延安试区人工刺槐林地的土壤干层分析

８０年代以来,以林草地地力衰退为特征的人工林草地土壤退化日趋严重,其中以土壤水分严重亏缺为特征的土壤干化现象愈益引起了人工的重视。土壤干化的的直接后果是形成土壤干层,导致土壤退化,植物生长速率减缓,群落衰败以至大片死亡,严重地威胁到我国北方地区特别是黄土高原地区生态环境的建设,因此,研究和解决土壤干层问题已成为黄土高原植被建设的迫切任务。根据延安试区的土壤水分和植被生长状况调查资料,初步分析了不同条件下刺槐人工林地的水分状况。结果表明：试区刺槐人工林地普遍形成了土壤干层,且已相当严重;坡向对土壤干层有明显影响,阳坡形成的干层阴坡严重,坡度愈大;土壤干化愈剧烈。林龄对干层严重程度影响不影响,同时,研究指出了解决土壤干层问题的意义。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水分环境及植被生长响应——以燕沟流域为例

调查了黄土丘陵沟壑区燕沟流域刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林地、辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林地、荒草地、农地等不同植被类型条件下7种地类的土壤水分环境,分析不同植被类型对水分环境的生长响应.结果认为,各地类均存在一定程度的水分亏缺,亏缺量由大到小依次为:阳坡刺槐林地991.57mm、阳坡荒草地941.21mm、阴坡刺槐林地866.53mm、阳坡辽东栎林地815.89mm、阴坡荒草地790.27mm、阴坡辽东栎林地745.20mm、农地325.55mm.土壤水分的交换深度农地达320cm,阴坡荒草地为240cm,阴坡辽东栎林地为200cm,阴坡刺槐林地和阳坡辽东栎林地均为160cm,阳坡荒草地为140cm,阳坡刺槐林地为120cm.试验期间,林地、荒草地和农地分别约有10%、14%、30%的降水储存于土壤中,林地、荒草地600cm深土壤水库可利用水量62.6～309.0mm,与农地728.6mm相比土壤水库的调节能力很有限.受林木耗水量和土壤供水能力的双重影响,阳坡刺槐林枯梢现象严重,有整株枯死林木;阴坡刺槐林有明显的枯梢,但没有整株枯死的林木;辽东栎林也存在枯梢现象,但较刺槐林轻微,林木生长仍然十分旺盛.人工林地植被较高的截留和蒸腾耗水是造成土壤干燥化的主要原因,在植被建设中应遵循区域植被的演替规律,以水定植,尽量选择低耗水的适生乡土树种,采取自然修复为主、人工栽植为辅的措施,同时实施好水土保持措施.黄土丘陵区天然辽东栎林是当地植被演替的顶级群落,林地土壤的干燥化是黄土高原气候整体趋于旱化造成的,并不是人为干扰导致植被过度耗水造成的,这种土壤干燥化不宜归属于干层的范畴.判别土壤干层应以当地稳定天然植被群落的生物量水平和土壤水分状况为基准.     

陕北黄土区不同林地土壤干燥化效应

退耕还林还草工程虽然取得显著成效,但是加剧了区域土壤水分亏缺与土壤干燥化程度,同时制约着植被构建。选取陕西省吴起县金佛坪流域山杏、油松、刺槐、小叶杨和沙棘5种植被类型,对照荒草地。采用人工土钻法取样,分析不同植被类型0—10 m的土壤湿度特征和土壤干燥化效应。结果表明:各植被类型浅层和深层土壤水分均存在显著差异;与荒草地相比,各类林地均出现土壤水分过度消耗,其中刺槐林过耗量最大,山杏林最小;各林地均出现土壤干层,其中刺槐林、小叶杨林和山杏林土壤干层都已达到10 m以下,植被是深层土壤水分的主要影响因素。5类林地的土壤干燥化指数平均值39.26%,都远高于荒草地-9.57%。土壤干燥化强度为小叶杨(80.19%)刺槐(78.03%)沙棘(55.38%)山杏(37.94%)油松(32.34%),这是树种、林木大小和密度、林分生物量、树龄等生长指标综合作用的结果。在今后植被恢复中,应注意根据当地土壤水分条件,合理选择节水树种和合理设计林分结构,尽量避免或减轻土壤干化,维持较高的植被稳定性。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同人工植被恢复土壤水分的相对亏缺

