江浙蝮蛇毒L—氨基酸氧化酶的分离纯化及其性质鉴定

从江浙蝮蛇粗毒中经SephadexG 15 0凝胶过滤、DEAE SepharoseCL 6B以及FPLCSuperose 12分离出一种蛋白质。该蛋白质经SDS PAGE测定在非还原和还原条件下分子量均为 5 7kD左右 ,等电聚焦测得其等电点约为 4.9。生物活性测定表明该蛋白质具有L 氨基酸氧化酶活性 ,能够抑制由ADP和胶原所引起的血小板聚集 ,具有抑制革兰氏阴性菌的作用 ;并且具有细胞毒性 ,能够诱导细胞凋亡     

浙江产蝮蛇蛇毒对血小板聚集的影响

浙江产蝮蛇蛇毒的分离参照涂光俦(1979)的方法。浙江产蝮蛇蛇毒经DEAE-Sephadex A-50柱层析分离后得到14个蛋白峰,各峰的蛋白含量见表1。将收集的各峰经适当稀释后取0.2ml进行酶活力测定,除磷脂A酶活力按吴新陆、陈远聪(1981)方法测定外,其他酶活力测定如前文(云南省动物研究所,1976),然后做各峰对血小板聚集功能的影响,参照阮长耿等(1983)的方法,所用诱导剂的浓度为ADP(2μM),AA(100μg/ml)以及PAF(3×10~(-7)M),用这三种诱导剂诱导键康人对血小板产生不可逆性聚集,聚集强度分别为75％,75％和70％。粗毒在最终浓度为250μg/ml时能完全抑制上述三种诱导剂所致的血小板聚集。     

平颏海蛇毒的毒理学研究

用CM-sephadex C-50柱层析,醋酸铵缓冲液洗脱,从平颏海蛇(Lapemis hardwickii)毒腺提取物中分得15个蛋白组分。其中2个有磷脂酶A_2活性,用免疫学方法证实为肌肉毒组分。其中10个是能作用于突触后膜的神经毒组分。肌肉毒的蛋白质含量约占粗毒蛋白质总量的32.2％。神经毒的蛋白质含量约占粗毒蛋白质总量的52.3％。神经毒的毒性比肌肉毒的毒性强。这些结果提示,平颏海蛇毒有肌肉毒和神经毒两种。神经毒是平颏海蛇毒的主要毒性成分。     

烙铁头Trimeresurus Mucrosquamatus蛇毒对血小板的活化作用

烙铁头Trimeresurus Mucrosquamatus蛇毒(TMV)可引起人和多种动物(狗、家兔、豚鼠)血小板的活化,发生聚集。血小板聚集强度与加入TMV的量有关。豚鼠血小板对TMV最为敏感,TMV引起豚鼠、家兔、狗和人的血小板聚集的最低剂量分别为0.6、12.5、2.0、2.0μg/ml。EDTA抑制而肝素不影响TMV对血小板的聚集作用。TMV的血小板聚集反应伴有5羟色胺的释放,引起家兔血小板5羟色胺最大释放(72％)的TMV剂量为100μg/ml。TMV还可以诱导血小板血栓恶烷A_2的形成。阿斯匹林能阻断TMV诱导的血栓恶烷A_2的生成,但并不抑制TMV引起的血小板聚集反应,提示TMV可能通过不依赖于血栓恶烷A_2的途径活化。初步结果表明TMV是研究血小板生理机制的有用工具。     

尖吻蝮蛇毒内一种新的抗血小板凝集蛋白agkisacutacin的纯化及其性质

从皖南尖吻蝮蛇毒中经阴离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析分离纯化得到抗血小板凝集蛋白agkisacutacin ,纯化的agkisacutacin由分子量为 1 4kD和 1 5kD的 2条肽链通过二硫键连接 ,能有效抑制ristocetin诱导的血小板凝集 (IC5 0 为 1 8.5mg/L) ,能轻微抑制凝血酶诱导的血小板聚集 (IC5 0 为 1 .2 2 g/L) ,但对ADP、胶原诱导的血小板聚集无影响。agkisacutacin不具有纤溶活性、抗凝活性、磷脂酶A2 活性和出血活性 ,是一种潜在的安全、有效的抗血小板性栓塞的药物     

