皱纹盘鲍的个体能量收支

对皱纹盘鲍的呼吸、摄食、生长及能量收支等实验研究表明, 鲍的耗氧率与壳长、体重、温度及昼夜变化有关, 耗氧率与壳长、体重均呈幂函数关系, 一天中16~4时(夜间)耗氧率高于4~16时(白天)且在18~20时达峰值.同温度下鲍日摄食率与体重呈幂指数关系, 日(相对)摄食率随温度升高而增加, 而日相对摄食率、日相对生长率均随壳长、体重增加呈下降趋势.鲍在14~20℃内对海带的总转化效率为53%.鲍软体部、海带及鲍粪便干品的比能值分别为19.2、8.57和7.23kJ·g^-1.14~20℃皱纹盘鲍摄入能量的34.6~48.6%为粪能, 22.0~38.2%的能量用于自身代谢, 5.6~28.2%用于贝体软体部的生长.     

饲料中钾对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长及其生理指标的影响

在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的半精制基础饲料中,添加不同浓度梯度的钾(0、2、4、8、16、32 g钾/kg饲料),钾源为KCl,配制成6种实验饲料(实测钾含量分别为:0.10、2.12、4.39、9.79、20.08和27.26 g/kg),探讨皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)幼鲍对饲料中钾的需求量及其在长期适应不同含量钾的过程中的生理反应。幼鲍初始体重为(0.24±0.00)g,初始壳长为(12.24±0.04)mm,实验在流水系统中进行,养殖周期为15周。实验期间水温12—23℃,海水钾含量为(472.94±3.59)mg/L。结果表明,饲料中不同含量的钾对皱纹盘鲍的增重率(WGR,%)、贝壳日增长(DISL,μm/d)及存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。皱纹盘鲍软体部的水分、粗脂肪和贝壳的灰分含量受饲料中钾含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。当饲料中钾含量大于等于4.39 g/kg时,与0.10 g/kg饲料组相比,软体部粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05)。软体部钾的含量和贝壳中钾、钠的含量受饲料中钾含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。幼鲍软体部钠含量在饲料钾含量为20.08、27.26 g/kg时显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。鳃Na+-K+ATP酶活力随着饲料中钾含量的增加逐渐下降,当饲料中钾含量为20.08、27.26g/kg时,与0.10 g/kg组相比显著降低(P<0.05),但与其他组相比差异不显著。因此研究认为:以生长指标为判据,不需要在饲料中补充钾,海水中钾和饲料原料中的钾能够维持皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的正常生长;但以生理指标(软体部粗蛋白质和钠含量,鳃Na+-K+ATP酶活力)评判,饲料中钾的适宜含量为2.12 g/kg。     

秦岭细鳞鲑耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

对两种不同体重规格的秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)的耗氧率、耗氧量及窒息点进行了测定,结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,随体重的增加而减小;耗氧量和窒息点随温度的升高和体重的增加而增加。温度在10~18℃范围内,平均体重25.15 g的秦岭细鳞鲑的平均耗氧率为1.113 mg/g.h,平均耗氧量为9.244 mg/尾.h;平均体重45.93 g的秦岭细鳞鲑平均耗氧率为0.856mg/g.h,平均耗氧量为13.104 mg/尾.h。在10~20℃温度范围内,体重15.30 g的秦岭细鳞鲑,窒息点为(1.487±0.04)mg/L,平均体重48.36 g的秦岭细鳞鲑窒息点为(1.830±0.03)mg/L。在同一适温(14℃)条件下,秦岭细鳞鲑耗氧率呈明显的昼夜变化规律,夜间耗氧率明显大于白天。     

pH、温度对缢蛏碳收支的影响

本文以缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)为实验对象,研究了在不同温度、pH梯度下碳代谢情况,测定其摄食、呼吸、排粪和排泄等生理参数,并根据能量平衡原理估算了缢蛏的碳收支情况。结果表明:缢蛏从球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)中摄取的有机碳源主要通过呼吸代谢消耗、以粪便的形式排出,少部分随排泄代谢产物流出,余下的碳主要用作贝类自身的生长;在温度为23℃,pH值8.2时缢蛏对碳的利用率大于pH 7.6、7.9时对碳的利用率;在pH值8.2,温度在15~31℃范围内,缢蛏对碳的利用率出现先增高后降低的变化趋势;单因素方差分析表明,低pH和温度均显著影响缢蛏摄食率(P0.05),温度为23℃时,随着pH的降低,缢蛏对球等鞭金藻的摄食率呈下降趋势;pH值8.2时,摄食率在15~31℃范围内呈先增高后降低的变化趋势。低pH和温度对缢蛏的耗氧率存在显著影响(P0.05),温度为23℃时,随着pH的降低,缢蛏的耗氧率呈下降趋势;pH值8.2,缢蛏的耗氧率在15~31℃范围内呈先增高后降低的变化趋势。低pH、温度对缢蛏的排氨率和排粪率均不存在显著影响(P0.05)。     

