THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN TO THE PSYCHIATRIST

Tumors of the adrenal glands produce hormones which cause a variety of symptoms and signs including high blood pressure, excessive growth of hair on the body and precocious sexual development. By recently developed tests, it has been possible to differentiate high blood pressure due to these tumors from hypertension due to other causes. Removal of these tumors will often alleviate changes caused by them. Localization of the tumor and appraisal of the condition of the contralateral gland should be carried out preoperatively if possible. In this, several kinds of roentgen studies are helpful. Infusions of drugs during operation can be used to control the blood pressure which otherwise would vary widely. During a ten-year period (1942 to 1951) there were observed at the Los Angeles County General Hospital 100 proved cases of non-secreting and secreting primary neoplasms of the adrenal glands. In addition, there were three cases of Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia, and ten probable cases (four, pheochromocytomas; five, Cushing's syndrome; one, adrenogenital syndrome) in which operation was not done.     

THE DARK ADAPTATION OF THE EYE OF THE HONEY BEE

Bees which are held in a fixed position so that only head movements can be made, respond to a moving stripe system in their visual field by a characteristic motion of the antennae. This reflex can be used to measure the bee''s state of photic adaptation. A curve describing the course of dark adaptation is obtained, which shows that the sensitivity of the light adapted bee''s eye increases rapidly during the first few minutes in darkness, then more slowly until it reaches a maximum level after 25 to 30 minutes. The total increase in sensitivity is about 1000 fold. The adaptive range of the human eye is about 10 times greater than for the bee''s eye. The range covered by the bee''s eye corresponds closely to the adapting range which is covered by the rods of the human eye.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HOST SPECIES IN DETERMINING THE ACTION OF VIRUS INHIBITORS

Some plant species from which viruses are difficult to transmit to other species by sap inoculation contain substances that inhibit infection. The extent to which infection is inhibited by these substances depends on the species of plants to which inoculations are made and not on the identity of the virus. The inhibitors are largely ineffective in preventing infection of the species which contain them.
Infection of cucumber was less affected than any of the other species by all the inhibitors tested.     

骨组织中细胞的受力分析

基于骨陷窝中组织液和细胞具有的不可压缩性,以及组织液通过骨小管在骨陷窝裼 流动,得到了细胞所受压力的新的表达式。对该表达式的讨论结果表明它能够描述细胞的主要力学特性,例如：松弛和滞后效应。并根据眩表达式,求得细胞的松弛时间为２．４ｍｓ,与Ｃｏｗｉｎ等人估计值（４．９ｍｓ）接近。而在阶跃载荷下细胞所受最大压力为外力的一半,高于Ｃｏｗｉｎ等人的估计值（１２％）。     

THE SENSIBILITY OF THE NOCTURNAL LONG-EARED OWL IN THE SPECTRUM

Infrared radiation (750–1500 mµ) produces no iris contraction in the typically nocturnal long-eared owl even when the energy content is millions of times greater than that of green light which easily elicits a pupil change. The energies in different parts of the visible spectrum required for a minimal iris response yield a spectral visibility curve for the owl which is the same as the human visibility curve at low light intensities. Functionally, the owl''s vision thus corresponds to the predominantly rod structure of its retina, and the idea that nocturnal owls have a special type of vision sensitive to infrared radiation for seeing in the woods at night is erroneous.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF EPENDYMA IN THE BRAIN OF THE RAT

The ciliated ependyma of the rat brain consists of a sheet of epithelial cells, the luminal surface of which is reflected over ciliary shafts and numerous evaginations of irregular dimensions. The relatively straight lateral portions of the plasmalemma of contiguous cells are fused at discrete sites to form five-layered junctions or zonulae occludentes which obliterate the intercellular space. These fusions occur usually at some distance below the free surface either independently or in continuity with a second intercellular junction, the zonula adhaerens. The luminal junction is usually formed by a zonula adhaerens or, occasionally, by a zonula occludens. The finely granular and filamentous cytoplasm contains supranuclear dense bodies, some of which are probably lysosomes and dense whorls of perinuclear filaments which send fascicles toward the lateral plasmalemma. The apical regions of the cytoplasm contain the basal body complexes of neighboring cilia. These complexes include a striated basal foot and short, non-striated rootlets emanating from the wall of each basal body. The rootlets end in a zone of granules about the proximal region of the basal body, adjacent to which may lie a striated mass of variable shape. All components of the basal body complex of adjacent cilia are independent of each other.     

