叶片毛尖对齿肋赤藓结皮凝结水形成及蒸发的影响

凝结水(隐匿降水)和降水是荒漠地区两种不同形式的水分来源,对荒漠生态系统极为重要。叶片毛尖(leaf hair points, LHPs)是很多荒漠藓类的重要外部形态结构特征,但它在藓类植物利用凝结水和降水中的作用尚不清楚。齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠藓类结皮的优势种,其叶片顶端具有较长的白色毛尖。本文采用自制微渗计(h=3.5 cm, d=5.7 cm)研究了正常有毛尖和人工去除毛尖的齿肋赤藓结皮的凝结水特征及其在3种模拟降水梯度(1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm)下的短期蒸发特征,结果表明：(1) 在凝结阶段,有毛尖结皮每时段的凝结水量均大于无毛尖结皮,但日出后有毛尖结皮凝结水下降速度稍快;有毛尖结皮的日凝结水量均大于无毛尖结皮,且前者的总凝结水量比后者多10.26%,即毛尖能增加10.26%的凝结水量。(2) 3种模拟降水梯度下,有毛尖结皮在各时段的累积蒸发率始终小于无毛尖结皮,以蒸发前期阶段最为明显,表明毛尖能显著减少和延缓结皮内的水分蒸发、延长植株水合时间,而且降水量越大减缓效果越明显。毛尖对这2种不同形式水分利用的差异是因为利用方式不同：对凝结水的利用主要归因于毛尖增大了结皮表面粗糙度,而减少对降水的蒸发主要是毛尖能反射阳光、形成内部毛细管及减小植株间隙的缘故。因此,毛尖的存在有利于齿肋赤藓结皮对凝结水和降水的利用,增强了藓类结皮对干旱环境的适应能力。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响

在水分极度匮乏的荒漠生态系统,凝结水是除降雨之外最重要的水分来源之一,它对荒漠生态系统结构、功能和过程的维持产生重要的影响。为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮表面的凝结水形成和蒸发特征,采用自制的微型蒸渗计(直径7 cm、高5 cm的PVC管)实验观测了不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮)对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)观测期间共有20次凝结水形成记录,除降雨天气外,几乎每天都能观测到水分凝结现象;(2)不同类型地表凝结水总量依次为(1.998±0.075),(2.326±0.083),(2.790±0.058)和(3.416±0.068) mm,生物结皮表面的凝结水总量显著大于裸沙(P < 0.05);随生物结皮的发育,不同类型生物结皮表面的凝结水总量呈增加的趋势,凝结水总量之间差异显著(P < 0.05);观测期间不同类型地表日平均凝结水量依次为(0.100±0.003),(0.116±0.004),(0.140±0.002)和(0.171± 0.003) mm,不同类型地表日平均凝结水量之间差异极显著(P < 0.01);(3)凝结水形成过程的观测结果显示,凝结水19:00开始形成,23:00-凌晨1:00形成不明显,1:00-7:00继续形成,除浅灰色藻类结皮外,太阳升出后在黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮表面继续形成少量的凝结水;凝结水7:30开始蒸发,10:30到11:00之间结束蒸发,凝结水在裸沙和浅灰色藻类结皮中的保持时间显著大于黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮中的保持时间(P < 0.05);(4)凝结水的形成受大气温度、地表温度、空气相对湿度和大气地表温度差等气象因素的影响,但其形成过程不与某一个气象因素呈简单的线性关系。     