温度和个体大小对单齿螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用静水法测定了不同温度、不同个体大小的单齿螺耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明:在16-33℃的实验温度范围内单齿螺的耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)与软体部干重(W)都呈负相关,它们之间关系可以分别用幂函数R_O=aW^-b和R_N=a₁W^-b1表示。16～29℃温度范围内单齿螺的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而增加,29℃时耗氧率和排氨率达到最大值,当温度继续升高超过29℃后,耗氧率和排氨率则随温度的升高而下降,耗氧率、排氨率与温度之间呈显著的指数函数关系R_O=ce^dT和R_N=c₁e^d1T;不同个体大小单齿螺的O:N比在16～20℃时较大,Q₁₀取值范围0.56-3.74,平均值为1.64。方差分析表明,温度、软体部干重对单齿螺的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。     

盐度对九孔鲍能量收支的影响

以海带为饵料,在不同盐度（21、25、29、33、37、41）条件下,对九孔鲍（Haliotis diversicolor aquatilis）进行了摄食-生长实验,测定了摄食能、排粪能、排泄能、粘液能、代谢能、壳能和软体部生长能,各组分占摄食能的比例、总生长效率（K₁）和净生长效率（K₂）,建立了九孔鲍能量收支方程。结果表明：从占摄食能的比例而言,排粪能、排粪能、排泄能、粘液能、代谢能在盐度21与其他盐度之间有显著差异（P<0.05）,而从占摄食能的比例而言,软体部能、K₁和K₂在盐度37时最大,在盐度21时最小,与其他盐度之间有显著差异（P<0.05）,而盐度25、29、33和37之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）,因此,从鲍摄食、代谢和生长三方面均衡考虑,盐度25～37为鲍适宜养殖的范围。     

温度对黑鱾幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

本文研究了温度对饱食和饥饿状态下黑纪(Girella melanichthys)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响.结果表明:在温度为15～30℃范围内,黑纪幼鱼在饱食状态下的耗氧率、饥饿状态下的耗氧率、饱食状态下的排氨率和摄食率均随温度的升高而增加(P＜0.01),30℃时达到最大,温度为32℃时,均下降;在温度为15～32℃范围内,黑鱾幼鱼在饥饿状态下的排氨率随温度升高而增加(P＜0.01),32℃时达到最大.多项指标表明黑纪幼鱼生长适温在30℃左右.     

栉孔扇贝耗氧率和排氨率的研究

1999年 4～ 6月 ,采用室内实验生态学方法对栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究 .结果表明 ,在适宜的温度范围内 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均与温度成正比 ,而与体重呈负相关关系 .在实验室温度 (8～ 2 8℃ )条件下 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率为 0 .48～ 9.0 9mg·g-1·h-1,排氨率为 0 .0 5～ 1 0 1mg·g-1·h-1.其中耗氧率在 2 3℃时达到最高值 ,2 8℃时开始下降 ,而排氨率则呈持续升高趋势 .栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢 ,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高约 35 .8%和 75 .9% .     

合浦珠母贝幼虫变态中的形态、器官变化及运动与摄食观察

为揭示合浦珠母贝幼虫至稚贝生长发育过程中其外部形态变化及内部器官改变的内在规律, 掌握其形态和器官与运动和摄食行为之间的关联。在光学显微镜下对整个幼虫生长发育及变态过程中的外部形态、内部器官特征进行了系列观察和性状测量; 利用非线性回归参数拟合, 描述各形态性状生长特点及不同属性之间的联系; 观察不同发育阶段其运动与摄食过程。结果显示, 幼虫在正常生长过程中, 其壳长生长方式为加速正增长、壳高为减速正增长、绞合线长为加速负增长, 壳高相对于壳长的生长为快速生长、绞合线长相对于壳长为慢速生长。幼虫生长至壳长为(209.26±9.22) μm时, 内部器官发生改变, 面盘开始逐渐退化从而发育成鳃, 斧足逐渐形成; 壳长生长至(234.30±14.00) μm时, 次生壳开始长出, 外部形态逐渐向稚贝转变。稚贝阶段, 其鳃丝长、鳃丝间距和鳃丝数量相对于壳长的生长均表现为慢速生长。幼虫在水中的运动和摄食过程主要依靠面盘外周纤毛的摆动来完成, 俯视观幼虫绕不规则圆沿顺时针方向运动, 垂直观幼虫螺旋上升或下降。稚贝阶段, 依靠斧足的往复伸缩来完成爬行, 依靠鳃的过滤完成摄食。在幼虫变态过程中, 面盘退化至鳃具备滤食功能期间, 变态幼虫运动功能降低, 摄食能力丧失, 依靠自身能量储备来完成生长和器官发育, 这一过程是苗种培育中的重要关键点。     