土壤水分是制约半干旱黄土丘陵区植被恢复和生态建设的关键因子。而缺乏科学指导的人工植被恢复会加剧土壤水分耗竭,造成土壤水分亏缺,从而严重阻碍该区生态系统恢复和脆弱生境的有效改善。本研究以典型半干旱黄土丘陵区甘肃定西龙滩流域为例,对比不同植被恢复模式下土壤储水状况,并通过构建土壤水分相对亏缺指数CSWDI（Compared Soil Water Deficit Index）和样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数PCSWDI（Plot Compared Soil Water Deficit Index）进行定量化分析与评价,发现各人工植被均存在不同程度的土壤水分亏缺。其中,柠条、油松、山杏林地PCSWDI分别达到0.65、0.62、0.62,土壤水分亏缺严重,尤其是100 cm以下土层;山毛桃林地和苜蓿草地PCSWDI分别为0.38和0.17,在100—200 cm土层有一定程度的水分亏缺,但相对较轻;侧柏林地土壤水分的亏缺主要集中在20—100 cm这一层次,100 cm以下则随深度增加而降低;0—200 cm土层内,杨树林地、撂荒草地和马铃薯农地无显著水分亏缺,且在0—100 cm内土壤水分有一定的补充。CSWDI和PCSWDI能有效反映不同层次和样地土壤水分相对亏缺状况,可用于同一地区不同植被恢复模式土壤水分响应的定量化分析与评估。     

黄土丘陵区植被的土壤水文效应

采用定位监测与普查相结合方法,对黄土丘陵区主要降水量级地区不同植被下土壤水分状况进行了系统的总结分析。研究认为：农林草地土壤水分剖面有较大差异,土壤水分由高到低依次为农地、草地、灌木地、乔木。部分地区灌木林土壤水分可能不如乔木林地。在特旱年份,不同植被下的土壤水分严重亏缺,但不同植被利用引起的土壤水分差异变小。森林带土壤水分明显好于过渡带,该带刺槐生长正常;在过渡带,特旱年份油松、刺槐林不能正常生长,且乔、灌、草均引起土壤干层。所以在林草植被建设中需要一些辅助措施来保证土壤水分供应的可持续性。     

陕北黄土区雨季后山地枣林土壤水分动态变化研究

选取陕北延川县齐家山红枣试验基地枣林地、苹果林地和撂荒草地为研究对象进行土壤水分动态变化研究，结果表明：①不同坡位、不同坡向和不同整地方式的枣林地土壤水分存在显著差异；其中，研究区下坡位土壤水分最高，为14.19%；阴坡土壤水分最高，为14.19%；水平阶整地枣林土壤水分显著高于原状坡。②研究区不同植被类型间土壤水分垂直变化趋势基本一致。枣林地土壤水分最高，为11.49%；不同植被类型0~100 cm土壤贮水量依次表现为枣林地（144.76 mm） > 苹果林地（124.19 mm） > 撂荒草地（72.20 mm）。③不同植被类型土壤贮水亏缺度存在差异。雨季前，0~20 cm土层亏缺度最小，平均亏缺度表现为撂荒草地 > 枣林 > 苹果林；雨季后，土壤水分亏缺度表现为撂荒草地 > 苹果 > 枣林，除枣林地外均高于雨季前土壤水分亏缺度。④雨季后，研究区3种植被类型0~20 cm土层土壤水分亏缺加剧；20~100 cm土层中，枣林土壤贮水补偿度为正值，土壤水分得到补偿，但最高仅为22.95%，枣林土壤水分仍处于亏缺状态并未完全恢复；苹果林地土壤贮水补偿度则为负值，表明土壤水分亏缺进一步加剧；撂荒草地土壤水分补偿度基本维持在0左右，土壤水分亏缺没有持续恶化。     