THE NATURE OF THE GROWTH RATE

1. The growth rate of organisms may be considered as a chemical reaction which gives the mature organism as its end-product. The organism grows at a definite rate which is, at any moment, proportional to the amount of growth yet to be made. 2. Shoots of young pear trees measured at weekly intervals during the growing season showed a rate similar to that of an autocatalytic reaction. 3. Young walnut trees showed distinct cycles of growth in a single season, but the growth in each cycle proceeded at a rate corresponding to an autocatalytic reaction. 4. The growth rate follows a definite, quantitative course though judged by different criteria. Data are presented for maize in which green weight, dry weight, and height of the plant are used. Data for cattle show that either weight or height of the animal may be used as a criterion.     

庞泉沟保护区核心区植被景观类型特征研究

利用植被景观类型图,获得面积、周长、景观斑块的长、宽等信息,对庞泉沟保护区核心区的植被景观特征进行分析。结果表明,核心区景观及斑块分布具有明显的地带性;核心区景观多样性较小,均匀度较低。另外,本文尝试用长宽比、伸张度、圆环度和周长与长轴的比这四种指数对景观斑块的特征进行了分析。结果表明,这四种指数在景观特征分析中具有一定的生态学意义。     

THE NATURE OF THE FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF GROWTH-CYCLES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES

1. It has previously been shown by the author and many others that growth, in animals and plants, is an autocatalysed process. In animals it is usual to find that growth occurs in several superimposed autocatalytic cycles. In many cases, in plants and animals, especially if the cycle is one which occupies a large proportion of the growing period, it is found that the velocity-constant of the autocatalysed monomolecular formula falls off as growth proceeds, at first rapidly and later more slowly. 2. It has previously been shown by the author that the fall of the velocity-constant of growth, in the white mouse, is directly proportional to the fall of the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, determined by the chemical method of Le Breton and Schaeffer. If we assume this relationship to be generally applicable to the growth of animals and plants, then the following additional conclusions may be deduced, without calling in the aid of any other assumption:— 3. The increase of cytoplasm in any given cycle of growth is proportional to the concurrent increase of nuclear material. 4. The growth of cytoplasm takes place in accordance with a monomolecular formula in which the velocity-constant varies directly as the mass of the nucleus. If we superadd to these facts and deductions the hypothesis that each growth-cycle represents the growth of a separate group of cells within the animal, then the additional conclusions follow:— 5. That the cells which participate in the growth composing any cycle have initially lower nucleo-cytoplasmic ratios than the cells which participated in the preceding cycles. 6. That cells of large nucleo-cytoplasmic ratios in a multicellular animal inhibit the growth of cells which possess smaller ratios. 7. These conclusions collectively imply that the nucleus plays a predominant role in determining the development of the cell in which it resides.     

