小黑瓢虫对高氏瘤粉虱捕食作用的研究

在高氏瘤粉虱不同虫态共存的条件下,小黑标虫对高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的选择次序为卵＞1龄若虫＞2龄若虫＞3龄若虫＞4龄若虫和拟蛹,对卵的捕食率均最高,有明显的嗜好选择;小黑瓢虫幼虫捕食粉虱卵的数量,随着龄期的增长而递增,其中4龄幼虫的捕食量最大,4龄期捕食量平均为1565．42粒,占全幼虫期总食卵量的45．42％,整个幼虫期可捕食高氏瘤粉虱的卵数平均为3446．5粒。小黑瓢虫3龄幼虫对粉虱卵的捕食作用率在所给的猎物密度（1500粒／皿）条件下,随着自身密度的增加而降低。     

小黑瓢虫新猎物--高氏瘤粉虱发育速率模型的研究

高氏瘤粉虱Aleurotuberculatus takahashi David et Subramaniam是小黑瓢虫Delphastus catalinae的新猎物寄主,本测定了不同温度下高氏瘤粉虱的发育速率,得出高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的发育起点温度为：卵期8.30℃、一龄若虫6.46℃、二龄若虫7.71℃、三龄若虫7.12℃、四龄若虫一拟蛹7.68℃、产卵前期7.90℃、世代7.64℃。另外还得出发育速率与温度关系的线性日度模型、Logistic模型。     

小黑瓢虫与其竞争种作用系统研究：种间竞争

Delphastus catalinae and Serangium japonicum are the important natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci, of which, the former is exotic, and the latter is indigenous. In this paper, the influence of interspecies competition on the population growth of D. catalinae and S .japonicum was studied under conditions of single and mixed rearing, and Lotka-Volterra equation was used to simulate the competition when more and less preys provided for the two ladybirds. The results showed that the population growth of D. catalinae was greater than that of S. japonicum when single rearing, and the population growth of S. japonicum was greater than that of D. catalinae when mixed rearing. In the competition system of the two ladybirds, S. japonicum was dominant, while D. catalinae could exist simultaneously.     

小黑瓢虫与两种猎物作用系统研究:选择捕食作用

研究了小黑瓢虫与烟粉虱及红蜘蛛两种猎物作用系统中 ,小黑瓢虫雌成虫对两种猎物卵的选择捕食作用。结果表明 :当两种猎物共存时 ,小黑瓢虫雌成虫对烟粉虱卵在低密度下不表现喜好性 ,而在中等密度和高密度下表现正喜好性 ,对红蜘蛛卵在各密度下均不表现喜好性。对烟粉虱卵的转换效应会由于总猎物密度的不同而呈现不同的效应 ,即在低密度 (15 0粒 )时无转换行为 ,在中等密度 (30 0粒 )时有负转换行为 ,在高密度 (6 0 0粒 )时有正转换行为。而对红蜘蛛卵则在各总猎物密度下均呈现负转换效应。同时组建了两种猎物共存时 ,小黑瓢虫雌成虫对猎物的总捕食作用方程及对每一种猎物类型的捕食作用方程 ,分析了两种猎物共存时 ,小黑瓢虫雌成虫对各猎物寻找效应的变化情况。     

小黑瓢虫形态特征及生物学特性观察

小黑瓢虫(Delphastus catalirtae(Horn))是粉虱害虫的重要捕食性天敌。本对小黑瓢虫从英国引种后的形态特征和生物学特性进行观察,用福州地区新的猎物寄主高氏瘤粉虱(Aleurotubercutatus takahashii David＆Subramaniam)进行饲养繁殖,已成功地在室内定殖和繁衍。小黑瓢虫成虫寿命长达90—130天．可捕食粉虱卵、若虫、成虫各虫态,且捕食量大,活动能力强,是高氏瘤粉虱的有效天敌,具有很好的保护利用价值。     

龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧的捕食功能反应

为初步探究龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对入侵性害虫扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的生物防控能力,本实验在(T=26℃±2℃,R=80%±5%,L∶D=16∶8)条件下进行。将饥饿处理过的各个龄期的龟纹瓢虫分别与扶桑绵粉蚧不同密度的1龄若虫进行组合,在一定的时间内,测定各龄期的龟纹瓢虫对猎物进行的捕食量、捕食率。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和成虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型反应,其捕食者的捕食率随猎物密度的增加而逐渐下降;龟纹瓢虫对猎物的处理时间Th随瓢虫龄期的增大而呈减小趋势。龟纹瓢虫3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅲ型反应,其捕食量随虫龄的增大而增加,发现率和最大捕食量也增大,平均处理时间减少。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的控制潜能。     

六星瓢虫对柑橘木虱若虫的捕食功能反应及捕食偏好

【目的】为探究六星瓢虫Oenopia formosana对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的生物防控潜能,以及存在萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi时的捕食偏好。【方法】在实验室条件下测定六星瓢虫1-4龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食功能和寻找效应,以及同时存在柑橘木虱和萝卜蚜时六星瓢虫的捕食选择。【结果】各虫态的六星瓢虫均能捕食5龄的柑橘木虱若虫,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。六星瓢虫1-4龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.279、0.430、0.689、0.829和0.695,理论日最大捕食量分别为29.155、32.895、46.512、58.824和79.365头,处理时间分别为0.034、0.030、0.022、0.017和0.013d,控害效能分别为8.148、14.131、32.048、48.747和55.130。六星瓢虫的各个龄期对5龄的柑橘木虱若虫的搜寻效应均随着猎物密度的变大而降低,4龄六星瓢虫幼虫的搜寻效应随猎物密度增加下降趋势最大,当柑橘木虱5龄若虫的低密度存在时,4龄幼虫的搜寻效应高于其他龄期的六星瓢虫。存在柑橘木虱...     

七星瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用

为了测定七星瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用,分别在室内测定七星瓢虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰、捕食偏好性以及在田间七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果.结果表明: 七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,其中对卵的最大捕食量为112.6粒,对1～2龄若虫、3～5龄若虫、成虫的最大捕食量分别为536、415和113.9头;田间罩笼试验结果证明,七星瓢虫成虫在其生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降80.1%;七星瓢虫对1～2龄枸杞木虱若虫的搜寻效率参数a=0.9451,处理时间参数T_h=0.001865,整体优于卵、3～5龄若虫与成虫,且在每皿100头的猎物密度下七星瓢虫的最大捕食率能达80.2%,益害比参考值为1∶100.七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用受自身密度的影响显著大于种内干扰.在混合猎物密度为每皿100头下,七星瓢虫更偏好木虱成虫,在密度为每皿300头下,七星瓢虫更偏向于木虱若虫.表明七星瓢虫是很有控制潜力的捕食性天敌,人工释放七星瓢虫成虫可有效取食枸杞木虱初孵若虫,降低木虱为害.     

双带盘瓢虫与六斑月瓢虫成虫对螺旋粉虱幼虫的捕食作用

在实验条件下分别研究了双带盘瓢虫Lemnia biplagiata与六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius成虫对螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell幼虫的捕食功能反应,并用Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应模型拟合.拟合的圆盘方程分别为Na=1.0776N/1+0.0032N和Na=0.8606/1+0.0060N,双带盘瓢虫和六斑月瓢虫的理论日最大捕食量分别为333.333头和142.857头.结果表明,两种瓢虫对入侵害虫螺旋粉虱有良好的捕食作用和控制潜能.     

越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食作用

【目的】烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是一种外来入侵性的重大农业害虫,越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov&Ren是其重要的捕食性天敌之一,本文系统研究了越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食作用。【方法】在温度误差为±1℃,相对湿度为75%,光照周期为L︰D=14︰10条件下,测定瓢虫成虫对烟粉虱各虫态的功能反应和不同温度下对烟粉虱4龄若虫的功能反应以及测定瓢虫成虫取食烟粉虱4龄若虫个体间的干扰反应。【结果】结果表明,越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的功能反应呈HollingⅡ型,随着猎物龄期的增加,越南斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率(a)逐渐降低,处置时间(Th)基本依次延长。温度对瓢虫的捕食效应影响显著,试验所设温度为15,20,25,30,35℃,越南斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率(a)分别为0.3226,0.4496,0.5868,0.5788和0.6235,处置时间(Th)分别为0.2348,0.1451,0.1039,0.0904和0.0976,均与温度(T)则呈二次曲线关系。越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱4龄若虫的捕食作用率(E)在捕食者密度较低(在1~5头)时,捕食作用率下降较快,而在捕食者>6时,其对捕食作用率的影响效果减小。寻找系数为0.0607,干扰系数为0.5569。【结论】随着猎物龄期的增加,越南斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率降低,处置时间延长;越南斧瓢虫成虫对烟粉虱4龄若虫的寻找效率随着温度的升高而提高,而在更高的温度条件下,其寻找效率略有下降。瓢虫对烟粉虱的处置时间则随着温度的升高而不断缩短;越南斧瓢虫成虫自身密度对其捕食作用产生干扰反应,捕食作用率随着捕食者密度的增加而降低。     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF BEMISIA TABACI B BIOTYPE (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)

Abstract The development, survivorship and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on eggplant at seven constant temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35°C) were studied. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 48.7 days at 17°C to 13.9 days at 29°C and the developmental threshold estimated for a generation by linear regression was 12.4°C. The optimum temperature for B. tabaci population growth was 26°C, both extremely low (< 17°C) and high temperature (> 32°C) delayed the development. Survivorships from egg to adult was 67.3% at 26°C, 27.6% and 29.0% at 35°C and 17°C respectively. The average longevity of females ranged from 39.6 days at 20°C to 12.8 days at 35°C. Oviposition per female varied from 164.8 eggs at 20°C to 78.5 eggs at 32°C. Both the longevity and oviposition of B. tabaci females at different temperatures were significantly different ( P < 0.05), and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r _m) for B. tabaci at 29°C was the highest.     

应用虫生真菌防治烟粉虱的现状

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci属世界性分布的大害虫.在一定条件下虫生真菌是控制烟粉虱种群的最有效天敌.本文就几种常见虫生真菌:蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticilliumlecanii、座壳孢Aschersoniaspp.、玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomycesfumosoroseus、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana等防治烟粉虱的应用现状以及它们与其它天敌的关系进行了综述,以期对烟粉虱虫生真菌的合理利用提供参考.     

温度对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

研究了7个不同温度梯度对烟粉虱(Beimisia tabaci )B生物型发育、存活和繁殖的影响。在17℃时,烟粉虱从卵到成虫羽化需要48．7天,而在29℃则仅需要13．9天。烟粉虱发育的最佳温度是26℃,低温(＜20℃)和过高的温度(＞32℃)对烟粉虱发育有抑制作用。经线性回归分析,烟粉虱的发育起点温度约为13℃,有效积温为263．8℃。烟粉虱在20℃时,其成虫寿命和产卵量都是32℃时2倍多,单雌最高产卵量达到208粒。烟粉虱的存活率以26℃时最高,低温和高温对烟粉虱的存活率有负面影响。烟粉虱的内禀增殖率在26℃和29℃时较高,分别为0．1456和0．1470。所有数据显示26℃是烟粉虱种群发育和繁殖的最佳温度。     

两种生态相关猎物鱼个性的种间差异及其捕食者效应

为探究不同猎物鱼个性的种间差异及其捕食者效应, 实验以乌鳢(Channa argus)为天然的捕食者, 选取自然界通常形成混合种群的高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)作为猎物鱼, 设置有捕食者和无捕食者处理组开展同质园实验; 之后, 分别测定了经历捕食环境处理的两种猎物鱼的探索性、活跃性和勇敢性3类个性特征, 分析两种猎物鱼个性特征的种间差异及其环境依赖性。结果发现: (1)高体鳑鲏和麦穗鱼个性存在显著的种间差异, 不管是否经历捕食者处理, 高体鳑鲏的探索性、活跃性和勇敢性均显著强于麦穗鱼(P<0.05); (2)捕食者处理导致高体鳑鲏和麦穗鱼探索性和勇敢性有增强的趋势, 但对二者的活跃性均无显著影响(P>0.05); (3)捕食者处理弱化了高体鳑鲏和麦穗鱼不同个性特征的种间差异, 强化了各自不同个性特征的偶联。结果提示: 两种猎物鱼个性特征的种间差异显著且均具有捕食者效应, 有捕食者环境下两种猎物鱼个性特征的种间差异变小, 表现出趋同化适应的趋势。     

THE PEST STATUS OF BEMISIA TABACI IN CHINA AND NON‐CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES*

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has been considered as a serious pest in all of tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. B. tabaci first recorded as early as in 1940s in China and has been reported as a pest of various crops in 22 provinces or cities. But only recently it has become a severe problem for vegetable and ornamental crops in Guangdong and Beijing. In China B. tabaci is known to transmit at least 5 plant viruses, including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato leaf curl virus (TomLCV), squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV‐C). So far, approximately 18 parasitoids, 17 predators and 1 pathogenic fungus were recorded in China. This paper presents an overview of B. tabaci as a pest and virus vector in China, with special attention given to non‐chemical control strategies.     