宁南山区不同乔木林地土壤干层分布及干燥化特征

以宁南山区典型坡面不同人工林地为研究对象,分层采集0~600 cm土样,分析杏树(Armeniaca vulgaris)、杨树(Populus simonii)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和松树(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)及农田(对照)土壤含水量垂直剖面分布特征,采用干燥化指数(SID)、土壤水分相对亏缺指数(CSWDI)、干层起始深度(DSLFD)、干层厚度(DSLT)和干层内平均含水量(DSL-SWC)等指标对土壤干燥化强度和干层分布特征进行分析,利用冗余分析(RDA)确定相关环境因子对土壤干燥化和干层的影响,为黄土高原山区植被合理利用水土资源和生态恢复等提供数据支撑。结果表明:(1)杏树、杨树、榆树、刺槐、松树土壤水分均属中等变异,且0~600 cm平均土壤含水量与对照农田相比分别降低了31.17%、24.15%、23.19%、29.67%和18.35%。(2)不同人工林地干层起始深度、干层厚度及垂直剖面土壤水分分布明显不同,杏树、杨树、榆树、刺槐、松树和农田土壤干层起始深度分别为90、160、140、140、160和600 cm,干层厚度分别为510、460、480、480、460和0 cm。(3)杏树、杨树、榆树、刺槐和松树0~600 cm平均土壤干燥化指数分别为63.48%、91.88%、95.17%、73.97%和111.91%,土壤水分相对亏缺指数分别为0.68、0.59、0.52、0.63和0.41,其土壤水分干燥化强度及亏缺程度由高到低依次为杏树>刺槐>杨树>榆树>松树。(4)RDA分析结果表明,乔木类型、黏粒含量和地形条件是影响土壤干燥化的重要因素。     

黄土高原不同植被类型区人工林地深层土壤干燥化效应

人工林地土壤干燥化正在日益严重的威胁着黄土高原人工植被建设成效.在黄土高原3个植被类型区广泛观测苹果、刺槐、油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺、沙棘和柠条等23种不同立地和树龄林地深层土壤湿度基础上,比较和分析了各类林地土壤含水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度,定量评价了各类林地深层土壤干燥化效应.研究结果表明:(1)23种林地0～1000 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效含水量平均值依次为10.84%、1409.8 mm和446.6 mm,明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和当地土壤稳定湿度值,各类林地平均土壤水分过耗量超过500 mm,每年多消耗土壤水分36.8 mm.林地土壤水分过耗量和耗水速度以中部半干旱森林草原区最高,南部半湿润森林区相对较低.林地土壤干燥化速度为:柠条和狼牙刺林地＞油松林地＞刺槐和沙棘林地＞苹果园地和辽东栎林地;(2)除林龄较短的苹果、沙棘和柠条林地外,各类林地在300 cm以下深层土壤湿度明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和土壤稳定湿度值,林地深层土壤湿度表现为阳坡低于阴坡、坡地低于平地,最大耗水深度接近或超过1000 cm.随林龄增长,林地深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚;(3)23种林地土壤干燥化指数平均值为51.6%,达到中度(偏重)干燥化强度,林地土壤干层厚度达到或超过800 cm,随着降水量从半湿润区向半干旱偏旱区趋势性减少,林地土壤干燥化强度趋于强化,土壤干层厚度趋于增加.土壤干燥化强度和土壤干层厚度表现为:油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺和柠条林地＞刺槐林地＞苹果和沙棘林地.     

