刺激迷走神经和酸化十二指肠对狗胰液分泌的相互影响

用5条制备有 Thomas 胰瘘和胃瘘的狗作慢性麻醉实验,观察刺激迷走神经和酸化十二指肠对胰液分泌的相互影响,结果如下:1.在酸化肠的情况下,刺激迷走神经所引起的胰蛋白质和碳酸氢盐的排出量显著增多,其效应超过单独刺激迷走神经和酸化肠所产生效应之和。2.在酸化肠引起胰分泌停止后的短时间内,再刺激迷走神经,胰液分泌的潜伏期缩短,蛋白质和碳酸氢盐排出量增多。3.阻断迷走冲动或注射阿托品后,酸化肠所引起胰液的分泌明显减少。4.用利多卡因麻痹肠粘膜后,酸化肠所引起胰液的分泌也明显降低。这些结果提示,在酸化十二指肠引起胰液分泌的机制中,有迷走神经和局部神经参与,迷走冲动和促胰液素及促胰酶素共同作用靶器官时,有相互加强作用,一旦迷走冲动被阻断,这两种激素的作用即明显降低。     

促胰液素、八肽胆囊收缩素和迷走神经刺激对狗胰液和血清中胰多肽含量的影响

对10只麻醉下主胰管内插置导管的家狗进行急性实验。用放射免疫测定法测定静脉注射促胰液素(8μg/kg)和八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK_8,40ng/kg)以及电刺激胸迷走神经前后的胰液和血清中胰多肽的含量。结果表明,基础胰液中含有大量胰多肽免疫活性物质,平均排出量为3130±2200pg/15min,其平均浓度高于血清水平40倍左右,但是个体之间的变异范围较大。当静脉注射促胰液素和 CCK_8以及电刺激胸迷走神经后,胰液胰多肽排出量和血清胰多肽水平均增多,其中以电刺激迷走神经后尤为明显。高峰都在刺激后15min 内出现。经促胰液素,CCK_8和迷走神经刺激后,胰液中胰多肽排出量比刺激前分别增加105%,52%和200%。外源性促胰液素或 CCK_8刺激后,胰液中胰多肽与 HCO_3~-出量之间或胰液中胰多肽与淀粉酶排出量之间,分别均呈一致的关系。本文结果提示,胰多肽不仅是一种内分泌,它亦具有外分泌的特性。迷走神经、促胰液素和胆囊收缩素对胰多肽的释放具有调节作用。     

牛胰多肽对大鼠胰外分泌的抑制作用

在大鼠观察了牛胰多肽(BPP)对由蛋白胨和雨蛙素引起的大鼠胰外分泌的影响。向十二指肠灌入25%蛋白胨后90min 时,对照组的蛋白排出量约为其基础值的10倍,而1、3、5及10ug/kg BPP 剂量组的蛋白排出量分別为对照组的47%、33%、29%及29%。在灌注剂量为3μg/kg 雨蛙素后60min 时,对照组的蛋白排出量约为其基础值的14倍,但3、5及10μg/kgBPP 剂量组的蛋白排出量分別为对照组的74%、68%及55%。各组胰淀粉酶浓度的变化和其蛋白排出量变化相平行。胰液量的增加不受 BPP 影响。结果提示,BPP 能抑制胰酶的大量分泌,并有剂量依从关系,但不抑制胰液量。     

神經与激素因素在胰液分泌調节中的相互关系

本实验系用狗为对象,分慢性和急性实验两种,但实验均在戊皖巴比妥钠的麻醉下进行。我们观察了神经与激素二因素,于不同的结合方式的情况下,对胰液分泌调节中的相互关系,结果证明: (一)在激素刺激(注促胰液素入静脉或注盐酸入小肠)对胰腺的效应停止后的10分钾内,紧接着刺激切断4—6天后的颈部迷走神经离中端,所引起的胰液分泌,较单独刺激同一神经时所引起的胰液分泌量多,潜伏期短, (二)神经与激素二因素同时作用,所引起的胰液分泌量,大大超过此二因素分别作用所得的效应的总和。 (三)在激素对胰腺的刺激效应停止后的10分钟内,紧接着注射毛果芸香硷,所引起的胰液分泌量,较单独注射毛果芸香碱为多。根据以上结果可以认为:神经与激素二因素在胰液分泌调节中有相互加强的作用。     

