合肥秋冬季茶园天敌对假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜的空间跟随关系

为了合理保护和利用天敌及科学地选取抽样方法,开展了合肥地区秋冬季4个品种茶园假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitisGothe和茶蚜Toxoptera aurantii Boyer与其天敌之间空间关系研究,运用地学统计学方法求得天敌和害虫各自的变程,用灰色关联度分析方法分析害虫与天敌变程的关联度,关联度值越大的天敌在空间上对害虫的跟随关系越密切。分析了2010年9月28日至11月25日期间假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜数量最少的舒茶早茶园和二种害虫数量最多的平阳特早茶园天敌对害虫空间上的跟随关系,结果表明,二种茶园的假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜及其4种主要天敌均为聚集分布,舒茶早茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus L.Koch(0.8594)和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum Sundevall(0.8397),与茶蚜空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是草间小黑蛛(0.7448)和斜纹猫蛛(0.7433);平阳特早茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是八斑球腹蛛Theridion ocomaculatum Bose.et Str(0.8207)和斜纹猫蛛(0.8104),与茶蚜空间上跟随关系密切的前二位天敌是八斑球腹蛛(0.8324)和斜纹猫蛛(0.7730)。其中,11月25日4种茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜数量均较多。分析了该日另外二个茶树品种福云六号和龙井长叶茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜与其天敌的空间关系,结果表明,二种茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜及其天敌均为聚集分布,福云六号茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉变程值(3.8182)最接近的天敌是斜纹猫蛛(4.7222),与茶蚜变程值(6.5854)最接近的天敌是斜纹猫蛛(4.7222);龙井长叶茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉变程值(1.0000)最接近的天敌是八斑球腹蛛(1.0000),与茶蚜变程值(4.5000)最接近的天敌是斜纹猫蛛(7.6316)。总之,秋冬季4个品种茶园斜纹猫蛛在空间上是假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜跟随关系最密切的天敌,其次是八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛。     

8个茶树品种生化成分分析及抗性成分的初步鉴定

【目的】筛选和鉴定茶树中与假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis G?the相关的抗性成分。【方法】采用氨基酸分析仪和超高效液相色谱法分别分析8个茶树品种的氨基酸及其组分、咖啡碱和茶多酚及其组分的含量。采用人工饲料喂饲法对可能的抗性物质进行初步鉴定。【结果】通过对假眼小绿叶蝉抗性水平差异较大的茶树品种的30多种生化物质的分析,筛选出抗、感茶树品种间差异较大的物质,包括茶多酚、天冬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、绿原酸和茶氨酸。分别将其作为可变因子设置不同浓度梯度,加入到人工饲料饲养假眼小绿叶蝉,统计5种化学成份不同浓度人工饲料上假眼小绿叶蝉的成活率,初步确定了这5种化学成份对假眼小绿叶蝉成活率的影响。其中,γ-氨基丁酸可能是茶树抗虫物质之一。【结论】为阐明茶树抗叶蝉的化学机理奠定基础。     

福建主要茶树品种理化特性与假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量的相关性分析

比较分析了福建4个主要茶树品种(福云6号、铁观音、毛蟹、黄棪)的理化特性与假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量之间的相关关系,结果显示,假眼小绿叶蝉的种群数量与茶树品种叶片的物理结构———叶片总厚度、上表皮、上表皮角质层、下表皮、海绵组织厚度之间的相关性不显著,而与叶片下表皮角质层和栅栏组织厚度之间存在显著负相关。在生化指标方面,假眼小绿叶蝉的种群数量与茶树叶片中茶多酚、水溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、儿茶素含量之间的相关性不显著;与咖啡碱的含量有一定负相关,相关关系接近显著水平;而与游离氨基酸含量呈显著正相关。     

草间钻头蛛、大草蛉和中华通草蛉对茶尺蠖、小绿叶蝉的选择效应

室内研究了草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola雌蛛对茶尺蠖Ectropis oblique1龄幼虫和小绿叶蝉Em-poesca flavescens成虫、大草蛉Chrysopa pallens和中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica的2龄幼虫对茶尺蠖卵、1龄幼虫的选择捕食作用。对试验数据应用Ivelev指数、Jacobs指数和Manly指数及Murdoch作图法进行了比较分析。结果显示,草间钻头蛛对茶尺蠖1龄幼虫和小绿叶蝉成虫的选择性不明显,选择性不因猎物数量的增加而转移。而大草蛉和中华通草蛉对茶尺蠖卵均有明显的正选择效应。     

