植被制图色彩和符号设计原则与全国植被图图例方案

植被图通常采用不同的颜色并结合符号来区分不同的植被类型, 以期更加直观、清晰地将植被类型信息传达给读者。如何通过色彩和符号的合理搭配来区分不同的植被类型是植被制图中的关键步骤, 尤其是对于植被类型较丰富的区域, 植被图的色彩和符号设计更为复杂。植被图图例系统建立在植被分类系统之上, 近10余年来我国的植被分类系统得到了进一步的发展和完善, 因此, 非常有必要在最新的植被分类系统基础上, 提出一套植被制图色彩和符号设计方案, 用以指导当前的植被制图工作。该研究整理了地图学、植被图以及其他专题地图色彩和符号设计的要求, 提出了植被制图的色彩和符号设计原则。在最新的植被分类系统基础上, 采用颜色三属性(色调、明度、饱和度)及符号的基本视觉变量(形状、尺寸、方向、色彩、密度、亮度)的变化及其组合, 依据色彩和符号设计的系统性、科学性、象征性等原则, 对中国植被分类系统高级分类单位中的植被亚型, 进行了标准化配色和符号设计, 旨在为植被制图工作者及新一代1:50万植被图编研提供理论依据和参考, 提升植被制图的效率和质量。     

CHANGES IN MORPHOLOGY WITH AGE IN MEDITERRANEAN MONK SEALS (MONACHUS MONACHUS)

In order to describe the pelage and external appearance of the Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) and prepare an age-sex classification guide, 120 seals from the Cabo Blanco Peninsula colony in the Western Sahara/Mauritania were periodically photographed between 1993 and 1996. Analysis of the pigmentation pattern, pelage color and pattern of natural markings of each seal established 48 phenetic types, which were, in turn, arranged in five groups (morphological classes) with multivariate cluster analysis (UPGMA). The variables that best define these groups are size and color. The variation related to relative size, sex and age of 26 identified seals monitored over three years showed that: (1) after each molt, external appearance varied considerably only in non-adults, while adult appearance was invariable; (2) marked sexual dimorphism exists in adults' external appearance; and (3) a remarkable similarity of adult and neonate pelage exists. With these results, we propose an age-sex classification guide to facilitate monk seal identification in the field.     

Orthogonal Relations and Color Constancy in Dichromatic Colorblindness

This paper employs uniform color space to analyze relations in dichromacy (protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia). Fifty percent or less of dichromats represent the classical reduction form of trichromacy, where one of three cones is inoperative but normal trichromatic color mixture such as complementary colors (pairs that mix white) are accepted by the dichromat, whose data can thus be plotted to CIE chromaticity spaces. The remaining dichromats comprise many and varied more-complex gene arrays from mutations, recombinations, etc. Though perhaps a minority, the three reductionist types provide a simple standard, in genotype and phenotype, to which the more complex remainder may be compared. Here, previously published data on dichromacy are plotted and analyzed in CIELUV uniform color space to find spatial relations in terms of color appearance space (e.g., hue angle). Traditional residual (seen) hues for protanopia and deuteranopia (both red–green colorblindness) are yellow and blue, but analysis indicates the protanopic residual hues are more greenish yellow and reddish blue than in tradition. Results for three illuminants (D65, D50, B) imply four principles in the spatial structure of dichromacy: (1) complementarity of confusion hue pairs and of residual hue pairs; (2) orthogonality of confusion locus and residual hues locus at their intersection with the white point, in each dichromatic type; (3) orthogonality of protanopic and tritanopic confusion loci; and (4) inverse relations between protanopic and tritanopic systems generally, such that one''s confusion hues are the other''s residual hues. Two of the three dichromatic systems do not represent components of normal trichromatic vision as sometimes thought but are quite different. Wavelength shifts between illuminants demonstrate chromatic adaptation correlates exactly with that in trichromatic vision. In theory these results clarify relations in and between types of dichromacy. They also apply in Munsell and CIELAB color spaces but inexactly to the degree they employ inexact complementarity.     