尖吻蝮蛇毒无出血活性纤维蛋白溶解酶对动物凝血功能的影响

为探讨尖吻蝮蛇毒无出血活性纤维蛋白溶解酶 (NHFLE)对动物凝血功能的影响 ,作者应用家兔、大鼠作动物体内外实验观察 NHFLE对血小板聚集的影响及对凝血功能的影响 ,分别测定了纤维蛋白含量、全血凝固时间(CT)、活化的部分凝血酶原时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间 (PT)和优球蛋白溶解时间 (ELT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)以及血小板聚集率等。结果无论是体外法还是体内法 ,尖吻蝮蛇毒 NHFLE都能明显延长 CT、 APTT、 PT、 TT,缩短 ELT的溶解时间 ,明显降低纤维蛋白原的含量 ,给药后 30 min纤维蛋白原降低最明显 ,但对血小板聚集均无抑制作…     

毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板聚集功能初探

目的为了探讨血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板功能情况,了解临床中毒发病机理。方法对近年来在本院急诊科确诊的五步蛇(Da.),蝮蛇(Ah.),眼镜蛇(Nn.),眼镜王蛇(Oh.),蝰蛇(Vr.),烙铁头(Tm.)和竹叶青(Ts.)等各种血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤17例病人25个血样,进行最大血小板聚集率(MAR)的检查和分析研究。结果除了Da未见MAR下降外(仅1例1个样品),其余各蛇种咬伤的样品均有下降。在获得未经治疗(抗蛇毒血清)的15个样品的检查结果中,进行统计分析,Vr、Tm以及Ah的MAR比正常人对照组(51.3±16.0)%明显下降。结论蛇毒中的血小板集聚抑制因子,可引起蛇伤患者体内血小板聚集功能下降,血小板处于无用状态,结果有些蛇伤病人DIC样综合征时出现严重出血而无明显微循环血栓形成致器官受损的临床症状。     

墨江蜈蚣与少棘蜈蚣的比较研究：II.药效和毒理

本文比较了墨江蜈蚣与少棘蜈蚣的药效学和毒理学作用,实验包括抗惊厥试验、对致病性真菌和细菌体外生长的影响、急性毒性试验和染色体畸变实验等。结果两种蜈蚣的３％醋酸提取液对所试的真菌有抑制作用但无杀真菌作用,而对细菌无抑制作用。两种蜈蚣的毒性很低,在给小鼠５０ｇ／ｋｇ的剂量下都无法测出ＬＤ５０。在２０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ条件下的致突变率与未给药的突变率接近,表明两者都无遗传毒性。     

墨江蜈蚣与少棘蜈蚣的比较研究──Ⅱ．药效和毒理

本文比较了墨江蜈蚣与少棘蜈蚣的药效学和毒理学作用，实验包括抗惊厥试验、对致病性真菌和细菌体外生长的影响、急性毒性试验和染色体畸变实验等。结果两种蜈蚣的３％醋酸提取液对所试的真菌有抑制作用但无杀真菌作用，而对细菌无抑制作用。两种蜈蚣的毒性很低，在给小鼠５０ｇ／ｋｇ的剂量下都无法测出ＬＤ５０。在２０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ条件下的致突变率与未给药的突变率接近，表明两者都无遗传毒性。     

苏云金杆菌伴孢晶体的蛋白质和抗蛋白酶多肽及其毒力特性

以SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了19种苏云金杆菌伴孢晶体的蛋白质和抗胰蛋白酶多肽。以鳞翅目的家蚕和双翅目的致倦库蚊进行了毒力测定。根据蛋白质和抗酶多肽的特性,19种晶体可分为7个类型。晶体蛋白质的组成、溶解特性及抗酶多肽的性质与其对两种昆虫的毒力特性密切相关。含分子量为130—138 kD(千道尔顿)或130—138 kD及60一65kD蛋白质,抗蛋白酶多肽(PRP)为68—75kD的晶体,对家蚕高毒,但绝大部分对库蚊无毒或微毒。含3种以上蛋白质(15一138kD),抗酶多肽为35—65kD的晶体,对库蚊有强烈毒性,对家蚕则无毒。缺少135kD蛋白质的两种晶体对家蚕低毒。HD一282和L—14晶体的P1蛋白质中同时含有杀鳞翅目和杀蚊毒素。讨论了伴孢晶体的蛋白质结构及结构与毒力之间的关系、晶体蛋白质及毒性肽的性质在菌株定向筛选和遗传工程研究中的意义。     