茶园间作柑桔杨梅或吊瓜对叶蝉及蜘蛛类群数量和空间格局的影响

为评价茶园间作几种常见经济作物对重要害虫假眼小绿叶蝉及其主要天敌蜘蛛类群数量和空间格局的影响,遂选乌牛早品种纯茶园、乌牛早分别与柑桔、杨梅和吊瓜的间作茶园、以及安吉白茶与吊瓜间作茶园,2007年9月上旬—2008年12月下旬,每旬1次调查茶丛上、中、下层叶蝉和各种蜘蛛的数量。结果表明:(1)与纯茶园相比,间作茶园叶蝉种群数量和蜘蛛类群个体数量显著地增加,间作茶园蜘蛛种数显著地增加;(2)间作茶园茶丛上、中、下层叶蝉、蜘蛛个体数量分布明显区别于纯茶园茶丛上、中、下层叶蝉、蜘蛛个体数量分布;(3)茶丛上层的嫩梢是制作高档茶的原料,而纯茶园茶丛上层叶蝉虫口百分率为54.16%,间作茶园茶丛上层叶蝉虫口百分率皆减小,并且叶蝉高峰期间蜘蛛的跟随效应增强;(4)间作增加了经济收入并减少了防治次数。认为:(1)间作可在一定程度上调控叶蝉种群、蜘蛛类群的数量和空间格局;(2)间作可减轻叶蝉为害造成的产值损失,增强了茶园群落对于叶蝉的自然控制潜能。     

三种信息化合物对叶蝉及其优势天敌的生态效应

【目的】为了探讨外源信息化合物对茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis G?the其优势天敌时序动态的影响和对叶蝉的生态控制效应,本文研究了3种外源信息化合物对茶园小绿叶蝉和蜘蛛种群数量的影响。【方法】将用水杨酸(SA)、水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)、芳樟醇及添加有抗氧化剂和抗紫外线剂浸泡后的诱芯在田间悬挂1、3、7、14 d后,在距诱芯1、2、3 m处分别调查了茶小绿叶蝉和蜘蛛的个体数,以正己烷浸泡的诱芯作对照。【结果】不同处理均使叶蝉的种群数量下降,其中以水杨酸的抑制作用最明显,水杨酸甲酯次之;悬挂7 d后对叶蝉的数量影响最大,显著低于悬挂前。各处理均能增加蜘蛛种群数量,以水杨酸甲酯对蜘蛛的诱集作用最明显;悬挂3 d后蜘蛛数量增加最多;不同距离的诱芯对叶蝉和天敌密度影响差异均不明显。【结论】外源SA和MeSA能够降低田间茶小绿叶蝉的种群密度,并对天敌具有一定的诱集效果,研究结果为茶园叶蝉的防治与优势天敌的保护和利用提供了重要的依据。     