用于全球变化研究的中国植物功能型划分

 植物功能型(Plant functional types, PFTs)作为沟通植物的结构和功能与生态系统属性的桥梁,随着全球变化与植被的关系研究的深入而受到广泛重视。植物功能型的划分依赖于研究的背景、尺度和要解决的问题。为了区域尺度全球变化研究的需要,该文提出了一个基于植物关键特征的植物功能型划分方法。该方法首先选择了6项植物特征,包括3项冠层特征：木本-草本、常绿-落叶和针叶-阔叶,以及3项生理特征：光合途径(C3 / C4)、植物的水分需求和热量需求,作为划分植物功能型的关键特征;然后,先根据植物冠层特征划分得到5个基本类型,再根据水分和热量条件进行详细划分,得到29种备选类型;需要时,再根据研究目的从这29种备选类型中选择所需类型。根据这个方法,在充分考虑了我国季风气候条件下特有的水热配置和高海拔环境对植物的形态和功能特征影响的基础上,从备选类型中选择了一套适合中国气候和植被特征的植物功能型体系。这套体系包括18类植物功能型,其中含7类‘树’功能型、6类‘灌木’功能型和5类‘草’功能型,另根据需要设置2类‘裸地’功能型。并且根据植物的生理生态特征和中国植被的地理分布确定了用于限制植物功能型分布的气候因子,这些气候因子包括绝对最低温度、最暖月平均温度、有效积温、年最热月平均温和最冷月平均温之差、湿润指数、年均降水量。应用表明,这套植物功能型可用于模拟我国植被在当前气候条件下的分布。该研究为发展适于我国的植被模型和区域气候模型、评估全球变化对我国植被的影响及植被变化对气候的反馈作用提供依据与参数。     

Orientation of Small Multidrug Resistance Transporter Subunits in the Membrane: Correlation with the Positive-Inside Rule

Small multidrug resistance (SMR) transport proteins provide a model for the evolution of larger two-domain transport proteins. The orientation in the membrane of 27 proteins from the SMR family was determined using the reporter fusion technique. Nine members were encoded monocistronically (singles) and shown to insert in both orientations (dual topology). Eighteen members were encoded in pairs on the chromosome and shown to insert in fixed orientations; the two proteins in each pair invariably had opposite orientations in the membrane. Interaction between the two proteins in pairs was demonstrated by copurification. The orientation in the membrane of either protein in the pair was affected only marginally by the presence of the other protein.For the proteins in pairs, the orientation in the membrane correlated well with the distribution of positively charges residues (R + K) over the cytoplasmic and extracellular loops (positive-inside rule). In contrast, dual-topology insertion of the singles was predicted less well by the positive-inside rule. Three singles were predicted to insert in a single orientation with the N-terminus and the C-terminus at the extracellular side of the membrane. Analysis of charge distributions suggests the requirement of a threshold number of charges in the cytoplasmic loops for the positive-inside rule to be of predictive value. It is concluded that a combined analysis of gene organization on the chromosome and phylogeny is sufficient to distinguish between fixed or dual topology of SMR members and, probably, similar types of membrane proteins. The positive-inside rule can be used to predict the orientation of members in pairs, but is not suitable as a sole predictor of dual topology.     

RBSim 2: simulating the complex interactions between human movement and the outdoor recreation environment

This paper describes advancements in recreation management using new technology that couples Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Intelligent Agents to simulate recreation behaviour in real world settings. RBSim 2 (Recreation Behaviour Simulator) is a computer simulation program that enables recreation managers to explore the consequences of change to any one or more variables so that the goal of accommodating increasing visitor use is achieved while maintaining the quality of visitor experience. RBSim provides both a qualitative understanding of management scenarios by the use of map graphics from a GIS as well as a quantitative understanding of management consequences by generating statistics during the simulation. Managers are able to identify points of over crowding, bottlenecks in circulation systems, and conflicts between different user groups.

RBSim 2 is a tool designed specifically for the purposes of simulating human recreation behaviour in outdoor environments. The software is designed to allow recreation researchers and managers to simulate any recreation environment where visitors are restricted to movement on a network (roads, trails, rivers, etc.). The software architecture is comprised of the following components:

• GIS module to enter travel network, facilities, and elevation data

• Agent module to specify tourist personality types, travel modes, and agent rules

• Typical Trip planner to specify trips as an aggregation of entry/exit nodes, arrival curves, destinations and agents.

• Scenario designer to specify combinations of travel networks, and typical trip plans.

• Statistical module to specify outputs and summarise simulation results

This paper describes the RBSim software architecture with specific reference to the trip planning algorithms used by the recreation agents. An application of the simulator at Port Campbell National Park, Victoria Australia is described.     