一种新的烙铁头蛇毒肌肉毒素

用分子筛和快速蛋白质液相色谱从烙铁头（ＴＲｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓ ｍｕｃｒｏｓｑｕａｍａｔｕｓ）蛇毒中分离了一个新的碱性肌肉毒素,命名为ＴＭＰＢ。它的分子量为１６０００,等电点为９．２．用蛋白质序列仪测定了其Ｎ端２４个氨基酸残基,ＴＭＰＢ与其他两个从同种蛇毒中分离到的碱性磷酯酶Ａ２的同源性分别为４１．７％和５４．２％《     

Physiological and biochemical analysis of L. tredecimguttatus venom collected by electrical stimulation

The L. tredecimguttatus venom was collected by electrical stimulation and systematically analyzed. Gel electrophoresis and RP-HPLC showed that the venom consisted primarily of proteins with molecular weights above 10 kDa, most of which were high-molecular-mass acidic proteins, with fewer proteins and peptides below 10 kDa. The most abundant proteins in the venom were concentrated at around 100 kDa, which included latrotoxins- the principal toxic components of the venom. Injection of the venom in mice and cockroaches P. americana gave rise to obvious poisoned symptoms, with LD50 values of 0.16 mg/kg and 1.87 microg/g, respectively. Electrophysiological experiments showed that the venom could block the neuromuscular transmission in isolated mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm and rat vas deferens preparations. The low-molecular-weight fraction (<10 kDa) of the venom had no effect on the transmission. Enzymatic analysis indicated that the venom possess activities of several kinds of hydrolases including hyaluronidase and proteases. These results demonstrated that L. tredecimguttatus venom was basically a large-protein-constituted venom and is one of the most poisonous spider venoms known in the world. The mammalian toxicity of the venom was based on its larger proteins rather than on smaller proteins and peptides, and its hydrolase activities might be involved in the latrodectism. The use of electrical stimulation method to collect the venom has the advantages of avoiding contamination and repeated use of the valuable L. tredecimguttatus venom resources.     

Biphasic effect on platelet aggregation by phospholipase a purified from Vipera russellii snake venom

A basic phospholipase A was isolated from Vipera russellii snake venom. It induced a biphasic effect on washed rabbit platelets suspended in Tyrode's solution. The first phase was a reversible aggregation which was dependent on stirring and extracellular calcium. The second phase was an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, occurring 5 min after the addition of the venom phospholipase A without stirring or after a recovery from the reversible aggregation. The aggregating phase could be inhibited by indomethacin, tetracaine, papaverine, creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase, mepacrine, verapamil, sodium nitroprusside, prostaglandin E1 or bovine serum albumin. The venom phospholipase A released free fatty acids from synthetic phosphatidylcholine and intact platelets. p-Bromophenacyl bromide-modified venom phospholipase A lost its phospholipase A enzymatic and platelet-aggregating activities, but protected platelets from the aggregation induced by the native enzyme. The second phase of the venom phospholipase A action showed a different degree of inhibition on platelet aggregation induced by some activators in following order: arachidonic acid greater than collagen greater than thrombin greater than ionophore A23187. The longer the incubation time or the higher the concentration of the venom phospholipase A, the more pronounced was the inhibitory effect. The venom phospholipase A did not affect the thrombin-induced release reaction which was caused by intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in the presence of EDTA, but inhibited collagen-induced release reaction which was caused by Ca2+ influx from extracellular medium. The inhibitory effect of the venom phospholipase A and also lysophosphatidylcholine or arachidonic acid could be antagonized or reversed by bovine serum albumin. It was concluded that the first stimulatory phase of the venom phospholipase A action might be due to arachidonate liberation from platelet membrane. The second phase of inhibition of platelet aggregation and the release of ATP might be due to the inhibitory action of the split products produced by this venom phospholipase A.     