荒漠结皮层藓类植物死亡对表层土壤水分蒸发和入渗的影响

水分是荒漠植物生长最主要的限制因子,藓类结皮作为荒漠土壤表层重要覆被物,对土壤水分蒸发入渗具有重要影响。研究表明,在全球气候变化背景下,不确定的降水格局变化导致结皮层藓类植物出现集群死亡现象,但这一过程对荒漠地表土壤水分蒸发与入渗过程的影响及其机理尚不清楚。以古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓结皮为研究对象,利用便携式渗透计和蒸发仪,研究了结皮层藓类植物死亡对土壤水分蒸发与入渗的影响。结果表明,与裸沙相比,藓类结皮的存在显著抑制了水分入渗,而藓类植物死亡的结皮层抑制作用最大,其初渗速率、稳渗速率和累积入渗量分别是活藓类结皮的39.89%、85.91%及64.48%,仅为裸沙的5.96%、13.13%及20.42%。在水分蒸发初期,裸沙的水分蒸发速率明显高于活藓类结皮和藓类植物死亡的结皮层,但藓类植物死亡的结皮层维持相对稳定的蒸发速率的时间长于裸沙和活藓类结皮,这也导致最终累计蒸发量以藓类植物死亡的结皮层最高、裸沙最低。可见,荒漠生物土壤结皮中藓类植物死亡会明显减少土壤水分入渗、增大水分蒸发,进一步影响荒漠表层土壤水分格局,从而影响生物土壤结皮与维管植物的水分利用关系。     

Photosynthetic and cytological recovery on remoistening <Emphasis Type="Italic">Syntrichia caninervis</Emphasis> Mitt., a desiccation-tolerant moss from Northwestern China

Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. is the dominant species in the moss crusts of the Gurbantunggut Desert, Northwestern China. We experimented with this species under controlled environmental conditions. Modulated chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence was used to test the speed of recovery as evidenced by the time course of photosynthetic activity following remoistening. Transmission electron microscopy was used to explore the cytological characteristics of the leaf cells. Minimum and maximum fluorescence (F₀ and F_M) and photosynthetic yield (F_V/F_M) of photosystem II (PSII) recovered quickly when shoots were remoistened in the dark. This was especially the case of F_V/F_M; within the first minute of remoistening this reached 90% or more of the value attained after 30 min. These physiological changes were closely paralleled by cytological changes that indicated no damage to membranes or organelles. Correlation analysis showed that Chl fluorescence decreased both above and below a narrow moisture optimum. Our results underline the capability of S. caninervis to photosynthesize after remoistening. Utilizing precipitation events such as dew, fog, rain, and melting snow allows S. caninervis to survive and grow in a harsh desert environment.     

生物结皮影响下沙漠土壤表面凝结水的形成与变化特征

在水资源匮乏的沙漠生境,凝结水是植物、生物结皮、无脊椎和脊椎小动物的重要水分来源之一.采用微渗计法对比研究3种生物结皮类型(藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮)和自然裸沙对地表凝结水量及凝结水蒸散过程的影响.微渗计的规格为内径6 cm,高3.5 cm的PVC管.研究结果表明:不同类型地表的总凝结水量之间存在极显著的差异(P < 0.01),总凝结水量随生物结皮发育水平呈显著增加的趋势,依次为:裸沙 < 藻结皮 < 地衣结皮 < 苔藓结皮,即生物结皮的存在有利于沙漠地表凝结水的形成.不同类型地表凝结水量的日均值有所差异.对于同一地表类型,凝结水量的最大值为最小值的数倍.黎明时,苔藓结皮的凝结水量最大,而裸沙的凝结水量最小,地衣结皮和藻结皮居中.凝结现象自20:00～22:00,次日8:00～9:00结束.大多数日出后凝结现象仍继续发生.不同类型地表的凝结及蒸散过程经历2个阶段:日出前凝结水量呈缓慢增加的趋势,日出后随温度的升高凝结水量快速减少,其中以苔藓结皮凝结水量下降最为迅速.凝结水量主要受温度、大气湿度、凝结面类型、气象条件和生境等方面因素的影响.     