麻醉劑(巴比妥類)對於鹽酸引起胰液分泌的影響

本實驗比較急性實驗狗、慢性胰瘻狗和經過麻醉的慢性胰屢狗對於鹽酸注入小腸所引起的胰液分泌量和潛伏期,結果證明: (1)在急性實驗情况下,狗胰腺對鹽酸刺激小腸所引起的胰液分泌量遠較在慢性實驗時為少,且潛伏期較長。 (2)巴比妥類麻醉劑:硫賁妥鈉(sodium pentothal)和戊烷巴比妥鈉(sodiumpentobarbital)對鹽酸所引起的胰液分泌量及潛伏期影響極微。 (3)在急性實驗情况下,由鹽酸所引起的胰液分泌量的減少和潛伏期的加長,似乎不是由於巴比妥類麻醉劑的作用,而可能是由於手術創傷的影響。 (4)注射阿托平後,胰腺對於鹽酸刺激小腸所引起的反應顯著减小,故推测在鹽酸引起胰液分泌的機制中可能有神經反射作用的參與。本工作在进行過程中,承蘇聯專家同志親切地給予指導,并承沈(?)淇、劉曾復二教授关懷和支持,(?)此誌謝。     

对牛胰多肽抑制胰酶分泌作用的离体研究

为探讨胰多肽抑制胰酶分泌的机制,我们利用大鼠离体胰腺泡制备观察了牛胰多肽(BPP)在细胞受体水平对氨甲酰胆碱等促分泌物作用的影响。实验结果显示,BPP 对氨甲酰胆碱诱导的胰腺泡淀粉酶分泌具有抑制作用,并存在剂量反应关系。BPP0.1μmol/L 和0.2μmol/L,可分别使氨甲酰胆碱诱导淀粉酶分泌的效价降低3倍和10倍;BPP 还可抑制氨甲酰胆碱刺激胰腺泡释放~(45)Ca。以上结果提示,BPP 对胰腺泡的胆碱能 M 受体具有拮抗作用。此外,BPP 对促胰液素及其同类激动剂和氨甲酰胆碱协同作用诱导的胰腺泡淀粉酶分泌具有抑制作用,提示胰多肽在整体对促胰液素诱导的胰酶分泌的抑制,可能是通过拮抗胰腺泡细胞上的 M 受体而抑制了促胰液素和胆碱能刺激协同作用引起的胰酶分泌。     

氯丙嗪对狗胰液分泌的影响

本工作在6只Соловьθв胰瘘狗(其中3只同时带有巴索夫胃瘘)上进行,向十二指肠肠腔内重复注入稀盐酸引起胰液分泌,一共作了78次实验,其主要结果如下:(一)在正常以及颈部迷走封闭与膈上迷走切断的情况下,肠内重复注酸后胰液分泌量一直维持在一个一定高度的水平;脂肪酶与胰蛋白酶活性的变化进程呈现平行关系。(二)在上述三种情况下,静脉注入氯丙嗪(1毫克/公斤)都大幅度地降低胰液分泌量达两小时以上;同时,脂肪酶与胰蛋白酶活性的平行关系发生紊乱。由此说明氯丙嗪对胰腺液体的分泌具有抑制作用,对胰酶活性的平行变化有分离作用,而且不是以迷走神经为其作用的传出途径。(三)文中讨论了氯丙嗪作用的可能机制。     

吗啡成瘾大鼠胰腺外分泌的变化

本实验采用急性吗啡成瘾法,观察了吗啡成瘾大鼠在整体胰导管引流和离体胰片灌流条件下,胰腺对ＣＣＫ８刺激的反应。结果如下：（１）吗啡成瘾大鼠对ＣＣＫ８诱导的淀粉酶分泌反应降低;（２）吗啡成瘾大鼠胰腺组织中淀粉酶含量降低。提示吗啡成瘾大鼠胰淀粉酶合成受到抑制。     