FEEDING HABITS OF THE COTTON WHITEFLY, BEMISIA TAB AC I GENN. (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)

The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn., is important in the Sudan first as the vector of leaf-curl virus, and secondly because it, principally when immature, directly damages plants. It damages both leaf-curl-resistant and susceptible varieties, and during recent years the increase in DDT spraying against the cotton jassid has increased the numbers and importance of the cotton whitefly.
The macroscopic effects of the nymphs on the leaves include: (I) 'asal' (honeydew), often produced in quantities sufficient to cover the leaves and contaminate the lint in open bolls; (2) chlorotic spots caused by the saliva of feeding nymphs removing chlorophyll and starch; (3) development of anthocyanin; (4) leaf shedding and a reduced growth rate.
The stylets of nymphs on the lower leaf surface can reach the phloem, except when they follow a convoluted path. The stylets usually penetrate between the epidermal cells. Penetration through the parenchyma is predominantly intercellular, and the objective is the phloem. Stylets terminated in the phloem in 82% of examples examined, with the remainder ending in the parenchyma. Only one case of partial penetration of the xylem occurred. A stylet, or salivary, sheath is rare; it is a delicate structure with an annular construction. Stylet tracks occur rarely and indicate probing in the region of the phloem.
Damage to the tissues is limited to slow chloroplast destruction and occasional plasmolysis; the phloem is neither blocked nor obviously damaged.     

RAPD方法用于区分中国烟粉虱的生物型

应用RAPD－PCR技术研究了中国大陆10个烟粉虱种群的生物型情况,聚类分析表明,这10个种群中包含了3种生物型：烟粉虱B型,广西型（南宁南瓜寄主）和福建型（福州地瓜）。值得注意的是,在福建并存着两种烟粉虱生物型,即苷蓝上的B型烟粉虱和甘署上的福建福州型,研究表明烟粉虱B型已经传入中国,至少在北京,山东,新疆,福建,广东等地都有发生和分布,广西型和福建型是否中国的本地土种群还需进一步研究。     

USING RAPD PCR TO DISTINGUISH BIOTYPES OF BEMISIA TABACI (HOMOPTERA:ALEYRODIDAE) IN CHINA

Abstract Ten populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) collected from eight fieed and ornamental crops from seven provinces/cities in China were determined using RAPD-PCR. Results showed that the 10 populations of B. tabaci could be classified into three distinct groups: a Biotype B group, a Guangxi group, and a Fujian group. The whiteflies in the Biotype B group were collected from sweetpotato and cotton in Beijing, tomato in Shandong, poinsettia in Shanghai and Guangdong, cabbage in Fujian, and hemp and eggplant in Xinjiang. The Guangxi group were collected from pumpkin in Naming, Guangxi, and the Fujian group, from sweetpotato in Fujian. It was notable that B. tabaci specimens collected on cabbage in Fujian belonged to the Biotype B group. It is clear that Biotype B does now occur in China, in Reijing, Shandong, Xinjiang, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong. It is likely that the Guangxi and Fujian groups are native to China.     

棉花和香瓜的甘薯粉虱Bemisia tabaci (同翅目 ,粉虱科 )B生态型虫体大小和重量的田间调查(英文)

20 0 0和 2 0 0 1年在美国凤凰城和北达科塔州法哥城田间 ,调查棉花和香瓜上甘薯粉虱BemisiatabaciB生态型所有虫期虫体大小和重量。从若虫大小计算出若虫的体积。第一到第四龄晚期 ,若虫平均体积以指数方式增加。体积增加最快的是第三到第四龄早期。棉花上的若虫比香瓜上的宽 ,但是并不比较长。香瓜上第一到第四龄早期的若虫 ,最厚部位的腹部和背部厚度比例显著比棉花上的要高。两种寄主作物上的若虫从第一到第四龄发育期 ,腹部厚度平均增加将近 5 1倍 ,而背部厚度只增加 2 8倍。雌虫和雄虫从头顶到翅尖平均长度分别为 112 6和 95 3微米 ,重量为 39和 17微克。棉花和香瓜上的虫卵平均长 ,宽 ,重分别为 197微米 ,99微米 ,和0 8微克。未被寄生的蛹壳长 ,宽 ,重分别为 6 73微米 ,4 92微米和 1 2微克 ;被寄生的蛹壳为 6 6 5微米 ,4 5 2微米 ,和 3 6微克。棉花上未被寄生和被寄生的蛹壳比香瓜上的长 ,宽 ,和更重。