不同微生境下齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)生理生化特性对不同季节的响应

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)作为典型的耐旱藓类,在古尔班通古特沙漠的藓类结皮中占优势地位。该沙漠的季节气候差异较大,冬季低温湿润,春季干旱,夏季高温且干旱。荒漠藓类植物叶片仅具单层细胞,对外界环境的变化十分敏感。而有关荒漠藓类植物在生理上如何适应这种剧烈环境变化还不得而知。研究测定了生长于两种不同微生境下的齿肋赤藓,经由低温湿润的冬季到干旱的春季再到高温干旱的夏季过程中生理生化变化特征,以探究不同微生境下齿肋赤藓在水热变化剧烈的不同季节的适应机制。研究发现:季节、微生境及二者的交互作用能够显著影响齿肋赤藓的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。夏季的高温干旱使齿肋赤藓的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量及3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于冬季及春季,而可溶性蛋白含量却呈相反趋势。干旱的春季齿肋赤藓脯氨酸及可溶性糖显著高于冬季。而在低温湿润的冬季,齿肋赤藓丙二醛含量及过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于春季。表明夏季齿肋赤藓所受胁迫最大,脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性大幅度提高。同时,在具有积雪覆盖的冬季,两种微生境下的齿肋赤藓生理生化特性无显著差异;而在无积雪覆盖的春夏季节,灌丛的遮阴作用为齿肋赤藓提供了水含量相对较高的良好生活环境,其下齿肋赤藓的渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性均显著低于裸露地。表明生长在裸露地的齿肋赤藓较活灌丛拥有更强的胁迫耐受性。     

NaCl对齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮层中的优势物种,对荒漠生态系统的稳定性及功能多样性具有十分重要的意义。利用透射电镜技术对不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞在未胁迫(0 mmol/L)处理下排列疏松,各种细胞结构完整,叶绿体基质排列均匀且叶绿体内含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。在轻度盐Na Cl胁迫(100 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞结构依然保持完整,叶绿体基质均匀,叶肉细胞超微结构仅有较小变化。在中度盐Na Cl胁迫(200、300 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞发生质壁分离,出现晶体结构,且中央大液泡发生破裂;叶绿体由梭形变成椭球形或圆球状,出现空泡化并伴随有轻微的解体;叶绿体类囊体肿胀,脂质球数量增加。在高度Na Cl胁迫(400、500 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓细胞的质壁分离加剧,叶肉细胞出现大量泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡;叶绿体片层结构消失,空泡化加重,脂质球数量增加且体积变大,叶绿体内外膜消失,叶绿体大部分解体,在叶肉细胞中几乎看不到叶绿体的存在。上述结果表明,叶绿体膜结构的损伤与盐胁迫下叶肉细胞死亡有密切关系。     

Hydrological response of biological soil crusts to global warming: A ten‐year simulative study

Biological soil crusts across the desert regions play a key role in regional ecological security and ecological health. They are vital biotic components of desert ecosystems that maintain soil stability, fix carbon and nitrogen, influence the establishment of vascular plants, and serve as habitats for a large number of arthropods and microorganisms, as well as influencing soil hydrological processes. Changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to influence the functioning of desert ecosystems by altering biotic components such as the species composition of biological soil crusts. However, it remains unclear how these important components will respond to the prolonged warming and reduced precipitation that is predicted to occur with climate change. To evaluate how the hydrological properties of these biological soil crusts respond to these alterations, we used open‐top chambers over a 10‐year period to simulate warming and reduced precipitation. Infiltration, dew entrapment, and evaporation were measured as surrogates of the hydrological functioning of biological soil crusts. It was found that the ongoing warming coupled with reduced precipitation will more strongly affect moss in crustal communities than lichens and cyanobacteria, which will lead to a direct alteration of the hydrological performance of biological soil crusts. Reductions in moss abundance, surface cover, and biomass resulted in a change in structure and function of crustal communities, decreased dew entrapment, and increased infiltration and evaporation of biological soil crusts in desert ecosystems, which further impacted on the desert soil water balance.     

