褐飞虱两过线虫寄生前期幼虫的形态和数量性状观察

索科线虫的形态结构,目前只有少量报道,大多数种的寄生前期幼虫的结构及数量性状都没有详细的研究.作者在1994-1996年间,对褐飞虱两索线虫(Amphimermis nilaparvata)寄生前期幼虫的形态结构和数量性状的观察和测量表明,两索线虫属与其它索科线虫在属间的形态结构有很大的差异,同属不同种间的幼虫结构较相似,但数量性状上却存在着较大的差异.利用寄生前期幼虫这两方面的差异可以进行属、种间的鉴别,有别于应用成虫期进行鉴别的常规方法,使鉴定依据更加充分和可靠.研究寄生前期幼虫的形态结构和数量性状,对索科线虫的活体、离体培养也有实际意义.     

索线虫寄生前期幼虫的分类研究

本文对六索属、罗索属和两索属3属6种索线虫的寄生前期幼虫进行了观察比较,对索线虫寄生前期幼虫作为索科线虫属、种鉴别的可能性、分类鉴别方法和主要鉴别特征值等问题作了初步研究。     

蚊的寄生线虫一新种:旌德罗索虫

通过十年来的广泛研究;证明索科线虫对防治媒介有很大的潜力。在1979—1980年,我们从安徽省旌德县境内找到一种寄生于中华按蚊幼虫的索线虫,经鉴定隶属索科罗索虫属Romanomermis一新种。     

五种索科线虫RAPD亲缘关系分析

采用RAPD技术构建了索科线虫4属5种的指纹图谱。从47个引物中筛选出12个稳定性好、多态性高的引物,共扩增出161条谱带,其中150条谱带具遗传多态性,占93·17%。所获片段长度大小为200~3200bp,单个引物扩增的条带数在11~16之间,平均为13·42条。采用RAPDistance软件及MEGA程序,计算Nei氏相似系数和遗传距离,建立UPGMA和NJ聚类图,两个聚类图拓扑结构相同,将5种索科线虫分为两大分支:同属于蚊幼寄生罗索属线虫的食蚊罗索线虫(Romanomermisculicivorax)与武昌罗索线虫(R.wuchangensis)亲缘关系最近,先聚在一起,再与同翅目(Homoptera)寄生长沙多索线虫(Agamermischang-shaensis)聚为一支;鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)寄生中华卵索线虫(Ovomermissinensis)和同翅目寄生两索属线虫(Amphimermissp·)亲缘关系较近,两者聚为一支。5种索线虫属内种间的遗传距离较小,食蚊罗索线虫与武昌罗索线虫之间遗传距离仅为0·1789;而属间遗传距离较大,在0·4471~0·5488之间。上述结果表明:RAPD技术可以应用于索科线虫亲缘关系的分析,能够反映出不同线虫间的遗传差距,从而成功地进行属、种的分类及进化问题研究。     

寄生于蚊类的罗索线虫属一新种——郴州罗索线虫(嘴刺目:索科)

作者等于1984年8月以来在湖南南部郴州市郊区水田中采到一种寄生于三带喙库蚊(Culex tritaeniorhynchus)幼虫胸内的索线虫,自然感染率较高,寄生较普遍。经鉴定属于线虫纲(Nematoda)嘴刺目(Enoplida),索科(Mermithidae),罗索属(Romanomermis)的一新种。文中量度除标明外,均以μm为单位。     

基于部分18S rDNA, 28S rDNA和COI基因序列的索科线虫亲缘关系

通过PCR扩增获得我国常见昆虫病原索科线虫6属10种18S rDNA、28S rDNA(D3区)和COI基因序列,结合来自GenBank中6属10种索科线虫的18S rDNA同源序列,用邻接法和最大简约法构建系统进化树。结果显示:12属索科线虫分为三大类群,第一大类群是三种罗索属线虫(Romanomermis)先聚在一起,再与两索属(Amphimermis)和蛛索属(Aranimermis)线虫聚为一支;在第二大类群中,六索属(Hexamermis)、卵索属线虫(Ovomermis)和多索属(Agamermis)亲缘关系最近,先聚在一起,再与八腱索属(Octomyomermis)和Thaumamermis线虫聚为一支。第三大类群由索属(Mermis)和异索属(Allomermis)线虫以显著水平的置信度先聚在一起,再与蠓索属(Heleidomermis)和施特克尔霍夫索属(Strelkovimermis)线虫聚为一支。从遗传距离看,基于3个基因的数据集均显示索科线虫属内种间差异明显小于属间差异,武昌罗索线虫(R.wuchangensis)和食蚊罗索线虫(R.culicivorax)同属蚊幼寄生罗索属线虫,其种间的遗传距离最小。     

重庆八腱索线虫新种的描述

本文记述了寄生于中华按蚊幼虫体内的一种索科(Mermithidae)线虫,属八腱索属中的一新种——重庆八腱索线虫(Octomyomermis chongqingensis sp.nov.)。根据其形态学特征进行测量和描述,并与本属内的近似种作了鉴别比较。本属在我国尚属首次记录。     

内蒙古科尔沁草原黑玉蚂蚁巢窝中华二索线虫及黑玉蚂蚁索幼虫的观察

内蒙科尔沁草原是牛羊胰脏阔盘吸虫病及肝脏双腔吸虫病严重的流行区。作者从双腔吸虫的昆虫宿主（第二中间宿主） 黑玉蚂蚁（Ｆｏｒｍｉｃａ ｇａｇａｔｅｓ） 腹中查获索线虫幼虫, 检到从黑玉蚂蚁腹部自动弹出的后感染期的索幼虫。与此后感染期索幼虫同形态的索幼虫在黑玉蚂蚁巢窝土壤中也找到。黑玉蚂蚁巢窝土壤中有数种索科线虫, 仅中华二索线虫（ Ａｍｐｈｉｍｅｒｍｉｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ） 的雌雄成虫在长细大小以及形态结构上与黑玉蚂蚁索幼虫相像, 它们是否同一种类尚待实验证实。     

蚊体寄生索科线虫一新属一新种记述

本文描述寄生于中华按蚊成虫的索科线虫一新属一新种。该新种的雌虫行孤雌生殖。此系蚊体寄生索科线虫行孤雌生殖的首次报告。     

罗索线虫一新种的记述(线虫纲:索科)

作者于1983年7月13—21日在吉林省集安县台上乡调查蚊虫时,发现中华按蚊幼虫有线虫寄生。当时解剖按蚊幼虫5只,就有2只感染线虫。1985年又在台上乡采获多条从按蚊幼虫逸出的线虫,其中雌虫78条,雄虫257条,雌雄比为1:3.29。经鉴定该线虫隶属于索科(Mermithidae)罗索属(Romanomermis)一新种。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism