三种温带森林大型土壤动物群落结构的时空动态

对帽儿山3种典型森林群落大型土壤动物进行了连续6个月的野外调查研究。通过系统分析,共获得大型土壤动物3604只,隶属于3门6纲17目50科。其中正蚓科(Lumbricidae)、线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)和石蜈蚣目(Lithobiomorpha)为优势类群,常见类群11类。结果表明:(1)水平分布上,密度和生物量红松人工林最高,其次为硬阔叶林,蒙古栎林最少;类群数硬阔叶林最多,蒙古栎林最少;香农指数和丰富度指数均为蒙古栎林最高,红松人工林最低;优势度指数与两者相反;均匀度指数蒙古栎林最高,硬阔叶林最低;(2)垂直分布上,个体密度、类群数及生物量均差异显著(P < 0.001)。3个样地大型土壤动物个体密度表聚性明显;类群数红松人工林自凋落物层向下减少,硬阔叶林和蒙古栎林0-10 cm最多;生物量在0-10 cm土层最大;香农指数随深度增加而减小,优势度指数则相反;(3)在时间变化上,5月和10月个体密度和类群数较多,9月生物量最大;香农指数和优势度指数差异显著(P < 0.01),其他指数各月间无明显差异;(4)与土壤环境因子关系上,总有机碳含量与类群数、个体密度及生物量显著正相关,容重与香农指数显著负相关;典型对应分析结果表明,不同类群大型土壤动物与环境相关性不同。     

Site-level evaluation of satellite-based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring

Operational monitoring of global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) is now underway using imagery from the satellite‐borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Evaluation of MODIS GPP and NPP products will require site‐level studies across a range of biomes, with close attention to numerous scaling issues that must be addressed to link ground measurements to the satellite‐based carbon flux estimates. Here, we report results of a study aimed at evaluating MODIS NPP/GPP products at six sites varying widely in climate, land use, and vegetation physiognomy. Comparisons were made for twenty‐five 1 km² cells at each site, with 8‐day averages for GPP and an annual value for NPP. The validation data layers were made with a combination of ground measurements, relatively high resolution satellite data (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus at ～30 m resolution), and process‐based modeling. There was strong seasonality in the MODIS GPP at all sites, and mean NPP ranged from 80 g C m^?2 yr^?1 at an arctic tundra site to 550 g C m^?2 yr^?1 at a temperate deciduous forest site. There was not a consistent over‐ or underprediction of NPP across sites relative to the validation estimates. The closest agreements in NPP and GPP were at the temperate deciduous forest, arctic tundra, and boreal forest sites. There was moderate underestimation in the MODIS products at the agricultural field site, and strong overestimation at the desert grassland and at the dry coniferous forest sites. Analyses of specific inputs to the MODIS NPP/GPP algorithm – notably the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the vegetation canopy, the maximum light use efficiency (LUE), and the climate data – revealed the causes of the over‐ and underestimates. Suggestions for algorithm improvement include selectively altering values for maximum LUE (based on observations at eddy covariance flux towers) and parameters regulating autotrophic respiration.     

Forest carbon use efficiency: is respiration a constant fraction of gross primary production?

Carbon‐use efficiency (CUE), the ratio of net primary production (NPP) to gross primary production (GPP), describes the capacity of forests to transfer carbon (C) from the atmosphere to terrestrial biomass. It is widely assumed in many landscape‐scale carbon‐cycling models that CUE for forests is a constant value of ∼0.5. To achieve a constant CUE, tree respiration must be a constant fraction of canopy photosynthesis. We conducted a literature survey to test the hypothesis that CUE is constant and universal among forest ecosystems. Of the 60 data points obtained from 26 papers published since 1975, more than half reported values of GPP that were not estimated independently from NPP; values of CUE calculated from independent estimates of GPP were greater than those calculated from estimates of GPP derived from NPP. The slope of the relationship between NPP and GPP for all forests was 0.53, but values of CUE varied from 0.23 to 0.83 for different forest types. CUE decreased with increasing age, and a substantial portion of the variation among forest types was caused by differences in stand age. When corrected for age the mean value of CUE was greatest for temperate deciduous forests and lowest for boreal forests. CUE also increased as the ratio of leaf mass‐to‐total mass increased. Contrary to the assumption of constancy, substantial variation in CUE has been reported in the literature. It may be inappropriate to assume that respiration is a constant fraction of GPP as adhering to this assumption may contribute to incorrect estimates of C cycles. A 20% error in current estimates of CUE used in landscape models (i.e. ranging from 0.4 to 0.6) could misrepresent an amount of C equal to total anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ when scaled to the terrestrial biosphere.     

6种温带森林凋落量年际及年内动态

森林凋落物量及其组分因生态系统结构特征和环境变化而表现出明显的时间动态,从而影响森林生态系统物质循环和生态服务功能。连续6年观测帽儿山地区6种温带森林凋落物量及组份的时间动态、温度和降雨量等气象因子,旨在深入了解该地区森林生态系统的物质循环过程及调控因子。结果表明:6种森林的年落凋落量差异显著,平均值依次为:蒙古栎林(4.60 t/hm~2)﹥杂木林(4.21 t/hm~2)﹥硬阔叶林(4.03 t/hm~2)﹥红松林(3.95 t/hm~2)﹥杨桦林(3.89 t/hm~2)﹥落叶松林(3.85 t/hm~2)。各森林年凋落量的年际变化表现为"升高-降低"交替波动模式,但总体上呈上升趋势。凋落物各组份的年际变化不同,枝凋落量变化较为稳定;叶凋落量与凋落总量一致,升高-降低波动明显;繁殖器官及其他凋落量随林龄增加而增加。各森林凋落物量的年内变化呈单峰曲线波动,最大值出现时间因林型而异。枝凋落量在年内表现为双峰曲线模式波动;叶凋落量年内呈单峰曲线模式波动,并与凋落总量年内动态一致;繁殖器官与其他凋落量年内动态波动平缓,无明显凋落峰值。降雨量显著影响年凋落物量(P0.05),分别解释了凋落总量、叶凋落量90%、87%变化。平均温度、积温和总降雨量显著影响凋落量年内动态,总降雨量的影响作用最为突出。因此,除林分自身的生物学特性外,降雨是影响该温带森林凋落量年内、年际动态的重要因素。     

长白山原始针叶林沼泽湿地生态系统碳储量

采用年轮分析及相对生长方程法与碳/氮分析仪测定法,测定温带长白山沿湿地过渡带环境梯度依次分布的5种典型原始沼泽类型(草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX和落叶松苔草沼泽-LT)生态系统碳储量(植被和土壤)、植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量,定量评价温带森林湿地固碳能力及其长期碳汇作用,并揭示其沿过渡带水分环境梯度的空间分异规律。结果表明:①5种天然沼泽类型的植被碳储量(3.18±1.70)—(112.2±18.3) tC/hm~2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上呈递增趋势,针叶林沼泽显著高于C和G 12.2—34.3倍,G高于C 0.6倍,且LX和LT显著高于LN 0.3—0.6倍;②土壤碳储量(296.3±42.2)—(824.50±50.79) tC/hm~2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上呈递减趋势,C显著高于G和针叶林沼泽30.8%—178.3%(P0.05),G显著高于针叶林沼泽38.7%—112.8%,且LN和LT显著高于LX 32.8%—53.4%;③生态系统碳储量(408.42±57.53)—(827.52±50.96) tC/hm~2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上也呈递减趋势,C显著高于G和针叶林沼泽30.2%—102.7%,G显著高于针叶林沼泽21.5%—55.6%,且LN和LT显著高于LX 18.8%—28.0%;④5种沼泽类型的植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量分布在(5.74±0.08)—(10.98±1.67) t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和(2.44±0.03)—(5.17±0.83)tC hm~(-2) a~(-1),其中,LX和LT的植被净初级生产力显著高于C、G和LN 61.2%—91.3%和34.5%—59.6%;而在植被年净固碳量方面,3种针叶林沼泽类型均显著高于C和G 28.7%—111.9%和19.4%—96.6%。故长白山5种天然沼泽类型的植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量沿湿地过渡带环境梯度总体上呈现出阶梯式递增趋势,且仅有LX和LT达到了中国陆地植被及全球陆地植被平均固碳水平。因此,温带长白山沼草丛沼泽和灌丛沼泽长期碳汇作用强于森林沼泽,湿地碳汇管理实践中应重视草丛沼泽和灌丛沼泽的保护与恢复。     