乙醇能增加狗血浆胰泌素浓度和胰的分泌

近年来有报道,人摄入乙醇后,血浆胰泌素(secretin)浓度增加。Nishiwaki等观察了乙醇对狗的血浆胃泌素浓度及胰分泌的影响,并对其机理进行了探讨。选用杂种狗,雌雄不拘,事先给狗分别做胃瘘和胰瘘手术,术后三周进行实验。于实验前禁食18小时,然后将狗分成禁食和摄食两组。禁食组,在经外周静脉取血和收集胰液作为正常测定值后30、60、90分钟,分别经胃瘘灌注40%乙醇(2g/kg),于灌注后10和15分钟,各取血和收集胰液;摄食组,在取对照血和收集胰液后30分钟,按下法分组:(1)单纯喂饲肉食组;(2)饲肉+胃内灌注乙醇组;(3)甲氰咪胍+饲肉+灌注乙醇组,即在喂肉前10分钟静脉注射甲氰咪胍150mg;(4)以生理盐水代替乙醇作为对照组。同时作者还用上述方法,观察了有海氏小胃狗在30分钟内胃酸排出量。各组均以禁食组方法取     

γ-氨基丁酸对盐酸引起的狗胰液分泌的影响

本实验用5只具有胰瘘及巴索夫胃瘘的狗进行,观察静脉注射GABA(1毫克/公斤)对其胰腺外分泌机能的影响。主要结果如下: (一)在正常情况及麻醉剂戊巴比妥钠(30毫克/公斤,静脉注入)作用下,GABA对0.25％HCl注入肠内(10毫升)引起的胰液分泌量及胰蛋白酶输出量产生降低效应。 (二)GABA对静脉注射促胰液素(0.35毫克/公斤)引起的胰液分泌量无任何影响。 (三)GABA能短暂地降低颈动脉压,随后则有加压效应,但与胰液分泌活动的变化在时间进程方面不相平行。 (四)根据以上结果及以往文献,初步认为:GABA对胰腺的外分泌活动似无直接作用,但似可影响小肠粘膜对HCl刺激的反应水平。在这一影响中,中枢神经系统的高级部位看来似并未参予,全身血压的变化也似与之无关。     

Effects of parathyroid hormone on exocrine pancreatic secretion in parathyroidectomized dogs

The effects of intravenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) on steady state Secretin-induced pancreatic secretion were studied in seven dogs before and after parathyroidectomy. Free flow of pancreatic juice was obtained by direct cannulation of the main pancreatic duct (the minor duct being ligated) : a gastric fistula prevented the entry of gastric acid into the duodenum. In the normal dog PTH caused a significant increase in volume and bicarbonate concentration, reciprocal change in chloride and no change in total protein concentration. The stimulatory effect of PTH was dose-dependent. In the parathyroidectomized dog, the basic Secretin-induced secretion was lower than the preoperative values, but PTH infusion caused a significant increase in volume of fluids and bicarbonate concentration, reciprocal change in chloride and no change in protein concentration. These results were not dependent on calcium blood level, and did not change after calcium injection to the hypocalcemic parathyroidectomized dog. It is suggested, that PTH may have a direct effect on pancreatic exocrine secretion.     

Cyclic-AMP and pancreatic bicarbonate secretion in response to secretin in dogs.

In anesthetized dogs given secretin intravenously in doses doubling every 60 min and ranging from 0.5 to 8 units per kg body weight per hr, cyclic-AMP levels in pancreatic tissue rose continuously, whereas DNA concentrations were slightly decreased. Bicarbonate concentrations and bicarbonate outputs, cyclic-AMP tissue concentrations and bicarbonate outputs, as well as cyclic-AMP tissue concentrations and juice outputs, were significantly correlated. In conscious pancreatic fistula dogs, there was also a significant correlation between cyclic-AMP and bicarbonate concentrations and outputs in the pancreatic juice after stimulation by exogenous secretin. Accordingly, enhanced release of endogenous secretin achieved by intraduodenal acidification led to a dose-dependent increase in bicarbonate and cyclic-AMP outputs in both conscious and anesthetized dogs. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (aminophylline, caffeine, and papaverine) given alone to the conscious dogs did not initiate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, but they potentiated bicarbonate responses to exogenous secretin. These data suggest that cyclic-AMP plays a part in secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion.     