眼镜蛇毒中一个新的抗补体蛋白的分离纯化和性质研究

免疫性疾病、急性肺损伤、缺血再灌注损伤等病征的发生与补体异常激活密切相关。抗补体药物研究是新药开发的热点之一。本研究旨在从中华眼镜蛇毒中发现并分离纯化获得新的抗补体活性蛋白质,并对其理化性质和生物学活性加以研究。在抗补体活性追踪的指导下,采用蛋白质层析技术对眼镜蛇毒进行分离纯化;利用MALDI-TOF-MS、SDS-PAGE和葡聚糖凝胶过滤法测定目标蛋白质的纯度及分子量;等电聚焦凝胶电泳法测定其等电点;采用Edman降解法测定目标蛋白质的N-端氨基酸序列;测定目标蛋白质对补体经典途径和旁路途径的抑制活性以及可能的机制;采用MTT法和SRB法检测目标蛋白质对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用;测定目标蛋白质对多种来源红细胞的溶血活性;采用KB平板扩散法检测抗菌活性。结果表明,通过SP Sephadex C-25阳离子交换层析和RP-HPLC C18反相层析,从中华眼镜蛇毒中分离纯化获得一个均一的抗补体蛋白质,将其命名为CTX-CI。还原性SDS-PAGE测得CTX-CI的表观分子量为12.7 kD,凝胶过滤法测得分子量为9.7 kD,MALDI-TOF-MS测得精确分子质量为7.0 kD;变性条件下测得CTX-CI的等电点为9-81;N-端氨基酸序列为LKCH。相关活性测定结果表明,CTX-CI能有效抑制人血清补体经典途径,其IC50为0.046 g/L,但对补体旁路途径无明显抑制作用;机制研究表明,CTX-CI能抑制补体经典途径C3转化酶的形成。同时,CTX-CI对肿瘤细胞株A549、K562和MCF-7细胞表现出抑制作用,其IC50分别为0.32 g/L、0.58 g/L、0.63 g/L;对豚鼠红细胞有轻微的溶血作用;能抑制枯草芽孢杆菌和藤黄微球菌的生长。综上所述,本研究从中华眼镜蛇毒中分离纯化出一个新的抗补体蛋白质CTX-CI,其理化性质和生物学活性表明其属于细胞毒素,CTX-CI能明显抑制补体经典途径,其机制与抑制经典途径C3转化酶的形成有关。     

Effects of 60Co gamma radiation on toxicity and hemorrhagic, myonecrotic, and edema-forming activities of Cerastes cerastes venom

Antisera are used as effective antidotes against the local effects of snake bites. To improve antisera production and extend the life of surrogates used to produce antibodies, the chronic effects of venom toxicity must be reduced. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of gamma irradiation to reduce the local effects associated with viperid snake bites by evaluating in NMRI mice the toxicity and edematic, hemorrhagic, and myonecrotic activities of native and irradiated Cerastes cerastes venoms. These results indicated that the toxicity of irradiated venoms (1 and 2 kGy) decreased as compared with that of native venom. The edematic and hemorrhagic activities were also reduced in the detoxified samples, particularly with the 2-kGy radiation dose. Furthermore, the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was significantly increased in the serum and decreased in the myocardium after envenomation with native venom, but no significant enzymatic changes were observed in mice envenomated with irradiated venom. Histopathologic evaluation showed that native venom caused severe degenerative changes in the myocardium. In the case of 2-kGy-irradiated venom, no tissue alterations were observed. These results indicate that irradiation of venom with a 2-kGy dose may offer an effective method for reducing the chronic toxic effects of venom in immunized animals.     

A new insect neurotoxin AngP1 with analgesic effect from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch: purification and characterization.

An insect toxin named BmK AngP1 was purified from the venom of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK). It also shows an evident analgesic effect on mice, but is interestingly devoid of mammalian toxicity. Bioassay showed that the CPU value of AngP1 was 0.01 microg/body ( approximately 30 mg) for the excitatory insect toxicity and 43.0% inhibition efficiency for analgesia at a dose of 5 mg/kg. However, even at the dosage of 10 mg/kg no detectable toxicity on mice could be found. The isoelectric point (pI) value for AngP1 was 4.0, and its molecular mass analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS was 8141.0. The first 15 N-terminal residues of AngP1 were determined by Edman degradation and showed high similarity to that of other excitatory scorpion insect toxins. The circular dichroism spectroscopy measured on a JASCO J-720 system showed that there were 10.4% alpha-helix, 46.2% beta-strand and 14.1% turn structure in this peptide. Under two conditions single crystals of AngP1 were obtained.     

Characterization of a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor from Agkistrodon rhodostoma snake venom