物候变化对北美温带落叶阔叶林生态系统生产力的影响

数据源、时间范围、空间尺度等的差异导致许多物候变化对陆地生态系统碳收支影响的研究缺少可比性。该文基于4级碳通量填充数据, 采用相对阈值方法提取了两个北美典型温带阔叶林站Harvard Forest (HF)和University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS)共20年的物候参数(返青期、枯黄期和生长季长度), 并研究了物候变化对生态系统生产力的影响。结果表明: 1)生长季长度的延长对年累积总初级生产力(GPP)有显著贡献, 但由于呼吸作用(RE)的干扰, 生长季长度变化对年净生态系统生产力(NEP)的影响并不显著; 2)返青期的提前对上半年生态系统总初级生产力的贡献最为显著, 二者的相关系数分别为0.76 (HF)和0.93 (UMBS); 3)枯黄期的延迟对生产力的影响并不显著; 4)随着春季返青期的提前或秋季枯黄期的延迟, 上、下半年GPP和RE的累积量虽均有增加趋势, 但由于各自增加的幅度不确定, 导致年NEP与二者的响应关系复杂。     

Net primary and ecosystem production and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to climate change

Evaluating the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle requires a detailed understanding of carbon exchange between vegetation, soil, and the atmosphere. Global climatic change may modify the net carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, causing feedbacks on atmospheric CO₂ and climate. We describe a model for investigating terrestrial carbon exchange and its response to climatic variation based on the processes of plant photosynthesis, carbon allocation, litter production, and soil organic carbon decomposition. The model is used to produce geographical patterns of net primary production (NPP), carbon stocks in vegetation and soils, and the seasonal variations in net ecosystem production (NEP) under both contemporary and future climates. For contemporary climate, the estimated global NPP is 57.0 Gt C y^–1, carbon stocks in vegetation and soils are 640 Gt C and 1358 Gt C, respectively, and NEP varies from –0.5 Gt C in October to 1.6 Gt C in July. For a doubled atmospheric CO₂ concentration and the corresponding climate, we predict that global NPP will rise to 69.6 Gt C y^–1, carbon stocks in vegetation and soils will increase by, respectively, 133 Gt C and 160 Gt C, and the seasonal amplitude of NEP will increase by 76%. A doubling of atmospheric CO₂ without climate change may enhance NPP by 25% and result in a substantial increase in carbon stocks in vegetation and soils. Climate change without CO₂ elevation will reduce the global NPP and soil carbon stocks, but leads to an increase in vegetation carbon because of a forest extension and NPP enhancement in the north. By combining the effects of CO₂ doubling, climate change, and the consequent redistribution of vegetation, we predict a strong enhancement in NPP and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems. This study simulates the possible variation in the carbon exchange at equilibrium state. We anticipate to investigate the dynamic responses in the carbon exchange to atmospheric CO₂ elevation and climate change in the past and future.     

CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database

Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome‐specific carbon budgets; to re‐examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO₂ balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 °C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO₂ balance required the introduction of substantial biome‐specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non‐CO₂ carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for.     

Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence

Net primary production (NPP) was measured in seven black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP)‐dominated sites comprising a boreal forest chronosequence near Thompson, Man., Canada. The sites burned between 1998 and 1850, and each contained separate well‐ and poorly drained stands. All components of NPP were measured, most for 3 consecutive years. Total NPP was low (50–100 g C m^?2 yr^?1) immediately after fire, highest 12–20 years after fire (332 and 521 g C m^?2 yr^?1 in the dry and wet stands, respectively) but 50% lower than this in the oldest stands. Tree NPP was highest 37 years after fire but 16–39% lower in older stands, and was dominated by deciduous seedlings in the young stands and by black spruce trees (>85%) in the older stands. The chronosequence was unreplicated but these results were consistent with 14 secondary sites sampled across the landscape. Bryophytes comprised a large percentage of aboveground NPP in the poorly drained stands, while belowground NPP was 0–40% of total NPP. Interannual NPP variability was greater in the youngest stands, the poorly drained stands, and for understory and detritus production. Net ecosystem production (NEP), calculated using heterotrophic soil and woody debris respiration data from previous studies in this chronosequence, implied that the youngest stands were moderate C sources (roughly, 100 g C m^?2 yr^?1), the middle‐aged stands relatively strong sinks (100–300 g C m^?2 yr^?1), and the oldest stands about neutral with respect to the atmosphere. The ecosystem approach employed in this study provided realistic estimates of chronosequence NPP and NEP, demonstrated the profound impact of wildfire on forest–atmosphere C exchange, and emphasized the need to account for soil drainage, bryophyte production, and species succession when modeling boreal forest C fluxes.     