黄土高原人工林地水分亏缺的补偿与恢复特征

采用单株平衡法 ,通过定位监测与对比分析 ,对黄土高原半湿润落叶阔叶林区 ,持续干旱期末人工林地土壤水分亏缺度、雨季末降雨补偿深度及土壤贮水亏缺补偿度的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明 ,在水分条件较为优越的半湿润落叶阔叶林带 ,丰水年雨季过后的土壤贮水亏缺补偿深度不超过 2 80 cm,平水年 2 4 0 cm,枯水年仅 4 0 cm,而耗水深度超过 32 0 cm。丰水年0～ 32 0 cm土层 ,土壤贮水亏缺补偿度仅 14 .5 3%。自然状况下 ,单纯依赖天然降水 ,人工林地土壤水分亏缺状况将难以恢复。人工林地土壤贮水亏缺补偿度具有极为明显的空间分布规律。其中 ,水平方向土壤贮水亏缺补偿度与距主干距离成反相关 ,垂直方向因林分类型不同而异。林木根系的存在 ,削弱了天然降雨对土壤水分亏缺的补偿作用。在黄土高原南部半湿润落叶阔叶林带 ,仅采用传统的一维垂向土壤水分观测结果 ,或以 3m以上土层的土壤水分动态监测资料为基础 ,进行有关土壤水量平衡及蒸散量的计算 ,其计算结果的准确性和科学性将难以保证     

黄土高原水土保持林对土壤水分的影响

黄土高原植被恢复的限制因素主要是土壤水分,植被与土壤水分关系的研究对黄土高原植被恢复具有重要意义.2008年7月1日至2009年10月31日间采用EnviroSMART土壤水分定位监测系统以每30min监测1次的频度,对晋西黄土区刺槐人工林地、油松人工林地、次生林地的土壤水分变化进行了研究.研究得出:次生林地0-150 cm土层中平均蓄水量为331.95mm,刺槐人工林地为233.85 mm,有整地措施的油松人工林地为314.85mm,刺槐人工林比次生林多消耗的98.10mm土壤水分主要来源于80 cm以下土层.次生林主要消耗0-80 cm土层的水分,而人工林不但对0-80 cm土层水分的消耗量大于次生林,对深层土壤的消耗也较次生林大,这将有可能导致人工林地深层土壤的“干化”.在土壤水分减少期(11-1月)刺槐人工林土壤水分的日均损耗量为0.86mm、油松人工林为0.82 mm、次生林为0.84 mm.土壤水分缓慢恢复期(2-5月)刺槐人工林地土壤水分的恢复速度0.90mm/d,油松人工林地为0.53 mm/d、次生林地为0.79 mm/d.土壤水分剧烈变化期(5-10月)刺槐人工林地土壤水分含量的极差为95.71mm,油松人工林地为179.1mm,次生林地为72.03mm.在干旱少雨的黄土高原进行植被恢复时,应多采取封山育林等方式,依靠自然力量形成能够与当地土壤水资源相协调的次生林,是防止人工植被过度耗水形成“干化层”、保障水土保持植被持续发挥生态服务功能的关键.     

Measuring the local community's participation in the management of community forests in Cameroon

Cameroon revised its forestry policy and included the legal concept of community forests, a concept difficult to develop. This study aims to resolve this difficulty by understanding the concept as it is designed by the Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF). To this end, two formulae, the second simpler than the first, were developed to measure the percentage of involvement of the local community in the process of implementing a community forest. A questionnaire constructed to assess the importance of the activities in this process provided the coefficients for the first formula. The questionnaire was administered to five groups representing the possible participants in the implementation process. There are statistically significant differences among the mean ratings of importance by the five groups and for the various activities. Despite the latter differences, the numerical difference between the two formulae is negligible. Correlations of the ranking of the importance of the activities predict successful collaboration among MINEF, conservation project officials, and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In contrast, the local communities are less likely to collaborate with the first three groups. There is a gulf between the communities and outside organizations (Ministry, conservation project officials and NGOs). Strategies for facilitating the process of implementing the community forest are suggested.     

Fire in the tropical gallery forests of Belize

ABSTRACT. Historical records of burning, field observations, and a manipulation experiment were used to evaluate the extent and impact of fire in a system of gallery forests in the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna, Belize. The outer boundaries of gallery forests are fire-prone zones, but fires rarely intrude into these forests. This is attributed to the existence of fire-tolerant trees in the outer zone, which preserve a forest interior of low flammability. Occasional fire incursions are patchily distributed and partially inhibited by slope convexities. Intrusions consume litter and root mats and destroy seedlings and saplings, but create a wide variety of subsequent light regimes depending upon the degree of canopy destruction. At most sites, partial canopy cover persists and seedlings of a subset of forest tree species establish preferentially. Early survivorship of these seedlings is comparable to those established in undamaged forest. Where canopy opening is severe, a secondary succession is initiated, with large numbers of herbaceous plants deriving from the seed bank. Gallery forests contain core zones into which fire very rarely intrudes, and peripheral zones that experience fire incursions that are patchily distributed in space and time. In the latter zones fire incursions play a role comparable to that of canopy gaps in continuous forests, but also create a unique class of micro-habitats to which a subset of tree species is specialized. The fire regime over the recent past in this gallery forest system appears to have had an enriching, rather than a depauperizing, effect on the forest communities, and such systems represent plausible refugia for forest species in fire-prone landscapes.     