By means of CM-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-50 columns, a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor was purified and characterized. It was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 31,000. It was devoid of phospholipase A, ADPase, esterase and fibrino(geno)lytic activities. It inhibited dose-dependently the aggregation of washed platelets induced by collagen, thrombin, sodium arachidonate, platelet activating factor and ionophore A23187 with a similar IC50 (5-10 micrograms/ml). It was also active in platelet-rich plasma, with an IC50 of 10-15 micrograms/ml. The venom inhibitor reduced the elasticity of whole blood clot and inhibited the thrombin-induced clot retraction of platelet-rich plasma. These activities were related to its inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation rather than blood coagulation. The venom inhibitor had various effects on [14C]serotonin release stimulated by aggregation agonists. It had no effect on thromboxane B2 formation of platelets stimulated by sodium arachidonate, collagen and ionophore A23187. The presence of this venom inhibitor prior to the initiation of aggregation was a prerequisite for the maintenance of its maximal activity. It showed a similar inhibitory effect on collagen or thrombin-induced aggregation even when it was added after the platelets had undergone the shape change. High fibrinogen levels partially antagonized its activity. The venom inhibitor completely inhibited the fibrinogen-induced aggregation of alpha-chymotrypsin-treated platelets. It is concluded that this venom inhibitor interferes with the interaction of fibrinogen with fibrinogen receptors, leading to inhibition of aggregation.     

五步蛇毒血小板聚集抑制因子cDNA的克隆及表达

采用一步法抽提五步蛇毒腺总ＲＮＡ,通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的扩增出低分子量金属蛋白酶酶原的ｃＤＮＡ,克隆并测定了全序列。根据推导的氨基酸序列,发现其中一个ｃＤＮＡ除编码一个低分子量金属蛋白酶外,羧基端还包括一个血小板聚集抑制因子,这一结果证实了蛇毒金属蛋白酶和血小板聚集抑制因子起源于蛇毒金属蛋白酶酶原的前体。     

Cloning and expression of an acidic platelet aggregation inhibitor phospholipase A2 cDNA from Bothrops jararacussu venom gland

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2, E.C. 3.1.1.4) superfamily is defined by enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 bond of phosphoglycerides. Most PLA2s from the venom of Bothrops species are basic proteins, which have been well characterized both structurally and functionally, however, little is known about acidic PLA2s from this venom. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that they are non-toxic, with high catalytic and hypotensive activities and show the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. To further understand the function of these proteins, we have isolated a cDNA that encodes an acidic PLA2 from a cDNA library prepared from the poly(A)+ RNA of venom gland of Bothrops jararacussu. The full-length nucleotide sequence of 366 base pairs encodes a predicted gene product with 122 amino acid with theoretical isoelectric point and size of 5.28 and 13,685 kDa, respectively. This acidic PLA2 sequence was cloned into expression vector pET11a (+) and expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 14 kDa recombinant protein was determined. The recombinant acidic PLA2 protein was submitted to refolding and to be purified by RP-HPLC chromatography. The structure and function of the recombinant protein was compared to that of the native protein by circular dichroism (CD), enzymatic activity, edema-inducing, and platelet aggregation inhibition activities.     

Molecular cloning and expression of a functional snake venom serine proteinase,with platelet aggregating activity,from the Cerastes cerastes viper

The venoms of Viperidae snakes contain numerous serine proteinases that have been recognized to possess one or more of the essential activities of thrombin on fibrinogen and platelets. Among them, a platelet proaggregant protein, cerastocytin, has been isolated from the venom of the Tunisian viper Cerastes cerastes. Using the RACE-PCR technique, we isolated and identified the complete nucleotide sequence of a cDNA serine proteinase precursor. The recombinant protein was designated rCC-PPP (for C. cerastes platelet proaggregant protein), since its deduced amino acid sequence is more than 96% identical to the partial polypeptide sequences that have been determined for natural cerastocytin. The structure of the rCC-PPP cDNA is similar to that of snake venom serine proteinases. The expression of rCC-PPP in Escherichia coli system allowed, for the first time, the preparation and purification of an active protein from snake venom with platelet proaggregant and fibrinogenolytic activities. Purified rCC-PPP efficiently activates blood platelets at nanomolar (8 nM) concentrations, as do natural cerastocytin (5 nM) and thrombin (1 nM). It is able to clot purified fibrinogen and to hydrolyze alpha-chains. Thus, rCC-PPP could be therefore considered a cerastocytin isoform. By comparison with other snake venom serine proteinases, a Gly replaces the conserved Cys(42). This implies that rCC-PPP lacks the conserved Cys(42)-Cys(58) disulfide bridge. A structural analysis performed by molecular modeling indicated that the segment of residues Tyr(67)-Arg(80) of rCC-PPP corresponds to anion-binding exosite 1 of thrombin that is involved in its capacity to induce platelet aggregation. Furthermore, the surface of the rCC-PPP molecule is characterized by a hydrophobic pocket, comprising the 90 loop (Phe(90)-Val(99)), Tyr(172), and Trp(215) residues, which might be involved in the fibrinogen clotting activity of rCC-PPP.