelline inheritance in the interspecific Coffea pseudozanguebariae×C. liberica var. dewevrei cross

Trigonelline alkaloid is present in coffee beans, and during roasting it gives rise to the major coffee aroma compounds (several alkyl-pyridines and pyrroles). In this study we investigated the genetic inheritance of trigonelline accumulation in green beans in an interspecific cross between a wild east African species, Coffea pseudozanguebariae (PSE) and the west African species C. liberica var. dewevrei (DEW). Trigonelline content was measured by HPLC in both parental species, F₁ hybrids and the reciprocal backcross hybrids (BCDEW and BCPSE). The results showed that, on average, PSE accumulated twice as much trigonelline as DEW. No year effect or interaction (genotype×year) was recorded. Trigonelline showed high heritability (71%), which meant that the genotypic value could be easily estimated from the phenotypic value. However, the fact that this trait was not additive suggested the possibility of nucleo-cytoplasmic inheritance. This hypothesis was confirmed by: (1) similar levels of trigonelline content in the PSE, F₁, BCPSE and BCDEW groups, all having the same maternal cytoplasm, and (2) the location of one nuclear QTL on the G linkage group. Received: 2 May 2000 / Accepted: 19 June 2000     

Micropropagation of Araucaria excelsa R. Br. var. glauca Carrière from orthotropic stem explants

The objectives of the present work were in vitro propagation of Araucaria excelsa R. Br. var. glauca Carrière (Norfolk Island pine) with focus on the evaluation of the mean number of shoots per explant (MNS/E) and mean length of shoots per explants (MLS/E) produced by different parts of the orthotropic stem of A. excelsa R. Br. var. glauca in response to plant growth regulators. Norfolk Island pine axillary meristems responded very well to the 2-iso-pentenyl adenine (2iP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) levels. Explants taken from stem upper segments in the media containing 2iP had a higher MNS/E (3.47) and MLS/E (6.27 mm) in comparison to those taken from stem lower segments, which were 0.71 and 0.51 mm, respectively. Using 0.045 μM TDZ in the MS medium not only resulted in 4.60 MNS/E with 7.08 mm MLS/E but proliferated shoots showed a good performance as well. Investigating the best position of stem explant on mother plant as well as the best concentrations of growth regulators were performed which were useful for efficient micropropagation of this plant. Thirty three percent of explants were rooted in the MS medium containing 3 % sucrose, supplemented with 7.5 μM of both NAA and IBA for 2 weeks before transferring to a half strength MS medium without any growth regulator. Plantlets obtained were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse with less than 20 % mortality. This procedure considered the first successful report for regeneration and acclimatization of A. excelsa R. Br. var. glauca plantlet through main stem explants.     

Pädogame Automixis und Auxosporenbildung beiNitzschia frustulum var.perpusilla

Zusammenfassung BeiNitzschia frustulum var.perpusilla unterbleibt die Paarung, es werden bei normalem Ablauf der Gametogenese unter Klaffen der Theken ungepaarter Zellen zwei Gameten je Mutterzelle gebildet, die sich in einer nicht über die Thekenränder hervortretenden Gallerte umlagern, sich abkugeln und dann miteinander kopulieren. Es handelt sich um den ersten sicher nachgewiesenen Fall von Automixis innerhalb der GattungNitzschia.Die sich ebenfalls abkugelnde Zygote bildet eine dünne unverkieselte Wand, die beim folgenden Streckungswachstum in zwei Stücke zerreißt, welche als Kappen an den Polen der reifen Auxospore hängen.Das verkieselte Perizonium ist, wie auch beiNitzschia amphibia, geringelt, außerdem ist eine als Naht erscheinende Längsstruktur wohl das Längsperizonium im Sinnevon Stoschs, vorhanden.Vor der Bildung der Schalen der Erstlingszelle erfolgt eine starke Kontraktion (Spontanplasmolyse) des Protoplasten der Auxospore innerhalb des Perizoniums, wodurch sofort die definitive Zellform hergestellt wird. Der kontrahierte Protoplast umgibt sich mit einer dünnen, unverkieselten Wand, innerhalb welcher dann die beiden ersten Schalen mit normaler Streifen- und Raphestruktur entstehen. Es wird so außer der eigentlichen Auxospore mit ihrem Perizonium noch eine sekundäre Auxospore gebildet.Die Gameten- und Auxosporenbildung läßt sich leicht durch Übertragung auf frisches Kulturmedium (Agar mit verdünntem Meerwasser) auslösen. Sehr häufig treten eben entstandene Tochterzellen, die noch mit den Hypotheken aneinander haften, in die Auxosporenbildung ein, was zeigt, daß sich vegetatives Wachstum und Auxosporenbildung nicht wesentlich ausschließen.     

Potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from the roots of Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer var. major

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the CHCl₃ soluble portion of the roots of Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer var. major afforded an active fraction with inhibitory activity against baker’s yeast α-glucosidase with an IC₅₀ value 1.02 mg/mL. Furthermore, the active fraction isolated contained three previously unreported polyacetylenes, designated panaxjapynes A–C, together with 11 other compounds, including four polyacetylenes, five phenolic compounds, a sesquiterpenoid, and a sterol glucoside. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compared with the control acarbose (IC₅₀ 677.97 μM), six compounds were shown to be more potent α-glucosidase inhibitors with IC₅₀ values in the range 22.21–217.68 μM.     

切花荷兰鸢尾(Iris xiphium L. var. hybridum)低温处理与保鲜

在不同条件下,对荷兰鸢尾金皇后（Iris xiphium L.var.hybridum cv.Yellow Queen）和罗萨里奥（Iris xiphium L.var.hybridum cv.Rosarlo）品种的鲜切花材料进行了预冷和冷藏处理试验。结果表明：相同预冷和冷藏处理条件下,这2个品种切花的保鲜效果基本无差别。在不添加任何化学试剂且处理温度为2-4℃条件下,预冷处理以花蕾初现色期、相对湿度20％-30％且处理时间12-24h的保鲜效果为佳,其保鲜期比对照平均延长3-4d;冷藏处理以花蕾未现色或刚现色的切花材料,装入不完全密封的塑料薄膜袋中,袋中相对湿度为95％-98％的处理条件效果最佳,保鲜期可达7-10d。     

Combining ability and maternal effects in Brassica campestris L. var. ‘yellow sarson’

Summary A diallel analysis of combining ability, including maternal effects, genotype X environment interaction and the progress under selection, is reported in three selected crosses of Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson, involving 15 types, including 10 four-valved and 5 two-valved types from different parts of India. Twelve characters, including oil content, were studied in the f₁ generation.The investigation has revealed only marginal superiority of f₁'s over the parents for most of the characters related to yield. There was no relation between heterozygosity and stability of performance over environments for yield or its components or for oil content. Substantial maternal effects were observed which also interacted with environments. Creation of variation for primary and secondary branches would be essential for changing yield level in yellow sarson. The presence of limited additive variation available for selection for yield components should be augmented by biparental mating the early segregating generations to break linkages, and was demonstrated by the recombinants obtained when this method was adopted.The magnitude of genotype — environment interactions in this study, as compared with the total genetic components for yield, oil content, number of siliquae on main axis and presence of large reciprocal variances in relation to general and specific combining ability variances for practically all characters, and the large interaction of , narrowed down the expected effectiveness of selection.Biparental mating in the three best crosses yielded three new recombinants outyielding the best check T 10 by the margins of 14%, 39% and 15%, respectively, in the yield trial. These recombinants had more primary branches and secondary branches, larger main axes and more siliquae with an increased number of seeds per siliqua, than any of the F₁'s in this study.     

Purification and Some Properties of β-Xylosidase from Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea No. 48

A β-xylosidase of a thermophilic fungus, Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea No. 48, was purified 99-fold from the culture filtrate after ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, column electrophoresis and gel filtration on Sephadex G–200. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous upon ultracentrifugal analysis, disc electrophoresis and gel filtration. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 26,000 by gel filtration, and the sedimentation coefficient was calculated to be 2.78S. at 280 nm in phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) was 13.2. The optimum pH was found to be in the range of 6.2~6.8, and the optimum temperature was 50°C.     

‘Leaf tip hooding’ — an induced mutation inN. Tabacum,var. Delcrest

A leaf tip hooded mutant was isolated in the progenies of the irradiated seeds of a commercial tobacco variety, namely Delcrest. The mutant character was determined as monogenic recessive. Along with leaf tip hooding, certain other characters such as increase in size of leaves, number and clasping arrangement of leaves on stem, and delayed flowering, were found to be closely associated and this was attributed to the pleiotropic effect of the leaf tip hooding gene.