茶园周边景观格局对茶小绿叶蝉种群遗传结构的影响

摘要: 【目的】研究不同茶园茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii种群的遗传分化和基因流格局,探究其种群遗传结构差异和扩散特点及其与茶园景观格局的关系。【方法】以福建省安溪县为研究区域,在运用ArcMap10.5和R软件包raster分析研究区域景观组成和结构的基础上,选取周边景观格局不同的18个茶园采集茶小绿叶蝉(530个个体),基于23个微卫星位点对这些个体进行PCR扩增和基因型测定,采用ARLEQUIN 3.5.2, FSTAT 2.9.3和R软件包adegenet 2.0.0分析其遗传多样性和遗传分化情况;采用STRUCTURE 2.3.4和R软件包adegenet2.0.0中的DAPC程序分析其种群遗传分化;利用BAYESASS 3.0.4估算种群间最近几代的迁移率;同时利用景观遗传学的统计方法Mantel、距离矩阵多元回归模型(MRM)和一般线性模型(GLMM)将茶小绿叶蝉种群遗传分化与景观组成和景观结构的空间数据进行关联分析。【结果】供试18个茶小绿叶蝉种群的23个微卫星位点的等位基因数为9~52,等位基因丰富度(A_R)为3.686~4.397,基因多样性(D_IV)为0.676~0.734,期望杂合度(He)为0.659~0.729。聚类分析显示,有大量森林生境的西北部5个相邻样点的种群组成一个类群,有大量居民点和其他作物田分布的东北部的5个相邻样点的种群分为两个类群,而集约化种植模式明显的南部样点的种群也分成两个类群。两两种群间的Nei氏遗传距离为0.042~0.984,Provesti氏遗传距离为0.207~0.650,遗传分化指数F_ST为0.002~0.222。BAYESASS分析显示,种群间的现时基因流(Nm)相对较低,介于0.007~0.180,而在种群内部的基因流介于0.674~0.854。在此基础上,Mantel和距离矩阵多元回归模型分析显示,地理距离和采样点周围1 000 m范围内草地面积占比是与茶小绿叶蝉种群遗传分化有关的两个关键因子;一般线性模型分析进一步证实茶小绿叶蝉种群遗传分化与这两个关键因子线性关系显著,茶小绿叶蝉种群遗传多样性与采样点周围半径1 000 m范围内草地面积占比线性关系显著。【结论】结果说明研究区域内茶小绿叶蝉种群形成了明显的遗传分化结构和地理距离隔离格局,异地种群间现时基因交流受限明显,因此推测茶小绿叶蝉其自主扩散能力比较有限,不具有远距离迁飞的习性。茶园周围1 000 m范围内草地生境对茶小绿叶蝉种群的遗传多样性具有积极作用,茶园周边景观组成和尺度范围可能通过影响茶小绿叶蝉种群的扩散和定殖过程而与其种群遗传结构相关联。     

茶假眼小绿叶蝉对不同茶香精和寄主植物的趋性反应

利用"T"形室观察了茶假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis Gthe对4种茶香精和3种寄主植物的趋性反应。结果表明,假眼小绿叶蝉对不同茶香精粉和寄主植物的趋性反应不同。叶蝉对绿茶和乌龙茶A香精有明显的趋向反应,而对乌龙茶B香精即铁观音茶香精则有明显的忌避反应,对红茶香精则无反应。假眼小绿叶蝉对茶梢和青菜的趋性反应无显著差异,而对茶梢和大豆的趋性反应有差异,表现出更喜好趋向茶梢。     

基于COI基因全长序列的假眼小绿叶蝉地理种群遗传分化研究

假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis(Gthe)是我国大陆茶区分布最广、为害最重的茶树害虫,其种群世代重叠严重,数量大。从我国13个主要产茶省份各选出一个重点产茶县(市),采集假眼小绿叶蝉标本,首次扩增得到其线粒体CO I基因全长序列,并以此探讨了假眼小绿叶蝉13个地理种群间的遗传多样性、分子变异、遗传分化程度及基因流水平。在13个地理种群中共得到了176条CO I基因序列,发现了113个变异位点,形成了105个CO I单倍型。总群体单倍型多样性Hd为0.9720,种群内单倍型多样性在0.804—1.000范围内,总群体和各种群的Tajima's D检验结果均不显著,说明茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的进化符合中性模型,种群数量较为稳定。AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明,茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的遗传分化主要来自于种群内部。Mantel检验显示各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间不具有显著的相关性。总群体的遗传分化系数Gst为0.03652,固定系数Fst为0.10876,基因流Nm为4.097,表明地理种群间存在较频繁的基因交流,遗传差异较小。推测,20世纪90年代以来的省际之间频繁的茶树鲜叶贩运、异地茶苗的大批量调拨等因素促进了假眼小绿叶蝉的长距离迁移,加强了不同种群间的基因交流。     