Impact of secondary forest management on ant assemblage composition in the temperate region in Japan

In Japan, the impacts of human disturbance on ant assemblages have been intensively studied mainly in suburban areas. In contrast, the impact on ant assemblages of long-term human management and abandonment of forests is not well studied even though forestry is viewed as a process that seriously impacts ant assemblages. Besides, the studies focused on the relationship between secondary forest management for producing the firewood and charcoal which is considered to be characteristic of Japan and ant assemblage is not well studied. Do the long-term impacts on the secondary forest alter the ant composition? The effects of forest management on ant assemblages were studied through comparisons of managed, unmanaged and clear cut forest plots in secondary tree stands that had been used previously for producing firewood and charcoal. Ant species richness did not differ among forest categories, but ant species composition varied among forest categories. The absence or presence of openland and woodland ant specialist species is considered a good indicator for secondary forest management.     

排放与森林碳汇作用下云南省碳净排放量估计

以云南省为例,用马尔科夫链计算能源结构,在经济增长模型基础上基于动态最优化理论估计能源消费碳排放,并基于CO₂FIX模型计算云南省森林碳汇,预测在能源消费碳排放和森林碳汇共同作用下的从2008到2050年碳净排放量。研究发现云南省能源消费碳排放量和碳净排放量曲线都呈"倒U"型,在2035年达到高峰,高峰值分别为和129.71 MtC和118.89 MtC;在森林碳汇中,原有森林的碳汇作用在现在和未来一段时间内处于主导地位,但新造林有着巨大的碳汇潜力,所以在保护原有森林的同时要植树造林,从生态学角度抵消碳排放;森林碳汇只能减少小部分碳排放,更主要的是改善云南省的能源结构,加快技术进步速度,开发水电等新能源,从根本上减少温室气体的排放。     

A comparison of the efficiencies of the shotgun and the bow in neotropical forest hunting

Whenever introduced into Amazonia and its neighboring regions, the shotgun has quickly replaced the bow and arrow and other aboriginal weapons of the hunt. The quick and widespread adoption of the shotgun is plainly a matter of its superiority over most aboriginal weapons. This paper compares the hunting efficiencies of the shotgun and the bow by means of a controlled field experiment among the Ye'kwana and Yanomamö Indians of the Upper Orinoco River of southern Venezuela. It also examines the impact of the shotgun on local animal populations and the economic changes brought about by the need to cash-crop in order to purchase Western hunting technology.Funds for the research and writing of this paper were made possible by an NIMH predoctoral fellowship to Napoleon A. Chagnon, Grant No. NIMH 5 R01 MH 26008-SSR.     