厚颌鲂和圆口铜鱼耗氧率与窒息点的测定

用封闭静水式装置测定了体重2.3-4.7g厚颌鲂幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,用封闭静水式和封闭流水式装置测定了体重9.9-55.1g圆口铜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:在15-27℃条件下,厚颌鲂的耗氧率随着温度的升高而升高,耗氧率与水温呈线性关系;在水温24.8℃时厚颌鲂的窒息点为(0.91±0.08)mg/L。在水温23-27℃、封闭静水实验条件下,圆口铜鱼的耗氧率随体重增加而降低,两者呈指数关系;圆口铜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化明显,夜间耗氧率大于白天,推测圆口铜鱼夜间活动较多。在水温24.5-26.0℃条件下,体重21.8-46.3g圆口铜鱼的窒息点变幅较小,平均(1.14±0.23)mg/L。研究表明两种鱼都为耗氧率和窒息点较高的鱼类。       

A Comparison of Various Seaweed-Based Diets and Formulated Feed on Growth Rate of Abalone in a Land-Based Aquaculture System

The effects of different diets on growth in the cultured South African abalone, Haliotis midae (Linnaeus), was investigated. Growth of juvenile Haliotis midae was monitored on a commercial abalone farm over a period of 9 months in an experiment consisting of 9 treatments with 4 replicates (n = 250 individuals per replicate). The treatments were: fresh kelp (Ecklonia maxima) blades (seaweed control); Abfeed^® (formulated feed control); kelp + Abfeed^® dried kelp pellets; dried kelp blades; dried kelp stipes; fresh kelp with the epiphyte Carpoblepharis flaccida; a mixed diet (Gracilaria gracilis, Ulva lactuca, and kelp) and a rotational diet (abalone were fed 1 of the 9 treatments for the first week and them kelp for the next 3 weeks). Results show that abalone grow well on all fresh seaweed combinations, but grow best on a mixed diet. The likely reason for the success of the mixed diet is that the red and green seaweed was farm grown, with an increased protein content. Dried kelp in any form produced poor growth. Abalone fed on the mixed diet grew at 0.066 mm day^?1 shell length and 0.074 g day^?1 body weight; this corresponds to 24.09 mm shell length and 27.01 g body weight increase per annum. Abalone fed on dried kelp grew at only 0.029 mm day^?1 shell length and of 0.021 g day^?1 body weight. Abalone grown on Abfeed^® grew at 0.049 mm day^?1 shell length and 0.046 g day^?1 body weight which corresponds to 17.88 mm and 16.79 g increase per annum; this is better than the dried seaweed feeds, but poorer than the fresh seaweed combinations. This study shows that seaweed diets, particularly if the diets include seaweeds grown in animal aquaculture effluent, are good substitutes for the formulated feed generally used today.     

Effects of wild and farm-grown macroalgae on the growth of juvenile South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus

The effect of various macroalgal diets on the growth of grow-out (>20 mm shell length) South African abalone Haliotis midae was investigated on a commercial abalone farm. The experiment consisted of four treatments: fresh kelp blades (Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss) (c. 10% protein); farmed, protein-enriched Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (c. 26% protein) grown in aquaculture effluent; wild U. lactuca (c. 20% protein); and a combination diet of kelp blades + farmed U. lactuca. Abalone grew best on the combination diet (0.423 ± 0.02% weight d^?1 SGR [specific growth rate]; 59.593 ± 0.02 ?m d^?1 DISL [daily increment in shell length]; 1.093 final CF [condition factor]) followed by the kelp only diet (0.367 ± 0.02% weight d^?1 SGR; 53.148 ± 0.02 ?m d^?1 DISL; 1.047 final CF), then the farmed, protein-enriched U. lactuca only diet (0.290 ± 0.02% weight d^?1 SGR; 42.988 ± 0.03 um d”¹ DISL; 1.013 final CF) that in turn outperformed the wild U. lactuca only diet (-0.079 ± 0.01% weight d^?1 SGR; 3.745 ± 0.02 ?m d”^?1 DISL; 0.812 final CF). The results suggest that protein alone could not have accounted for the differences produced by the varieties of U. lactuca and that the gross energy content is probably important.     