Modeling analysis of primary controls on net ecosystem productivity of seven boreal and temperate coniferous forests across a continental transect

Process‐based models are effective tools to synthesize and/or extrapolate measured carbon (C) exchanges from individual sites to large scales. In this study, we used a C‐ and nitrogen (N)‐cycle coupled ecosystem model named CN‐CLASS (Carbon Nitrogen‐Canadian Land Surface Scheme) to study the role of primary climatic controls and site‐specific C stocks on the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of seven intermediate‐aged to mature coniferous forest sites across an east–west continental transect in Canada. The model was parameterized using a common set of parameters, except for two used in empirical canopy conductance–assimilation, and leaf area–sapwood relationships, and then validated using observed eddy covariance flux data. Leaf Rubisco‐N dynamics that are associated with soil–plant N cycling, and depend on canopy temperature, enabled the model to simulate site‐specific gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) reasonably well for all seven sites. Overall GEP simulations had relatively smaller differences compared with observations vs. ecosystem respiration (RE), which was the sum of many plant and soil components with larger variability and/or uncertainty associated with them. Both observed and simulated data showed that, on an annual basis, boreal forest sites were either carbon‐neutral or a weak C sink, ranging from 30 to 180 g C m^?2 yr^?1; while temperate forests were either a medium or strong C sink, ranging from 150 to 500 g C m^?2 yr^?1, depending on forest age and climatic regime. Model sensitivity tests illustrated that air temperature, among climate variables, and aboveground biomass, among major C stocks, were dominant factors impacting annual NEP. Vegetation biomass effects on annual GEP, RE and NEP showed similar patterns of variability at four boreal and three temperate forests. Air temperature showed different impacts on GEP and RE, and the response varied considerably from site to site. Higher solar radiation enhanced GEP, while precipitation differences had a minor effect. Magnitude of forest litter content and soil organic matter (SOM) affected RE. SOM also affected GEP, but only at low levels of SOM, because of low N mineralization that limited soil nutrient (N) availability. The results of this study will help to evaluate the impact of future climatic changes and/or forest C stock variations on C uptake and loss in forest ecosystems growing in diverse environments.     

Estimates of soil respiration and net primary production of three forests at different succession stages in South China

Soil respiration (heterotropic and autotropic respiration, R_g) and aboveground litter fall carbon were measured at three forests at different succession (early, middle and advanced) stages in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Southern China. It was found that the soil respiration increases exponentially with soil temperature at 5 cm depth (T_s) according to the relation R_g=a exp(bT_s), and the more advanced forest community during succession has a higher value of a because of higher litter carbon input than the forests at early or middle succession stages. It was also found that the monthly soil respiration is linearly correlated with the aboveground litter carbon input of the previous month. Using measurements of aboveground litter and soil respiration, the net primary productions (NPPs) of three forests were estimated using nonlinear inversion. They are 475, 678 and 1148 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for the Masson pine forest (MPF), coniferous and broad‐leaf mixed forest (MF) and subtropical monsoon evergreen broad‐leaf forest (MEBF), respectively, in year 2003/2004, of which 54%, 37% and 62% are belowground NPP for those three respective forests if no change in live plant biomass is assumed. After taking account of the decrease in live plant biomass, we estimated the NPP of the subtropical MEBF is 970 g C m^?2 yr^?1 in year 2003/2004. Total amount of carbon allocated below ground for plant roots is 388 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for the MPF, 504 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for the coniferous and broad‐leaf MF and 1254 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for the subtropical MEBF in 2003/2004. Our results support the hypothesis that the amount of carbon allocation belowground increases during forest succession.     

珊瑚礁生态系统初级生产力研究进展

珊瑚礁生态系统由珊瑚礁生物群落及其周围的海洋环境共同组成。该生态系统具有很高的生产力和生物多样性而引起科学家的重视 ,特别是高初级生产力。初级生产力的贡献者包括底栖植物、浮游植物、共生藻和自养细菌等。初级生产力的测定方法较多 ,各有利弊 ,通常采用 1 4C同位素法。在初级生产力中 ,新生产力更引起科学界关注。对于新生产力的测定 ,主要应用 1 5N示踪法 ,采用“f”比或 Redfield比值来估算。为了减少误差 ,一般同时使用几种方法。光是影响初级生产力的主要因素 ,而对新生产力构成限制的主要因素是氮源。珊瑚礁生态系统初级生产力研究较多 ,但新生产力却很少。未来科学界研究重点在于珊瑚礁生态系统初级生产力和新生产力的动力学效应     