Neurotensin stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in rats

Neurotensin (NT) stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs and humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous neurotensin on pancreatic exocrine secretion in rats. Five Sprague-Dawley male rats were prepared with pancreatic, gastric and duodenal fistulas. Bile was shunted into the duodenum in order to collect pure pancreatic juice. 24 h later, neurotensin (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 nmol/kg) was infused intravenously in a random fashion. Pancreatic juice was collected every 10 min, and the volume was recorded and protein and bicarbonate were measured. Neurotensin stimulated, in a dose-related manner, the pancreatic secretion of water, protein and bicarbonate. Neurotensin may be involved in the physiologic control of pancreatic secretion in rats.     

The effect of oleate on pancreatic and bile secretion in the conscious rat

The effects of sodium oleate infused into either the duodenum or the terminal ileum on bile and pancreatic secretion were examined in the conscious rat. Rats were prepared with cannulae draining pure bile and pancreatic juice separately, and with an ileal and two duodenal cannulae. A 40 mM taurocholate solution containing 7 mg/ml bovine trypsin was infused into the duodenum throughout the experiment to replace diverted bile-pancreatic juice to maintain the normal regulation of pancreatic secretion. The intraduodenal infusion of sodium oleate significantly increased pancreatic juice flow, protein, and bicarbonate outputs, whereas it did not affect bile secretion. Intravenous infusion of proglumide (300 mg/kg/hr) did not inhibit pancreatic secretion stimulated by intraduodenal infusion of sodium oleate. An intravenous infusion of atropine (100 micrograms/kg/hr) attenuated protein and fluid secretions but not that of bicarbonate in response to intraduodenal oleate. In contrast, the intraileal infusion of oleate had no effect on pancreatic secretion, whereas it decreased bile flow, bicarbonate, and bile salt outputs. In conclusion, sodium oleate introduced in the duodenum stimulates pancreatic secretion but oleate in the terminal ileum inhibits bile secretion.     

Exogenous leptin inhibits the secretion of pancreatic juice via a duodenal CCK1-vagal-dependent mechanism in anaesthetized rats

Leptin originally described as product of the ob gene has been shown to be expressed in various tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the influence of leptin on the secretion of pancreatic juice in biliary-pancreatic duct cannulated anaesthetised rats and in dispersed rat pancreatic acini in vitro. Exogenous leptin was given in boluses intravenously with or without CCK-8 (12 pmol kg(-1) body weight) in the presence or absence pharmacological CCK(1) receptor blockade, cervical vagotomy, and capsaicin pre-treatment. Administration of leptin (0.1, 1 and 10 microg kg(-1) body weight) did not affect the volume of bile and pancreatic juice while the protein and trypsin outputs were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. In the rats, leptin inhibited CCK-8 stimulated protein and trypsin outputs stronger than the basal pancreatic secretion. The inhibition by leptin was abolished by the pharmacological CCK(1) receptor blockade, cervical vagotomy, and capsaicin pre-treatment. In contrast, leptin did not affect basal and CCK-8-stimulated amylase release from the dispersed rat pancreatic acini in vitro. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that leptin does not act directly on the rat pancreatic acinar cells but inhibits the secretion of pancreatic enzymes acting indirectly via a neurohormonal CCK-vagal-dependent mechanism.     