A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW RED ALGAL ORDER, THE THOREALES

Two abalone species: green Haliotis fulgens and yellow Halioti corrugata represent nearly 97% of the total production in the Mexican abalone fishery. It has been assumed that abalone feed on the kelp algae Macrocystis pyrifera. Regional hatcheries use this species as a main source of natural food. M. pyrifera does not occur at the southern limit of the distribution of abalone species along the Baja California Peninsula. In this study, growth rates of juveniles H. fulgens , 17.3 ± 2.2 mm shell length and 0.4 ± 0.2 g body weight, were evaluated. Juveniles were fed with common species in the benthic environments inhabited by abalone along the western coast of Baja California during 191 days. Three diets were based on algae: palm kelp, Eisenia arborea , giant kelp, M. pyrifera and Gelidium robustum , and one on seagrass, Phyllospadix torreyi. Shell length and body growth rates varied between 21.5 μm day⁻¹ and 2.2 mg day⁻¹ for E. arborea and between 45.9 μm day⁻¹ and 6.7 mg day⁻¹ for M. pyrifera. Higher specific growth rates (SGR) in length and weight were determined for M. pyrifera : 0.2% and 0.7% day⁻¹. Significant differences between values of juveniles fed M. pyrifera with the rest of the diets were found. The highest mortality (21%) was in juveniles fed the red algae G. robustum.     

The relationship between growth, food conversion and oxygen consumption in developed and underdeveloped American eels, Anguilla rostrata Lesueur

This study examined the influence of body size and temperature on oxygen consumption and food converstion in juvenile American eels ( Anguilla rostrata ). The weight-specific oxygen consumption rate for underdeveloped eels (18 months old) was significantly higher than the weight-specific oxygen consumption rate of developed eels of the same weight (6 months old). Oxygen consumption rates increased linearly with weight at each experimental temperature (15, 20, 25°C) when data were transformed logarithmically. No significant differences were found among slopes oflog transformed data at varying temperatures. Oxygen consumption was significantly higher at night (2300 h) as compared to morning (0900 h). The results indicate that underdeveloped eels use more energy and use less food less efficiently than developed eels.     

THE EFFECT OF SEAWEED DIETS ON GROWTH OF GREEN ABALONE,HALIOTIS FULGENS,FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA,MEXICO

Two abalone species: green Haliotis fulgens and yellow Halioti corrugata represent nearly 97% of the total production in the Mexican abalone fishery. It has been assumed that abalone feed on the kelp algae Macrocystis pyrifera. Regional hatcheries use this species as a main source of natural food. M. pyrifera does not occur at the southern limit of the distribution of abalone species along the Baja California Peninsula. In this study, growth rates of juveniles H. fulgens, 17.3 ± 2.2 mm shell length and 0.4 ± 0.2 g body weight, were evaluated. Juveniles were fed with common species in the benthic environments inhabited by abalone along the western coast of Baja California during 191 days. Three diets were based on algae: palm kelp, Eisenia arborea, giant kelp, M. pyrifera and Gelidium robustum, and one on seagrass, Phyllospadix torreyi. Shell length and body growth rates varied between 21.5 μm day^?1 and 2.2 mg day^?1 for E. arborea and between 45.9 μm day^?1 and 6.7 mg day^?1 for M. pyrifera. Higher specific growth rates (SGR) in length and weight were determined for M. pyrifera: 0.2% and 0.7% day^?1. Significant differences between values of juveniles fed M. pyrifera with the rest of the diets were found. The highest mortality (21%) was in juveniles fed the red algae G. robustum.     