三江源地区人工草地的生态系统CO2净交换、总初级生产力及其影响因子

为了揭示三江源区垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)人工草地生态系统(100°26′-100°41′ E, 34°17′-34°25′ N, 海拔3 980 m)的净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE), 该研究利用2006年涡度相关系统观测的数据分析了该人工草地的NEE, 总初级生产力(GPP)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)以及R_eco/GPP的变化特征及其影响因子。CO₂日最大吸收值为6.56 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1, 最大排放值为4.87 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1。GPP年总量为1 761 g CO₂·m^-2, 其中约90%以上被生态系统呼吸所消耗, CO₂的年吸收量为111 g CO₂·m^-2。5月的R_eco/GPP略高于生长季的其他月份, 为90%; 6月R_eco/GPP比值最低, 为79%。生态系统的呼吸商(Q₁₀)为4.81, 显著高于其他生态系统。该研究表明: 生长季的NEE主要受光量子通量密度(PPFD)、温度和饱和水汽压差(VPD)的影响, 生态系统呼吸则主要受土壤温度的控制。     

Annual cycle of gross primary production and respiration in the Viroin River (Belgium)

Gross primary production, community respiration and reaeration coefficient were determined during an annual cycle on the Viroin River (South Belgium), based on the daily variations of dissolved oxygen concentration. Reaeration coefficient remains remarkably constant (0.26 h⁻¹) during the year in spite of discharge variations. The autotrophic community is dominated by ‘Ranunculus fluitans’. Primary production parallels the variations of total solar radiations. It ranges from 0 in winter to 8 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ in summer. In spring and summer, respiration variations parallel those of primary production (average value: 10 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹); in the dry autumn, decomposition of dying macrophytes considerably enhances the community respiration (15 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹). A P/R diagram is used to characterize the trophic state of the Viroin.     

Ecosystem and macrophyte primary production of the Fort River,Massachusetts

Primary production and ecosystem respiration of the Fort River ecosystem, a medium size (mean discharge 1.4 m³/sec) lowland stream in central Massachusetts, U.S.A., were measured using diurnal oxygen techniques from May 1972 to November 1973. During the summer of 1973, vascular hydrophyte production was measured with a modified cropping technique. Whole ecosystem gross primary production ranged from 0.44 g O₂/m²:day in winter to 6.50 g O₂/m^2.day in summer, and averaged 1.78 g O₂/m^2.day for 12 months. Mean ecosystem respiration was 3.65 g O₂/m^2.day for 12 months. Mean ecosystem respiration was 3.65 g O₂/m^2.day.Macrophyte gross production (59.9 g O₂/m^2.year) constitutes 9.2% of annual ecosystem productivity and 15.2% of summer primary production. Macrophytes were little grazed and entered food webs only after death, as detritus. Decomposition occurred near the site of production at relatively rapid rates, thus transport of dead macrophyte material in stream water was low. Data from this and other stream ecosystems suggest that in general, streams are only moderately productive ecosystems which depend to varying degrees on watershed-derived organic matter inputs.     

A simulation of the importance of length of growing season and canopy functional properties on the seasonal gross primary production of temperate alpine meadows

Background and Aims: Along snowmelt gradients, the canopies of temperate alpine meadowsdiffer strongly in their structural and biochemical properties.Here, a study is made of the effects of these canopy dissimilaritiescombined with the snow-induced changes in length of growingseason on seasonal gross primary production (GPP). Methods: Leaf area index (LAI) and community-aggregated values of leafangle and leaf nitrogen content were estimated for seven alpineplant canopies distributed along a marked snowmelt gradient,and these were used as input variables in a sun–shadecanopy bulk-photosynthesis model. The model was validated forplant communities of early and late snowmelt sites by measuringthe instantaneous CO₂ fluxes with a canopy closed-chamber technique.A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the relativeimpact of canopy properties and environmental factors on thedaily and seasonal GPP. Key Results: Carbon uptake was primarily related to the LAI and total canopynitrogen content, but not to the leaf angle. For a given levelof photosynthetically active radiation, CO₂ assimilation washigher under overcast conditions. Sensitivity analysis revealedthat increase of the length of the growing season had a highereffect on the seasonal GPP than a similar increase of any otherfactor. It was also found that the observed greater nitrogencontent and larger LAI of canopies in late-snowmelt sites largelycompensated for the negative impact of the reduced growing season. Conclusions: The results emphasize the primary importance of snow-inducedchanges in length of growing season on carbon uptake in alpinetemperate meadows. It was also demonstrated how using leaf-traitvalues of the dominants is a useful approach for modelling ecosystemcarbon-cycle-related processes, particularly when continuousmeasurements of CO₂ fluxes are technically difficult. The studythus represents an important step in addressing the challengeof using a plant functional-trait approach for biogeochemicalmodelling.