假眼小绿叶蝉（Empoasca vitis Gothe）在不同品种茶树上的取食行为

应用可视DC-EPG方法研究了假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis Gothe)在9个品种茶苗上的口针刺探行为,共发现并初步确定了7种主要波型,即A波、S波、C波、E波、F波和R波、以及非刺探波NP波。A波为刺探波,S波为口针向韧皮部刺探和进入韧皮部中的分泌唾液波,C波为口针到达韧皮部之前的主动取食波,E波和F波为口针在韧皮部中吸收波,R波为取食间歇波。以该叶蝉在不同品种茶树上的平均刺探次数和各波形平均持续时间为指标,或者以其在不同品种茶树上含有各波形的单次刺探平均持续时间为指标,分别进行聚类分析,均将9个品种分为3个不同的组。S、E和F波对应着假眼小绿叶蝉在茶树上的主要取食活动,可能与茶树抗假眼小绿叶蝉的取食密切相关。以S、E和F各波的平均持续时间、以及含有各波形的单次刺探的平均持续时间为指标,对品种的抗性强弱排序,评判9个茶树品种抗叶蝉取食能力由强至弱的顺序为:龙井长叶、黄旦、政和大白茶、黔湄601、红芽佛手、中茶102、中茶302、龙井43和安吉白茶。该顺序与田间查得的9个品种茶树上假眼小绿叶蝉种群密度由小到大的顺序一致,表明DC-EPG方法简捷、可信度高,可作为检测茶树品种对叶蝉抗性的有效手段之一。     

Multivariate analysis of volatile profiles in tea plant infested by tea green leafhopper Empoasca onukii Matsuda

Plant Growth Regulation - The tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) is a severe pest for the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze), which significantly reduces the tea yields and...     

Probing behavior of the tea green leafhopper on different tea plant cultivars

The probing behaviors of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Gothe), on 9 tea cultivars were studied using video-text Direct Current-Electrical Penetration Graph, i.e., DC-EPG. The following 7 types of waveforms produced by the leafhopper stylet probing were determined: A, stylet pathway formation; S, salivation when stylets pierce into and stay in phloems; C, active ingestion before stylets reach phloems; E and F, passive ingestion in phloems; R, the insect resting with its stylet inserted into the leaf tissue and NP without probing. The 9 tested tea cultivars were categorized into 3 groups by the cluster analysis according to the number of probes per insect, waveform durations, or duration per probe of various waveforms on different tea cultivars. Waveforms S, E and F correlated to the main feeding activity of the leafhopper and may provide valuable information on predicting the resis-tance level of the tea plants to the leafhopper. The resistance level of the 9 tea cultivars to the leafhopper was ranked based on the durations of waveforms S, E and F, as well as the duration per probe including various waveforms. The ranking order of the resis-tance was: Longjingchangye > Hangdan > Zhenghedabaicha > Qianmei 601 > Hongyafoshuo > Zhongcha 102 > Zhongcha 302 > Longjing 43 > Anjibaicha, which corresponded to the resistance level determined by the population density (infestation) of the leaf-hopper on the 9 tea cultivars in the tea fields. Our study suggests that this simple and convenient DC-EPG technique might have great potential as a reliable tool to predict the resistance of tea cultivars to the tea leafhopper.     

Probing behavior of the tea green leafhopper on different tea plant cultivars

The probing behaviors of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Gothe), on 9 tea cultivars were studied using video-text Direct Current-Electrical Penetration Graph, i.e., DC-EPG. The following 7 types of waveforms produced by the leafhopper stylet probing were determined: A, stylet pathway formation; S, salivation when stylets pierce into and stay in phloems; C, active ingestion before stylets reach phloems; E and F, passive ingestion in phloems; R, the insect resting with its stylet inserted into the leaf tissue and NP without probing. The 9 tested tea cultivars were categorized into 3 groups by the cluster analysis according to the number of probes per insect, waveform durations, or duration per probe of various waveforms on different tea cultivars. Waveforms S, E and F correlated to the main feeding activity of the leafhopper and may provide valuable information on predicting the resis-tance level of the tea plants to the leafhopper. The resistance level of the 9 tea cultivars to the leafhopper was ranked based on the durations of waveforms S, E and F, as well as the duration per probe including various waveforms. The ranking order of the resis-tance was: Longjingchangye > Hangdan > Zhenghedabaicha > Qianmei 601 > Hongyafoshuo > Zhongcha 102 > Zhongcha 302 > Longjing 43 > Anjibaicha, which corresponded to the resistance level determined by the population density (infestation) of the leaf-hopper on the 9 tea cultivars in the tea fields. Our study suggests that this simple and convenient DC-EPG technique might have great potential as a reliable tool to predict the resistance of tea cultivars to the tea leafhopper.     

