南瓜籽和西瓜籽中的脂肪酸和油

近年来,人们逐步对食品加工中的副产品和废料利用重视起来,对目前尚未被利用起来的某些农副产品也产生了极大的兴趣。这显然是件好事,因为这样可以最大限度地利用现有的资源,可以为食品和饲料增加更多的品种,还可以减少食品工业对环境的污染,解决了废料的处理问题。     

有孔虫和放射虫的采集和保存

采集对于有孔虫的采集,可以借助于放大镜的帮助,直接从珊瑚藻等藻类上采集。也可将一个下面紧缚着一块细筛绢的筛,浸在海水里,里面放上几撮海藻并加以摇荡。这样,透过筛底的有孔虫就可以被下面的筛绢所收集。还可以把从海底捞上来的泥沙,倒入盛有海水的容器中,加以搅拌,活的有孔虫即可沉到水底。倒掉上部的水和微粒,即可收集。浮游的种类,可用拖网采集。     

糖类和蛋白质相互作用的应用和展望

既然糖和蛋白质相互作用与许多生理和病理过程有关,那么糖和蛋白质相互作用的研究也就有其广泛的应用价值。 (一)免疫毒素和“生物导弹”目前用于肿瘤治疗的免疫毒素被通俗地别称为“生物导弹”,很是引人注目。原因是免疫毒素以对肿瘤细胞表面特征抗原专一的单克隆抗体作为“导向”分子,使与之相连的作为“弹头”的毒素富集到肿瘤细胞内,从而既能提高疗效又能降低毒素对正常细胞的伤害。就“生物导弹”这一词而言,凡是能把某种分子或组份定向地送到特定的靶细胞或靶器官,     

单克隆抗体和功能细胞株的进展和应用

本书为专论单克隆抗体杂交瘤专著:这还是生物分析研究领域中开辟的新的领域。该书重点介绍了重组单克隆抗体和分子遗传分析技术,阐述了在分子水平上研究基因和基因产物的结构与功能的相互关系,并进一步介绍了单克隆抗体在医学领域中应用的潜力。本书可供遗传学、免疫学、生物工程学、医学、分子生物学等科研和教学人员参考。     

观察导管和管胞的材料和方法

在实驗课中通常感到困难的是材料問題,其次是因受地区季节限制,往往在介紹的經驗中不适于其他地区。因之会严重的影响教学的进行,甚至会引起部分学生对課堂传授的知識发生怀疑。为了避免这种傾向;切合实际选择材料作好实驗,是非常重要的。茲将在做实驗中所获得的結果介紹如下: 一、观察导管的材料和方法课本上和在我們工作中对导管实驗,往往限于用     

药理学科研和培养人才的经验和体会

吕富华教授自三十年代至今从事药理学教学和科研,工作五十年,积累了非常丰富的经验。他的与困难做斗争和严谨的治学精神,值得人们很好地学习。特约本文简略介绍他几十年来的研究成果,从中可以看出其严谨的理论概念和实验方法,以及培养干部和研究生的态度,给我们很多启发。     

当代磁性材料和磁学的研究和应用

本文论述了当代磁性材料和磁学的若干新的研究和应用 ,主要包含 :①高频磁性材料与磁谱学 ;②微波磁性材料与磁共振 ;③纳米磁性材料与介观磁学 ;④磁的普遍存在与交叉磁学     

猪和牛轮状病毒的分离和鉴定

我国对动物轮状病毒的研究报道尚少。用细胞培养法分离轮状病毒又比较困难。本文报道用非洲罗猴胎肾细胞MA-104,结合胰酶处理及旋转培养技术,从北京地区腹泻仔猪和犊牛的粪便中成功地分离到6株猪轮状病毒(暂名为PRV1,PRV2,PRV8,PRY11,PRV15和PRV17)和4株牛轮状病毒(暂名为BRV6555,BRV6551,BRV6571和BRV6576)及其初步鉴定结果。     

阉割和睾丸酮替代对雄性老年大鼠下丘脑和血浆促黄体生成素释放激素水平的影响

应用放射免疫分析(RIA)技术比较了年青(2—3月龄)和老年(24—26月龄)雄性大鼠下丘脑和血浆促黄体生成素释放激素(LHRH)水平及其在睾丸切除(ORDX)和睾丸酮(T)替代下LHRH水平的变化。老年大鼠血浆T水平明显降低,下丘脑LHRH含量亦呈明显下降趋势,但血浆LHRH水平与年青大鼠十分接近。在ORDX和T替代下,两组动物血浆T水平没有明显差别,但老年大鼠下丘脑和血浆LHRH的变化率却不同程度地低于年青大鼠。上述结果提示,老年雄性大鼠下丘脑LHRH神经元系统的负反馈能力明显削弱,这也许是下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴呈增龄性衰变的重要原因之一。     

Hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and LH secretion in aging female rats