防护林学研究现状与展望

防护林学是研究防护林构建及经营的理论与技术的科学, 其核心内容包括防护林构建理论与技术、防护林经营理论与技术和防护林效益评价。防护林学发展的终极目的是构建与经营防护林, 使其防护功能或生态服务功能高效、稳定并可持续。防护林学是偏重实用的应用基础学科, 其发展始终依托防护林工程建设需求, 特别是以国家运作方式开展的大型防护林工程建设, 对推动防护林学发展做出了巨大贡献。国外著名的防护林工程有美国大平原各州林业工程(罗斯福工程)、前苏联斯大林改造大自然计划、日本的治山治水防护林工程和北非五国“绿色坝”跨国防护林工程等。围绕这些工程, 在防护林规划设计、树种选择、空间配置、造林方法, 结构、抚育、间伐、衰退机制与更新, 以及效益评价等各个方面开展了相关研究, 其中, 以效益评价及效益与结构的关系研究最为广泛与深入。中国幅员辽阔、自然条件复杂、森林资源相对匮乏且分布不均、自然环境恶劣, 对防护林的需求极大, 自“三北”防护林体系建设工程启动以来, 中国防护林建设规模已居世界首位, 防护林学在中国得到了长足发展, 尤其在防护林经营理论与技术研究方面取得突破性进展。防护林学以效益评价为桥梁将防护林构建和经营组合在一起, 效益与结构的关系为防护林构建及现有防护林经营提供了科学依据。未来防护林学研究将以更广泛的生态公益林或防护性森林为对象, 在研究方法上将由以林分尺度为主向更微观和更宏观两个方向拓展; 在防护林构建方面, 仍以林学理论与技术为主体, 并重点与生态系统稳定性原理、景观生态学原理相结合, 开展防护林(体系)区域分异规划设计、营建理论与技术研究; 在防护林经营方面, 将以防护林衰退与恢复机制、带状防护林更新和非带状防护林近自然经营理论与技术为重点开展研究; 在效益评价方面, 将采用遥感等技术, 以防护林(体系)、大规模防护林建设的生态环境效应评价等为主要内容开展研究。     

Rainfall seasonality and drought performance shape the distribution of tropical tree species in Ghana

Tree species distribution in lowland tropical forests is strongly associated with rainfall amount and distribution. Not only plant water availability, but also irradiance, soil fertility, and pest pressure covary along rainfall gradients. To assess the role of water availability in shaping species distribution, we carried out a reciprocal transplanting experiment in gaps in a dry and a wet forest site in Ghana, using 2,670 seedlings of 23 tree species belonging to three contrasting rainfall distributions groups (dry species, ubiquitous species, and wet species). We evaluated seasonal patterns in climatic conditions, seedling physiology and performance (survival and growth) over a 2‐year period and related seedling performance to species distribution along Ghana's rainfall gradient. The dry forest site had, compared to the wet forest, higher irradiance, and soil nutrient availability and experienced stronger atmospheric drought (2.0 vs. 0.6 kPa vapor pressure deficit) and reduced soil water potential (?5.0 vs. ?0.6 MPa soil water potential) during the dry season. In both forests, dry species showed significantly higher stomatal conductance and lower leaf water potential, than wet species, and in the dry forest, dry species also realized higher drought survival and growth rate than wet species. Dry species are therefore more drought tolerant, and unlike the wet forest species, they achieve a home advantage. Species drought performance in the dry forest relative to the wet forest significantly predicted species position on the rainfall gradient in Ghana, indicating that the ability to grow and survive better in dry forests and during dry seasons may allow species to occur in low rainfall areas. Drought is therefore an important environmental filter that influences forest composition and dynamics. Currently, many tropical forests experience increase in frequency and intensity of droughts, and our results suggest that this may lead to reduction in tree productivity and shifts in species distribution.     

Forest vegetation in relation to surface water chemistry in the North Branch of the Moose River,Adirondack Park,N.Y.

The Regional Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (RILWAS) was conducted to identify and to quantify the environmental factors controlling surface water chemistry in forested watersheds of the Adirondack region of New York. The RILWAS vegetation research was designed to: (1) compare the quantitative patterns of forest cover and tree community structure in the study catchments of the Moose River drainage system; and (2) identify important vegetation differences among study watersheds that might help to explain inter-watershed differences in water chemistry and aquatic responses to acidic deposition. Field transect data indicated that the overall drainage system includes 50% mixed forest cover, 38% hardwood forest, 10% coniferous forest, and 2% wetland cover. Major tree species include yellow birch, red spruce, American beech, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and red maple. Analysis of forest structure indicated that mean weighted basal area estimates ranged two-fold from 24–48 m²ha^–1 among watersheds. Likewise, mean weighted estimates for aboveground biomass and aboveground annual productivity ranged among watersheds from 160 to 320 MT ha^–1 and from 8 to 18 MT ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. Results showed that differences in surface water chemistry were independent of vegetation differences among watersheds.