荒漠齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)非结构性碳水化合物含量对植株脱水的响应

苔藓结皮作为生物土壤结皮演替的最高阶段和生物量的最主要贡献者,具有很强的环境适应性,对维持荒漠地表稳定和改善微环境具有重要作用。非结构性碳水化合物是植物重要的组成部分,能够抵御环境胁迫对植物造成的损伤。目前,荒漠藓类植物非结构碳水化合物对干旱的响应机制尚不清楚。选取古尔班通古特沙漠南缘和腹地苔藓结皮中优势藓类植物齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)为研究对象,对其在复水后脱水过程中非结构性碳水化合物含量变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:植株含水量在脱水24 h内下降趋势显著,此后趋于稳定。可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量在脱水1h内显著下降。可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量在脱水2—16 h没有显著的变化。但16—24 h可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量出现显著增加,脱水24—48 h,腹地齿肋赤藓可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉含量缓慢下降到复水前水平,而南缘可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖含量低于复水前水平。复水前不同地区齿肋赤藓非结构性碳水化合物含量存在显著性差异,脱水结束后两个地区齿肋赤藓非结构碳水化合物含量无显著差异。结果说明齿肋赤藓在不同地区其非结构性碳水化合物含量不同,在同一脱复水过程中不同地区齿肋赤藓非结构性碳水化合物含量表现出不同的变化趋势,主要原因是可溶性糖含量对脱水过程中水分胁迫的响应不同。齿肋赤藓脱水过程中非结构性碳水化合物的研究,有助于抗旱非维管植物在干旱环境中从降雨湿润进入干旱过程的适应策略研究。     

Dispersal and genetic differentiation of Syntrichia caninervis populations across different desert regions in China

• The moss Syntrichia caninervis is widely distributed in cool temperate and cold deserts where environmental pressures create a dependence on asexual reproduction (fragment reproduction). However, when compared to sporophyte‐producing mosses, there is a lack of evidence to support the capacity of drought‐tolerant mosses that predominantly fragment and produce protonema to disperse over long distances.
• We used 20 microsatellite loci to study genetic variation and structure in six populations (five natural populations and one population from a regeneration site) in three contrasting and widely separated regions of China.
• The genetic diversity and expected heterozygosity were lower in populations from the Tengger Desert than in populations from the other regions. Using PCoA, UPGMA and Structure analysis, the genetic grouping divided the three regions into three distinct groups. This may indicate that in regions where S. caninervis reproduces predominantly asexually, propagules are spread mainly by short‐distance dispersal. The genetic diversity of the population from the regeneration site in the Tengger Desert was slightly higher than that of the nearby, naturally occurring population, and included some input from the Pamir Plateau almost 2,300 km to the west, suggesting long‐distance dispersal of S. caninervis propagules across the region.
• Predominantly asexually reproducing populations of S. caninervis are mainly dependent on short‐distance dispersal. Long‐distance dispersal of S. caninervis propagules across the region is difficult. Establishment of populations with dominant asexual reproduction will eventually result in genetic differentiation.

     

Differential fragment regeneration in Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. from the Gurbantunggut Desert of China

Fragments of the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. were grown on the surface of moistened sand to assess their regeneration capacity. The plant material was collected in two different years (2014 and 2015) and divided into five fragment classifications (stem apices, green leaves, yellow-green leaves, brown leaves and stems). All fragments of the stem apices, green leaves and stems regenerated within 10 days of culture while some fragments of yellow-green leaves (two 2014 fragments and one 2015 fragment) and brown leaves (three 2014 fragments and three 2015 fragments) died. Fragments of stem, stem apices and green leaves regenerated more quickly, produced longer protonemata and more shoots as compared to fragments of yellow-green and brown leaves. These differences were statistically significant but there was no difference in regeneration between the fragments from 2014 and 2015. Differential regeneration and proliferation of different plant fragments has important implications for the clonal propagation of S. caninervis in the Gurbantunggut Desert.     