Age-related changes in hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion were studied in young (6 months), middle-aged (12 months) and old (18 months) female rats. The LHRH levels in the mid-hypothalamic area were higher in intact middle-aged and old females than in young ones. Additionally, there was no age difference in the hypothalamic LHRH levels in male rats. In order to clarify the significance of this age-related increase in female rats, we examined the effects of progesterone treatment in estrogen-primed ovariectomized young and old rats on the LHRH levels in the median eminence (ME) and on plasma LH levels. We found phasic changes in ME-LHRH and plasma LH levels in estrogen-primed rats following progesterone treatment in rats of both ages, but the progesterone-induced change in ME-LHRH levels tended to be delayed in old rats compared with young females. This delay may correspond to the delayed onset, slow and low magnitude of plasma LH increase in old females. The ME-LHRH levels were generally higher in old rats than in young rats. Nevertheless, we found that the increase in plasma LH in response to progesterone treatment in estrogen-primed ovariectomized females was smaller in old rats than young rats. These results suggest that the LHRH secretory mechanism changes with age in female rats. Such alterations may result in the accumulation of LHRH in the mid-hypothalamic area and an increase in ME-LHRH.     

Effects of aging on LH and prolactin after LHRL L-dopa, methyl-dopa, and stress in male rat.

Hypothalamic-pituitary control of prolactin and LH secretion was tested in young (4-6 months) and aged (22-30 months) male Long-Evans rats given L-dopa, methyl dopa, LHRH, or stress treatments. Pretreatment serum LH levels were consistently higher in young than in the aged groups. The increase in serum LH after LHRH injection was only about half as much in aged as compared to young control males. Although acute stress caused a prompt increase in serum LH in young male rats, this treatment was without effect in the aged group. Methyl dopa treatment stimulated serum prolactin secretion in both young and old rats. Although L-dopa treatment caused a reduction in serum prolactin in both age groups, the sensitivity, magnitude, and duration of the reduction was smaller in the aged rats.     

Functional and morphological changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis of aged female rats.

Age-related functional and morphological alterations in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis were investigated in old recurrently pseudopregnant (RPP) female rats, and these alterations were compared with those in young diestrous rats. LHRH in the median eminence (ME) and mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) as well as plasma FSH, LH, and progesterone were measured by RIA. LHRH in the lateral ME (LME) and pituitary FSH and LH were evaluated by morphometry and densitometrical immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, by light microscopy, we classified and counted the number of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. LHRH concentrations in the ME and MBH were similar in old and young rats, whereas in old rats, plasma FSH was markedly increased, LH was moderately increased, and plasma progesterone was unchanged. The number and the total area and immunoreactivity of LHRH-labeled axon cross sections in the LME were reduced in old rats. The number of nucleated FSH-labeled cells and total FSH area and immunoreactivity were almost twice in old compared with young animals. The measurements of LH-labeled cells were not different between the two groups. In old rats, the numbers of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea were reduced and that of atretic follicles increased. In conclusion, age-related morphological impairments of LHRH axons associated with an increased number of FSH gonadotropes and higher plasma FSH in our old RPP rats suggest hypothalamic and pituitary disturbances, which may largely contribute to the complex hormonal disarrangement responsible for the decline of reproductive functions in old female rats.     

Effects of aging on pituitary and testicular luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptors in the rat

Aging exerts profound influences on the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular-axis. This work has been performed in order to verify whether, in male rats, the decreased secretion of LH and testosterone (T) occurring in old animals is reflected by modifications of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptors at the level of the anterior pituitary and of the testes. To this purpose, the affinity constant (Ka) and the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) for the LHRH analog [D-Ser(tBu)6]des-Gly10-LHRH-N-ethylamide were evaluated, by means of a receptor binding assay, in membrane preparations derived from the anterior pituitary and testicular Leydig cells of male rats of 3 and 19 months of age. Serum levels of LH and T were measured by specific RIAs. The results obtained show that, in aged male rats, the concentration of pituitary LHRH receptors is significantly lower than that found in young animals. On the other hand, the concentration of LHRH binding sites is significantly increased on the membranes of Leydig cells of old rats. In no instance the Ka for the LHRH analog is significantly affected. Serum levels of LH and T are significantly lower in old than in young male rats. In conclusion, these results suggest that the reduced secretion of LH in old male rats may be linked, at least partially, to a decrease of the number of pituitary LHRH receptors. The impaired production of testosterone occurring in aged rats is accompanied by a significant increase of the number of testicular LHRH receptors, indicating that also the intratesticular mechanisms controlling testosterone release undergo significant alterations with aging.     

Correlation of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH in developing rats.

Hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH and plasma LH levels were measured in rats of both sexes from day 5-60 after birth. The content of hypothalamic LHRH was very high in one-week-old male and female rats. It declined gradually till day 17 in the female rat and sharply on day 10 in the male rat. Subsequently the content of hypothalamic LHRH increased and showed peak values on day 25 in the female rat and on day 45 in the male rat. It decreased markedly at respective times of puberty in both sexes (day 37 in the female rat and day 52-60 in the male rat). Results of the study suggest that maturation of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-axis proceeds in three distinct stages. Observations on days 17, 25 and 37 in the female rat and on days 5, 7, 10 and 22 in the male rat clearly show an inverse relationship between hypothalamic LHRH and plasma LH and a parallel relationship between pituitary and plasma LH. Marked decline in the content of hypothalamic LHRH at respective times of puberty in both sexes indicates that the release of threshold levels of LHRH from the hypothalamus may apparently be the event initiating the pubertal changes in rat.     

LHRH and LH in peripubertal female rats following prenatal and/or postnatal ethanol exposure

The effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to ethanol (ETOH) on LHRH and LH were investigated. Pregnant and/or lactating dams were fed ETOH during: 1) gestation, 2) lactation, or 3) gestation-lactation. Female offspring were decapitated at 30 or 40 days-of-age; trunk blood was collected for plasma LH RIA; and hypothalamic tissues were collected for LHRH RIA. Hypothalamic LHRH content of all ETOH-exposed groups was less than that of non-ETOH-fed controls at 30 and 40 days-of-age (p less than 0.05). Plasma LH concentrations of all ETOH-exposed groups were less than those of non-ETOH-fed controls at 30 and 40 days-of-age (p less than 0.05). Also, at 30 and 40 days-of-age, the plasma LH concentrations of the animals exposed to ETOH during lactation and gestation-lactation were less than those of the animals exposed to ETOH during gestation (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that ETOH exposure during gestation and/or lactation negatively affects hypothalamic LHRH content of female rat offspring. Decreased hypothalamic LHRH content with corresponding lowered plasma LH concentration suggests that ETOH influences development or maturation of hypothalamic LHRH neurons by possibly decreasing their number or synthesizing capability.     

Thyroid status in the obese syndrome of rats

The thyroid function was explored by comparing serum total and free iodothyronine levels in young male genetically obese Zucker rats and in their lean littermates, aged from 6 to 8 weeks old. Total and free thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly decreased in obese rat serum while total 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) remained constant. Radioactive T4 half life is slower in the plasma of obese rats. Peripheral synthesis of T3 from deiodination of T4 is also decreased in obese rat liver homogenate. These modifications produce changes in liver mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and in marker enzyme activity, which are usually associated with hypothyroidism and hypothalamic disturbances. Genetic obesity probably involves activation of peripheral deiodination of T4 to rT3 which induces biochemical and metabolic changes.     

The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the copulatory behavior of hyperprolactinemic male rats

The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the deficits in copulatory behavior observed in hyperprolactinemic male rats may be related to a reduction in hypothalamic release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Adult male Fischer 344 rats were made hyperprolactinemic by ectopic pituitary grafts or were sham operated and 30 min prior to being tested for copulatory performance received a single subcutaneous injection of 500 ng LHRH, 100 ng LHRH, or saline. On different occasions, testosterone (T) levels were measured in plasma collected 30 min following identical treatments. Plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were determined in samples collected 30 min after injection of 500 ng LHRH. Pituitary grafting produced the expected, significant increase in plasma PRL levels and significant deficits in copulatory behavior. Treatment of hyperprolactinemic subjects with 500 ng LHRH significantly reduced both the time to first intromission and the time to ejaculation to times comparable with those of sham-operated subjects. The 100-ng dose produced a significant reduction in mount frequency. Plasma T levels were significantly elevated following either dose of LHRH. These results demonstrate that exogenous LHRH can restore normal copulatory performance in hyperprolactinemic male rats and support the hypothesis that a reduction in hypothalamic LHRH release is responsible for the behavioral deficits observed in those animals.     

Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones in dogs: influence of sampling hour, breed and age

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) plasma concentrations have been determined during 24-hr sampling periods in six mongrels (age 12-36 months), six beagles (age 35-37 months), three labradors (age 3.5 months) and three beagles (age 5 months). The mean T4 levels of the labradors were significantly lower than the values found for mongrels or older beagles (P less than 0.05), whereas T3 was higher in the 5 month old beagles compared to the mongrels (P less than 0.001), young beagles (P less than 0.05) or labradors (P less than 0.01). Circadian and ultradian rhythmicities have been evaluated by cosinor and Fourier analysis. Mongrels and older beagles did have a 12-hr rhythmicity in plasma T4 (P less than 0.05), whereas 5 month old beagles had a circadian one (P less than 0.01). A 12-hr rhythmicity was also found for T3 in the older Beagles (P less than 0.05). However, Fourier analysis indicated that the daily variation in T4 and T3 plasma levels was inadequately mathematically described by single sinusoidal rhythm and that more harmonic components are to be taken into account. The obtained data during a 24-hr period indicate that T4 and T3 concentrations in plasma may vary according to breed, age and sampling hour.