A secretin releasing peptide exists in dog pancreatic juice

Canine pancreatic juice has been shown to stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion in the dog. In the present study we investigated whether there is a secretin-releasing peptide in canine pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice was collected from the dogs with Thomas gastric and duodenal cannulas while pancreatic secretion was stimulated by intravenous administration of secretin at 0.5 microg/kg/h and CCK-8 at 0.2 microg/kg/h, respectively. The pancreatic juice was separated into three different molecular weight (MW) fractions (Fr) by ultrafiltration (Fr 1; MW > 10,000, Fr 2; MW=10,000-4,000 and Fr 3; MW < 4,000), respectively. All the fractions were bioassayed in anesthetized rats. Fraction 3 dose-dependently and significantly stimulated pancreatic juice flow volume from 78.0% to 99.4% (p<0.05) and bicarbonate output from 128.9% to 202.1% (p<0.01), respectively. Plasma secretin concentration also increased from 1.2 +/- 0.5 pM to 5.0 +/- 0.8 pM and 6.0 +/- 1.0 pM (p<0.05). None of these fractions increased pancreatic protein secretion or plasma CCK level. The stimulatory effect of Fraction 3 on pancreatic secretion and the release of secretin was completely abolished by treatment with trypsin (1 mg/ml for 60 min at 37 degrees C) but not by heating (100 degrees C, 10 min). Intravenous injection of a rabbit anti-secretin serum, which rendered plasma secretin almost undetectable in rat plasma, also abolished Fr 3-stimulated pancreatic secretion of fluid and bicarbonate secretion. These observations suggest that a secretin-releasing peptide exists in the canine pancreatic juice. It is trypsin-sensitive and heat-resistant. This peptide may play a significant physiological role on the release of secretin and regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion.     

Morphine diminishes the constancy of spontaneous uterine contractions, antagonizes the positive inotropic effects of prostaglandin E2, but not of prostaglandin F2 alpha and inhibits prostaglandin E and F outputs from the uterus of ovariectomized rats

The effects of morphine on the constancy of spontaneous contractions (isometric developed tension = IDT and contractile frequency = CF), in uterine strips isolated from ovariectomized rats and the influence of naloxone, were explored. The inotropic responses to added prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2 alpha and the influences of morphine and of morphine in the presence of naloxone on PG actions, were also determined. Moreover, the synthesis and outputs of PGs E and F from uteri and the effects of morphine alone and of morphine plus naloxone, were studied. Morphine (10(-6) M) significantly depressed uterine constancy of IDT during the first hours following delivery, but its action on CF did not differ from controls. Naloxone, neither at 10(-8) M nor at 10(-6) M, altered the negative inotropic influence of morphine on IDT. Exogenous PGs E2 and F2 alpha, stimulated uterine inotropism in a concentration-dependent fashion. Morphine altered dose-response curves for exogenous PGE2, evoking a parallel surmountable shift to the right, but did not affect the inotropic action of added PGF2 alpha. This antagonistic effect of the opioid was not altered by preincubation with naloxone. Basal synthesis and outputs of PGs E and F in uteri from ovariectomized rats were significantly depressed by morphine (10(-6) M) but not altered by incubating tissues with morphine in presence of naloxone. Results are discussed in terms of a presumptive dual action of morphine on uterine motility, i.e., antagonizing PGE2 receptors and inhibiting the synthesis of some PGs by the uterus. These influences of morphine do not appear to be subserved by the activation of mu opioid receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of morphine, enkephalins and naloxone on postprandial gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying and gastrin release in dogs

The effects of intravenous infusions of morphine, met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin on gastric acid secretion, gastrin release and gastric emptying were investigated in four dogs with gastric cannulas stimulated by a liquid peptone meal. The actions of a potent opiate antagonist, naloxone, used alone or combined with opiates were also studied. Morphine, met-and leu-enkephalin decreased the fractional gastric emptying rate. Acid secretion was decreased by enkephalins and increased by high doses of morphine. Enkephalins and to a lesser degree morphine inhibited gastrin release during the first hour following the administration of the meal. Only leu-enkephalin decreases significantly the integrated gastrin response. Naloxone at the doses used antagonized partly or totally the effects of opiates on gastric emptying but not those on gastric secretion or gastrin release. Naloxone infused alone had no significant effect on the gastric functions tested. These studies indicate that in dogs stimulated by a liquid test meal, enkephalins inhibit gastric emptying, acid secretion and gastrin release. Morphine inhibits gastric emptying and gastrin release and enhances acid secretion.