Ecophysiological analysis of moss-dominated biological soil crusts and their separate components from the Succulent Karoo, South Africa

Biological soil crusts, formed by an association of soil particles with cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses, fungi and bacteria in varying proportions, live in or directly on top of the uppermost soil layer. To evaluate their role in the global carbon cycle, gas exchange measurements were conducted under controlled conditions. Moss-dominated soil crusts were first analyzed as moss tufts on soil, then the mosses were removed and the soil was analyzed separately to obtain the physiological response of both soil and individual moss stems. Net photosynthetic response of moss stems and complete crusts was decreased by insufficient and excess amounts of water, resulting in optimum curves with similar ranges of optimum water content. Light saturation of both sample types occurred at high irradiance, but moss stems reached light compensation and saturation points at lower values. Optimum temperatures of moss stems ranged between 22 and 27°C, whereas complete crusts reached similar net photosynthesis between 7 and 27°C. Under optimum conditions, moss stems reached higher net photosynthesis (4.0 vs. 2.8 μmol m^?2 s^?1) and lower dark respiration rates (?0.9 vs. ?2.4 μmol m^?2 s^?1). Respiration rates of soil without moss stems were high (up to ?2.0 μmol m^?2 s^?1) causing by far lower absolute values of NP/DR ratios of soil crusts as compared to moss stems. In carbon balances, it therefore has to be clearly distinguished between measurements of soil crust components versus complete crusts. High rates of soil respiration may be caused by leaching of mosses, creating high-nutrient microsites that favor microorganism growth.     

Transplant Survivorship of Bryophyte Soil Crusts in the Mojave Desert

Patches of the dominant biological soil crust moss (Syntrichia caninervis) in the Mojave Desert were subjected to transplant experiments to test the survivability of crustal transplantation due to source or destination microhabitat. After a period of 27 months, all the reciprocally transplanted and replanted sections had survived. However, percent cover of the reciprocally transplanted patches declined 20–50% relative to initial cover compared to a decline in cover of 36–52% for the replanted patches. Similarly, shoot density declined an average of 26% in the transplants and replants. Shoot mortality was essentially negligible through the first 21 months of the study and then declining across all treatments to approximately 5–10 dead shoots/cm². However, this shoot death was also observed in equivalent densities in the host patches, indicative of a community‐wide decline in plant health that was probably related to a regional rainfall deficit over this period. A tendency existed for plants moved from a shaded site to have reduced shoot density in the new site, and plants moved into exposed sites lost significantly more cover than plants moved into shaded sites. These seemingly conflicting trends result from one of the transplant treatments, the shaded to exposed, exhibiting a greater loss in shoot density and decline in cover than its reciprocal transplant, exposed to shaded. For soil restoration of disturbed bryophyte crusts, we recommend using as source material both the exposed and the shaded portions of the crust but avoiding moving Syntrichia from a shaded site into an exposed site.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘藻结皮与藓结皮放线菌多样性及其潜在代谢功能

放线菌作为干旱、半干旱环境中生物土壤结皮(Biological Soil Crusts,BSCs)组成的重要生命存在形式之一,不仅是潜在临床有用天然产物化学多样性的重要来源,也是该生态系统物质循环与能量流动的重要参与者。以腾格里沙漠东南缘广泛分布的藻结皮和藓结皮为研究对象,通过宏基因组测序比较分析两种BSCs放线菌种群的分布特征、组成及其潜在代谢功能。结果表明,腾格里沙漠东南缘藻结皮与藓结皮土壤微生物组主要形成以地嗜皮菌属、红色杆菌属、类诺卡氏菌属、游动放线菌属、芽生球菌属、链霉菌属、贫养杆菌属、糖丝菌属、土壤红杆菌属、假诺卡氏菌属、小单孢子菌属、康奈斯氏杆菌属、大理石雕菌属、小月菌属以及弗兰克氏菌属等为主要类群的放线菌群落结构,在两种BSCs类型之间各属分布存在差异。藓结皮中放线菌参与的氨基糖与核苷酸糖代谢、原核生物中的碳固定途径、丁酸代谢、丙酸代谢、丙氨酸/天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、甲烷代谢、2-羰基羧酸代谢、肽聚糖生物合成、淀粉与蔗糖代谢以及缬氨酸/亮氨酸与异亮氨酸降解显著高于藻结皮。藓结皮中地嗜皮菌属和红色杆菌属对相对丰度前10的代谢功能分类的贡献度显著低于藻结皮,而类诺卡氏菌属...     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭冠下裸斑形成土壤学机制