THE RHEOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. V

A study has been made of those proteins which might offer exceptions to the law that the fluidity of a protein solution is a linear function of the volume concentration; viz., egg albumin, serum albumin, pseudoglobulin, euglobulin, gelatin, and sodium caseinogenate. Solutions of egg albumin below 20 per cent by weight obey the above law but somewhat below 30 per cent the fluidities begin to be too high, presumably due to the contribution to the fluidity made by the deformation of the particles as they come into contact, as the fluidity approaches zero. The fluidity of serum albumin solutions shows a similar behavior, being exceptional above 15 per cent in weight. Pseudoglobulin and euglobulin give fluidity-concentration curves (Fig. 4) which are linear up to about 2.5 per cent each in a total range of 20 and 14 per cent respectively. From this singular point both compounds show a second range which is linear. Pseudoglobulin is the only substance whose solutions seem to show a third linear range. We have also used the data of Chick and Martin for sodium caseinogenate and found evidence for two linear régimes. It is desirable at this time to call attention to the measurements of the flow of glycogen solutions by Botazzi and d''Errico (14) which in Fluidity and See PDF for Structure plasticity, page 207, are expressed in rhes. The data show two linear fluidity curves of different slopes. In this case it was definitely known that the data for each curve were measured with different viscometers which suggested the possibility of an error in viscometry entering in to confuse the issue. We have no suspicions as to the reliability of the data studied in this paper; we only wish to caution the readers that our hypotheses based on these data must be regarded with due reserve until confirmed. We have found a formula (11) based on the supposed linear relation between logarithmic fluidities and concentration which is convenient to use within the range, but close examination reveals that it does not reproduce the data for the higher concentrations at 25° nor does it permit extrapolation to pure water It is not realistic enough because it does not contemplate any change of régime in going from viscous to non-Newtonian or plastic flow. The formula does not apply to any other of the proteins studied in this paper nor to the great majority of proteins already reported as following the linear law. These are serious objections. We have therefore offered as an alternative a simple formula (24) according to which the fluidities are additive in the viscous régime. When the emulsoid particles approach close packing, they are deformed and this deformation contributes to the flow and the fluidity volume concentration curve is again linear. In fact, there may be one or more additional changes of régime.     

RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE STEM CELL IN THE THYMUS OF THE IRRADIATED RAT

Radioautographic evidence is presented which characterizes the marrow derived stem cell which promotes thymic recovery following irradiation in the rat. These immigrant cells are similar in morphology to blood monocytes and have been called monocytoid, meaning monocyte-like in appearance. The typical cell had abundant pale staining cytoplasm and a nucleus with many invaginations and folds and a fine chromatin structure. There was no prominent nucleolus. The majority of these cells entered the thymus of the irradiated rat via the blood vessels into the septa and made their way through the connective tissue to the outer cortex. Three distinct morphological cell types appeared to be derived from the immigrant cells. These were fibrocyte-like cells which were located within the septa, macrophages located mainly within the medulla and septa, and large blast cells within the cortex, which proliferated giving rise to large thymocytes. The blast cells were characterized as having abundant moderately basophilic (and pyroninophilic) cytoplasm with a distinct cytoplasmic boundary, a large nucleus which still had invaginations and folds, a loose chromatin structure and one or more very prominent nucleoli. They were located in groups primarily within the outer cortex and often adjacent to blood vessels. They were found to be highly susceptible to damage in smear preparations. In contrast, their progeny, the large thymocytes were not highly susceptible to damage in smear preparations but teased out as large round cells with a highly basophilic rim of cytoplasm. The large thymocytes were precursors to medium and small cells. A radioautographic technique for 1 μ tissue sections is also described.     

THE PLACE AND TRAINING OF THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER

Training for the medical student whose goal is general practice should aim at equipping him to maintain the close personal relationship with the patient which is considered the ideal basis for the treatment and prevention of disease. Preparation for general practice should anticipate graduate experience on a par with that which is currently considered necessary for the various specialties. Internship should be such as to fit the general practitioner to the peculiarities of the kind of community in which he will practice. Ability to recognize his own limitations and situations in which special consultation or referral are indicated should be developed in the student.The University of Colorado School of Medicine has adopted a course of training, from pre-medical education through internship, designed for the student who is to specialize in general practice.     