Physiological energetics of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha in lakes III. Metabolism and net growth efficiency

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha from 3 sites in lakes were estimated regularly over the course of 1 1/2 years at ambient temperature. They showed a pronounced annual cycle, when expressed in absolute terms (at standard shell length) and in weight specific terms (at standard tissue weight). The atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to ammonia-N released (O/N ratio) was lowest in late summer at all sites (10 to 20) and highest during winter and spring (50 to > 100). The mean body weight exponent pooled from these sites was 0.78 (95% confidence interval±0.07) for the oxygen consumption rate and 0.80 (confidence interval±0.10) for the ammonia excretion rate. Both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were significantly correlated with the water temperature at the 2 shallow water sites, where temperature variation was most pronounced. Correlation with seston content or gonad volume were insignificant at these sites. The quotient of filtration capacity to oxygen consumption rate was about 3 times higher at the site with the poorest food conditions compared to the other sites. Net growth efficiency was highly variable; its annual average was 35 to 40 per cent and independent of locality and animal size.     

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on immune responses in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation was formulated from orange peel (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae), hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida), astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge), pilose asiabell root (Radix codonopsis), indigowoad root (Radix isatidis), taraxacum (Herba taraxaci) and malt (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) at a weight ratio of 1:1:1.5:1.5:1.5:1.5:2. A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of TCM on innate immunity of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Artificial diets containing 1%, 3%, 5% TCM preparation, 1% hawthorn or 1% astragalus, respectively, were fed to juvenile abalone (initial weight 10.38+/-2.51 g; initial shell length 44.15+/-4.15 mm) for 80 days. A TCM-free diet was used as a control. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of abalone using a randomized design. The results indicated that phagocytic activity was significantly higher in abalone fed 3%, 5% TCM preparation, 1% astragalus or 1% hawthorn (P<0.05). Respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in abalone fed 1%, 3%, 5% TCM preparation, 1% astragalus or 1% hawthorn (P<0.05). Agglutination titre was significantly higher in abalone fed 5% TCM preparation (P<0.05). Weight gain ratio (WGR), daily increment in shell length (DISL), total haemocyte count (THC), plasma protein concentration, and the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) were not significantly affected by the TCM preparation (P>0.05). These results indicate that TCM preparation can modulate the immunity of H. discus hannai, and it is very possible that TCM might be used as immunostimulants in abalone farming.     

Determining the most appropriate feeding regime for the South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus grown on kelp

Beach-cast kelp (the most widely used feed for commercially grown South African abalone) is plentiful during winter months when periodic storms cause kelp to wash ashore. During summer, however, this resource is not always readily available and farmed abalone are often starved for short periods. The aim of this research was to assess how periodic kelp starvation influences growth of the commercially grown abalone, Haliotis midae Linnaeus. Growth of grow-out abalone was monitored on a commercial abalone farm over a period of six months and consisted of 3 treatments with 2 replicates (n = ±250 abalone per replicate). The treatments were: Control (abalone always given more kelp than what they typically needed); Treatment 1 (abalone fed their weekly ration only once a week); Treatment 2 (abalone fed half their weekly ration every 3 and then 4 days respectively). While the data at first suggest that the control animals outperform the treatment animals, after undergoing an initial adjustment period to the new feeding regime, the treatment animals perform better. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiencies show that the treatment animals perform better overall. The control animals generally required much more feed to produce comparable increases in both length and weight compared to the treatment animals. This study has shown that periodic bouts of starvation is beneficial to Haliotis midae, allowing variable growth spurts when returned to full feed rations. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form.     

Aspects of energetics of adult walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), from Alaska

Body energy partitioning was examined for field-caught, adult walleye pollock; additional laboratory studies were conducted on fish held under controlled temperature conditions at Seward, Alaska.
Average consumption for pollock feeding daily was 0.5% of body weight (3100 cal) at 5°C, resulting in an average growth of 0.12% body weight day⁻¹. These results suggest that large pollock grow at similar rates and have similar food conversion efficiencies to those of Atlantic cod held at similar temperatures.
Resting metabolic rates measured on adult fish were combined with similar data from juveniles to calculate a regression of specific metabolic rate against wet weight: y = 173x⁻⁰²⁶. Maintenance rations amounted to 4.8 cal g⁻¹ day⁻¹ at 5°C, very close to the 0.28% value for juveniles. Estimation of metabolic rate using maintenance ration data resulted in values that were 55% higher than those obtained from oxygen consumption data for unfed fish. Weight loss during starvation was 0.18% of body weight day⁻¹ at 5°C, corresponding roughly to a starvation metabolic rate 50% lower than the resting metabolic rate we report.
We estimate that an adult pollock will lose about 37% of its prespawning body weight and about 46% of its body energy during spawning. These losses result, primarily, from changes in the weight of gonad, liver and somatic tissues as opposed to changes in specific energy content of those tissues.