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭与齿肋赤藓共生区域中,梭梭冠下常形成藓类结皮裸露斑块。为研究梭梭冠下裸斑形成机理,以裸斑内土壤、裸斑外藓类结皮土壤、背景裸地土壤以及背景藓类结皮土壤为研究对象,测定四类土壤营养物质含量和理化因子,并测定土壤代谢组以及分析其之间差异。结果表明,裸斑内土壤养分及生态化学计量比与裸斑外藓类结皮和背景藓类结皮土壤并无显著性差异,土壤养分及生态化学计量并非造成梭梭冠下藓类裸斑的原因。裸斑内土壤Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄、CO^2-₃、HCO^-₃含量显著高于裸斑外土壤、背景裸地土壤和背景结皮土壤,总盐含量最高为1.705 g/kg。这个含量不足以对齿肋赤藓正常生长造成影响,因此裸斑内土壤中较高的离子浓度也并非藓类裸斑产生的原因。土壤代谢组结果显示不同土壤代谢物具有极显著差异,油酰胺等酰胺类化合物相对丰度最高,占总代谢物的72.68%,且在裸斑内土壤中相对丰度显著高于裸斑藓类结皮土壤、裸地土壤和背景结皮土壤,因此推测裸斑内土壤中油酰胺等酰胺类化合物可能是抑制齿肋赤藓生长的主要原因,是造成古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭冠下藓类裸斑产生的主要土壤学机制。     

Effects of chemical substances on the rapid cultivation of moss crusts in a phytotron from the Loess Plateau,China

In this study, typical moss crusts, which were dominated by the species Didymodon vinealis (Brid.) Zand., were collected from the Loess Plateau and a 65-day cultivation experiment was performed to study the effects of five kinds of nutrient solutions (Knop, Murashige-Skoog (MS), Benecke, Part and Hoagland), two kinds of carbohydrates (glucose and sucrose) and three kinds of plant growth regulators (thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)) on the coverage, plant density, and plant height of moss crusts. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) All Knop, MS, Benecke, Part and Hoagland nutrient solutions improved the coverage and plant density of moss crusts to different degrees and the promotional effects of the Hoagland nutrient solution were most significant. (2) Glucose and sucrose could promote the formation of moss crusts, but they inhibited the development of moss crusts at concentrations greater than 10?g/L. (3) With an increase in concentration, the effects of TDZ on the development of moss crusts changed from “enhanced” to “inhibited”. Regardless of whether the concentration was high or low, 6BA had no significant effects on the growth of moss crusts, and NAA reduced the development of moss crusts. Results suggest that nutrient solutions (e.g. Hoagland), low concentration carbohydrates solutions, and some plant growth regulators (e.g. 1?mg/L TDZ) enhance the development of moss crusts in Loess Plateau under the appropriate environmental conditions.     