THE EFFECT OF MANURES ON THE BOLTING OF THE BEET PLANT

In sugar beet, the effect on bolting of additions of potash manures, of superphosphate, and of the mixture of these was not significant, whether applied at the time of sowing or previously. Dung applied in the previous autumn slightly increased the number of plants which went to seed, and when applied just before sowing it had a more marked effect. An amount of sulphate of ammonia which would have approximately the same stimulating effect as the dung gave a slightly larger amount of bolting.
On red beetroot, it was possible to compare larger and smaller dressings of various coarse organic manures, and of each of these with and without dressings of sulphate of ammonia. In all cases the sulphate of ammonia and each of the organic manures largely increased the amount of bolting, and a doubling of the organic manure dressing or the addition of sulphate of ammonia to it caused a further increase. Sewage sludge gave an abnormally large amount of bolting, but it is doubtful whether this was due to the larger amount of organic matter and nitrogen applied in this manure. In general, any manurial addition causing more vigorous growth leads to an increase in bolting. There is a very large variation in the amount of running to seed in the crop of red beetroot from different parts of the same field, but the effect of the manures on the proportion which bolted was not widely different.
The general question as to the reason why beet plants should bolt more in one season than in another is discussed, and it is suggested that a check to the plants in an early stage, whether caused by dryness or waterlogging, or by low temperature, followed by a vigorous growing period may have something to do with the matter. This would agree with the experiences recorded in the present paper.     

THE USE OF PROTEIN-SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE FAMILY OLEACEAE

Serological analyses of soluble seed proteins of 12 representative taxa of the family Oleaceae by the techniques of Ouchterlony, presaturation, and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) yielded complementary taxonomic information. Ouchterlony reactions differentiated among protein extracts of three species, and the combined serological techniques permitted the detection of protein differences of respective taxa of the two subfamilies Jasminoideae and Oleoideae. IEP enabled the separation of the 12 taxa investigated and the distribution into the two subfamilies, by the differential electrophoretic positions of precipitin arcs, which were consistent with members of each of the two subfamilies. Presaturation data, when analyzed by two cluster analysis computer programs, were taxonomically significant. One program, which calculated amalgamation distances from the presaturation data, clustered the 12 taxa into subgroups which corresponded to tribes, and within two groups, which corresponded to two subfamilies. A monothetic clustering program provided theoretical information on evolution of taxa within the family Oleaceae based on serological correspondences obtained from the presaturation data; the subfamily Jasminoideae was found phylogenetically primitive and the subfamily Oleoideae was advanced. Additionally, IEP data supported those theories suggesting that taxa of the Oleoideae evolved from taxa of the Jasminoideae. The groupings of taxa and different information obtained from the cluster analyses of data and all serological techniques reinforced each other, as well as contemporary taxonomic and phylogenetic treatments of taxa of the family Oleaceae. This research demonstrated the taxonomic value of protein-serological data, particularly as applied to the taxonomy of the Oleaceae.     

林隙对草本植物的影响

在次生林改造过程中,对林内形成的大小不等的林隙运用斑块状造林技术,取得好的效果。运用该项技术不仅使林隙内的目的树种－红松生长发育迅速并促进了周围次生林木的生长,而且也使草本植物在种类,密度和盖度等方面有了明显的变化。本文就这一问题进行研究,认为光是影响草本植物生长和分布的一个关键因子,林隙对促进草本植物发育,提高物种多样性具有重要意义。     

THE NEUROLOGICAL PROGRAM OF THE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION

The reorganization of the medical department of the Veterans Administration has given considerable impetus to neurology, a part of the division of psychiatry and neurology. The neurologic service of the V. A. is the largest in the world today, and is constantly increasing. This service is made available to veterans through hospitals and regional offices within the designated area, which are branch administrative offices under the central office.A residency training program for specialization is under the direction of a deans'' committee in every large medical center. This committee, which is formed from the faculties of medical schools, also approves the visiting medical staffs of hospitals. The neurologic program consists of a number of special activities, which include residency training for certification, neurologic diagnosis, rehabilitation of patients with chronic illness, electroencephalography, epilepsy, aphasia and research. The paraplegia program is now a separate service, but is also participated in by the neurologist. Both the neurologist and the psychiatrist are interested in the patient with organic psychosis, and the neurologist also works in close relationship with the neurosurgeon.There is need for neurologists in the V. A., which offers attractive opportunities in clinical practice and in research, as well as inducements of advancement and adequate financial returns.     

FACTORS CONTROLLING THE REASSEMBLY OF THE MICROVILLOUS BORDER OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE SALAMANDER

Hydrostatic pressure, when applied to segments of the small intestine of the salamander, causes a tremendous reduction in number of microvilli and a loss of the terminal web. The intestinal epithelium strips off from its deeper layers at the level of the basement membrane. When the pressure is released and this epithelial sheet is allowed to recover, the microvilli and its terminal web reappear. Stages in the reformation of microvilli are described. In the earliest stages, foci of dense material seem to associate with the cytoplasmic surface of the apical plasma membrane. From this material, filaments appear and their regrowth is correlated with the extension of the microvilli. We suggest that the dense material nucleates the assembly of the filaments which, in turn, appear instrumental in the redevelopment of microvilli. This concept is supported by the existing literature. Further, since neither the microvilli nor the terminal web reappear on any surface but the apical surface, even though the apical and basal surfaces are bathed with the same medium, we suggest that information in the membrane itself or directly associated with the membrane dictates the distribution of the dense material which leads to the formation of the microvilli and ultimately to the polarity of the cell.     

THE NATURE OF THE LATENT PERIOD IN THE PHOTIC RESPONSE OF MYA ARENARIA

The latent period in the response of Mya to illumination varies inversely as the duration of the exposure to which it is subjected. The reciprocal of the latent period, measuring the velocity of the process which underlies it, is a linear function of the exposure period. Since the duration of the exposure represents the amount of photochemical activity, it is concluded that the substances formed at that time act to catalyze a chemical reaction which determines the duration of the latent period. This explanation is in accord with the previous work on the photochemical reaction and with the effect of temperature on the latent period. As a result of the combined investigations there is presented a concrete hypothesis for the mechanism of photic reception in Mya.     

日本沼虾精子的形态和超微结构研究

应用电子显微镜技术结合细胞化学方法对日本沼虾精子进行子形态和超微结构研究。结果显示,日本沼虾精子琪似外翻的伞状,无鞭毛,不运动的精子主要由前端棘突,中间帽状体和后主体部分组成,精子的核属非浓缩型,内布许多絮状物质,外无核膜包被,呈Ｆｅｕｌｇｅｎ阳性反应,位于后主体部内;中间帽状体的细胞质内含有一对中心粒和１５－２０根放射状排列的纤丝,纤丝在帽状体凸面中央汇聚并延伸成精子的棘突,棘突和放射状纤丝皆具     

THE MECHANISM OF THE WATER EXPULSION VESICLE OF THE CILIATE TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

Analysis of high-speed (150 frames/sec) cinematographs of the filling and expulsion of the water expulsion vesicle of Tetrahymena pyriformis shows that the vesicle fills as water is pumped into it by contractions of at least four ampullary sacs which are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. When filled, the vesicle is pressed against its two excretory pores by cyclotic movements of the cytoplasm. This pressure closes the apertures of the ampullae, preventing backflow from the vesicle into them, and also spreads the pellicle of and at the pore, thereby stretching and rupturing the pore-sealing membrane. The vesicle is then invaginated by the cytoplasmic pressure, driving fluid out of the pore. The pore-sealing membrane then reforms, apparently by constriction, and the vesicle is again filled. Electron micrographs show that crisscrossed pore-microtubules extend from the pore to the openings of the ampullae, anchoring the vesicle in place. Each pore is surrounded by a stack of at least 11 ring-microtubules, to which the anchoring pore-microtubules are attached. The pore-microtubules appear to exert tension which assists in spreading the pore, aiding cyclotic pressures in rupturing the pore-sealing membrane. A possible mechanism for the cyclotic pressure and ampullary contraction is proposed.