不同颜色黏虫板对小绿叶蝉的诱集效果评价

小绿叶蝉为果园主要害虫之一.本文选用了10种颜色的黏虫板对桃园小绿叶蝉进行诱集试验.结果表明黄色黏虫板诱虫效果最佳,绿色次之,而淡蓝色、紫色和深蓝色诱虫效果差.不同颜色的黏虫板对蜂类、蜘蛛和瓢虫等天敌均有杀伤作用,另诱集得到其他害虫5种.通过分析不同色板的诱捕生态效益表明:黄色黏虫板最佳,次为绿色.     

茶小绿叶蝉成虫唾液细菌蛋白的鉴定

[目的]通过鉴定茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens成虫水状唾液蛋白中的细菌蛋白,解析叶蝉唾液的细菌种类.[方法]利用自制的收集装置和Parafilm膜夹营养液法对叶蝉成虫唾液进行收集,经超滤浓缩和电泳分离后,使用膜辅助样品制备技术法(filter-aided sample preparation,FASP...     

Mitochondrial COI and 16sRNA Evidence for a Single Species Hypothesis of E. vitis,J. formosana and E. onukii in East Asia

Tea green leafhopper is one of the most damaging tea pests in main tea production regions of East Asia. For lack of recognized morphological characters, the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan have always been named as Empoasca vitis Göthe, Jacobiasca formosana Paoli and Empoasca onukii MATSUDA, respectively. Furthermore, nothing is known about the genetic relationships among them. In this study, we collected six populations from Mainland China, four populations from Japan and one population from Taiwan, and examined the genetic distances in the COI and 16sRNA regions of mtDNA among them. The results showed that the genetic distances based on single gene or the combined sequences among eleven leafhopper populations were 0.3–1.2%, which were all less than the species boundary of 2%. Moreover, there were at least two haplotypes shared by two distinct populations from different regions. The phylogenetic analysis based on single gene or combined sets also supported that tea green leafhoppers from Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan were closely related to each other, and there were at least two specimens from different regions clustered ahead of those from the same region. Therefore, we propose that the view of recognizing the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in three adjacent tea production regions of East Asia as different species is unreliable or questionable and suggest that they are a single species.     

Clarification of the Identity of the Tea Green Leafhopper Based on Morphological Comparison between Chinese and Japanese Specimens

Tea green leafhopper is one of the most dominant pests in major tea production regions of East Asia. This species has been variously identified as Empoasca vitis (Goëthe), Jacobiasca formosana (Paoli) and Empoasca onukii Matsuda in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan, respectively. Recent study of DNA sequence data suggested that treatment of this pest as different species in these three adjacent regions is incorrect and that they were a single species; but the correct scientific name for the species has remained unclear. Consistent with the prior molecular evidence, morphological study shows that the male genital characters of Chinese specimens are the same as those of specimens from Japan, so the correct scientific name of tea green leafhopper in China is Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda.     

两种杀虫真菌制剂对茶小绿叶蝉的田间防效评价

于2002年盛夏在浙江遂昌一高山茶园对茶小绿叶蝉(Empoasca spp．)进行了真菌杀虫剂的田间药效试验。所用菌剂为球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)和玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)的纯孢子悬乳剂及其与3％吡虫啉10％可湿剂的混配剂．各菌剂稀释500倍喷雾2次,间隔12d．结果表明。两种真菌的混配剂明显优于纯菌剂,其中球孢白僵菌混配剂的最高防效达83．4％,而玫烟色拟青霉的最高防效为71．3％．根据25d期间历次调查结果计算平均防效,球孢白僵菌混配剂达66．8％,玫烟色拟青霉混配剂为62．1％,含微量吡虫啉的矿物油为50．3％,球孢白僵菌和玫烟色拟青霉的纯菌剂分别为49．5％和19．0％,结合试验期间气候及田间种群结构特征,讨论了各处理问差异的来源及提高真菌杀虫剂控制茶小绿叶蝉效果的可能途径。