NaCl胁迫对荒漠苔藓齿肋赤藓膜结构稳定性的影响

苔藓结皮作为生物土壤结皮演替的最高阶段和生物量的最主要贡献者,对维持荒漠地表稳定和改善微环境具有重要作用。齿肋赤藓Syntrichia caninervis Mitt.作为荒漠苔藓结皮的优势种,是不可多得的开展抗逆性资源研究的重要材料。研究对齿肋赤藓进行不同NaCl浓度 (0、200、300和400 mmol/L) 和不同胁迫时间 (处理1 d、2 d、3 d、5 d、7 d和14 d) 处理,主要从结构特性和生理特性对其膜结构进行研究。结果表明:齿肋赤藓在中浓度NaCl胁迫 (200 mmol/L和300 mmol/L) 下均未观察到电导率显著变化,而随着胁迫时间的增加,细胞超微结构发生明显变化,特别在高浓度NaCl胁迫 (400 mmol/L) 下,细胞发生严重的质壁分离,叶肉细胞部分发生死亡,且出现大量泡状结构,而叶绿体大部分解体,片层结构消失,淀粉粒数量增加且体积变大,但这一过程中没有膜损坏的直接证据。据此关于齿肋赤藓耐受NaCl胁迫的膜结构稳定性有2种可能推测:(1) 齿肋赤藓具有特殊的形态和解剖特征,例如:细胞壁较厚,且存在角隅加厚现象,使其能够在恶劣的盐胁迫环境下生存,并保留细胞结构完好无损;(2) 在NaCl胁迫过程中,快速且持续的增加可溶性糖 ("组成性" 保护物质) 和游离脯氨酸,有助于提高细胞膜的稳定性。荒漠苔藓齿肋赤藓虽然没有被定义为盐生植物,但以上研究结果表明,齿肋赤藓可以作为一种新的模式物种展开关于盐胁迫方面的研究。     

Population dynamics of Echinops gmelinii Turcz. at different successional stages of biological soil crusts in a temperate desert in China

• The effects of biological soil crusts (BSC) on vascular plant growth can be positive, neutral or negative, and little information is available on the impacts of different BSC successional stages on vascular plant population dynamics.
• We analysed seedling emergence, survival, plant growth and reproduction in response to different BSC successional stages (i.e. habitats: bare soil, cyanobacteria, lichen and moss crusts) in natural populations of Echinops gmelinii Turcz. in the Tengger Desert of northwest China. The winter annual E. gmelinii is a dominant pioneer herb after sand stabilisation.
• During the early stages of BSC succession, the studied populations of E. gmelinii were characterised by high density, plant growth and fecundity. As the BSC succession proceeded beyond moss crusts, the fecundity decreased sharply, which limited seedling recruitment. Differences in seedling survival among the successional stages were not evident, indicating that BSC have little effect on survival in arid desert regions. Moreover, E. gmelinii biomass allocation exhibited low plasticity, and only reproductive allocation was sensitive to the various habitats. Our results further suggest that the negative effects of BSC succession on population dynamics are primarily driven by increasing topsoil water‐holding capacity and decreasing rain water infiltration into deeper soil.
• We conclude that BSC succession drives population dynamics of E. gmelinii, primarily via its effect on soil moisture. The primary cause for E. gmelinii population decline during the moss‐dominated stage of BSC succession is decreased fecundity of individual plants, with declining seed mass possibly reducing the success of seedling establishment.

     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖区土壤水分收支变化特征

探究半干旱生态系统生物土壤结皮对土壤水文过程的影响,并量化生物结皮覆盖下土壤水分收支状况,可为荒漠地区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。本研究基于2018—2020年生长季(5—10月)对毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮(如藻类和苔藓)覆盖区土壤水分的连续观测,以裸沙为对照,分析了生物结皮对0～40 cm土壤水分收支的影响。结果表明: 与裸沙相比,藻类结皮和苔藓结皮显著降低了降雨对40 cm以下土壤水分的补充,增加了土壤水分的蒸发损失。在相对湿润年份(2018年),裸沙和不同类型生物结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量(渗漏量+蒸发量)均低于降雨量,土壤水分状况为收入;在相对干旱年份(2019和2020年),藻类结皮和苔藓结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量高于降雨量,土壤水分产生亏缺,但是裸沙相反。可见,生物结皮导致其下覆0～40 cm土壤水分收支不平衡,在相对干旱年份出现了水分亏缺,这可能驱动该区域植被群落向浅根系植物演替。