Multi-attribute ecological river typology for assessing ecological condition and conservation planning

A river classification framework is needed to make good management and planning decisions about river health and biodiversity. We developed a multi-attribute ecological river typology to address this need in the Australian State of New South Wales (801,428 km²). Multivariate patterns in data collected from 322 reference sites were used to define river types for each attribute: abiotic features (10 types), fish assemblages (6 types) and macroinvertebrate assemblages from river edges (8 types) and riffle zones (5 types). We used classification tree analysis to define broad regions for each attribute and then to construct identification keys for river types within each region using slope, elevation, maximum distance from source, latitude and mean annual rainfall. These keys allow the mapping of the likely spatial extent of river types and the assignment of a multi-attribute river-type identity to a river reach anywhere in the State. We used the average dissimilarity distances among the river types and the rates of misclassification of reference sites to assess the reliability of the assignments for different attributes in different regions. This approach to river classification can be applied anywhere in the world, resulting in simple to highly complex typologies depending on data availability. In data-poor areas it may result in a single attribute typology based on remotely derived variables and a coarsely defined reference condition. In data-rich areas the typology may have a large number of attributes using very large datasets with high resolution. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon     

Cone Photoreceptor Sensitivities and Unique Hue Chromatic Responses: Correlation and Causation Imply the Physiological Basis of Unique Hues

This paper relates major functions at the start and end of the color vision process. The process starts with three cone photoreceptors transducing light into electrical responses. Cone sensitivities were once expected to be Red Green Blue color matching functions (to mix colors) but microspectrometry proved otherwise: they instead peak in yellowish, greenish, and blueish hues. These physiological functions are an enigma, unmatched with any set of psychophysical (behavioral) functions. The end-result of the visual process is color sensation, whose essential percepts are unique (or pure) hues red, yellow, green, blue. Unique hues cannot be described by other hues, but can describe all other hues, e.g., that hue is reddish-blue. They are carried by four opponent chromatic response curves but the literature does not specify whether each curve represents a range of hues or only one hue (a unique) over its wavelength range. Here the latter is demonstrated, confirming that opponent chromatic responses define, and may be termed, unique hue chromatic responses. These psychophysical functions also are an enigma, unmatched with any physiological functions or basis. Here both enigmas are solved by demonstrating the three cone sensitivity curves and the three spectral chromatic response curves are almost identical sets (Pearson correlation coefficients r from 0.95–1.0) in peak wavelengths, curve shapes, math functions, and curve crossover wavelengths, though previously unrecognized due to presentation of curves in different formats, e.g., log, linear. (Red chromatic response curve is largely nonspectral and thus derives from two cones.) Close correlation combined with deterministic causation implies cones are the physiological basis of unique hues. This match of three physiological and three psychophysical functions is unique in color vision.     

Dermography in humans: dependence of skin vessel reactions on stimulus strength

Application of measured skin stimulation (contrary to classic dermographism) revealed a microcirculation variety of changes and restoration (skin vessel selfregulation). The reaction phases were measured versus classic dermographism. The types of skin vessel reactions is found to depend upon the stimulus strength. The dynamics of pattern change of skin vessels is described to differentiate hatched zone (central) and surrounding ones. A tendency of appearing of the surrounding zone before the central those was found. Restoration of the microcirculation after skin stimulation (the period of vessel reaction disappearance) is detected by 3 factor relations: latency of appearance of the 1st phase reaction, phase quantity, and skin color. Dependence of parameters (vessel dilatation or constriction; pressure threshold evoking skin vessel reaction; latency of appearance and of restoration of the background color) is described to correlate with skin color (2nd, 4th, and 5th phototypes of the Fitz-Patrick classification).     

Dung Beetle Community and Functions along a Habitat-Disturbance Gradient in the Amazon: A Rapid Assessment of Ecological Functions Associated to Biodiversity

Although there is increasing interest in the effects of habitat disturbance on community attributes and the potential consequences for ecosystem functioning, objective approaches linking biodiversity loss to functional loss are uncommon. The objectives of this study were to implement simultaneous assessment of community attributes (richness, abundance and biomass, each calculated for total-beetle assemblages as well as small- and large-beetle assemblages) and three ecological functions of dung beetles (dung removal, soil perturbation and secondary seed dispersal), to compare the effects of habitat disturbance on both sets of response variables, and their relations. We studied dung beetle community attributes and functions in five land-use systems representing a disturbance gradient in the Brazilian Amazon: primary forest, secondary forest, agroforestry, agriculture and pasture. All response variables were affected negatively by the intensification of habitat disturbance regimes, but community attributes and ecological functions did not follow the same pattern of decline. A hierarchical partitioning analysis showed that, although all community attributes had a significant effect on the three ecological functions (except the abundance of small beetles on all three ecological functions and the biomass of small beetles on secondary dispersal of large seed mimics), species richness and abundance of large beetles were the community attributes with the highest explanatory value. Our results show the importance of measuring ecological function empirically instead of deducing it from community metrics.     

Identifying habitat types in a disturbed area of the forest-steppe ecotone of Patagonia

We surveyed an old ranch (22,000 ha) in the eastern catchment of lake Nahuel Huapi (Argentina), representing both landscape and historical use patterns of the forest-steppe ecotone in the Andes foothills. The objective was to describe plant-environment relations and to develop a procedure to classify habitat types for conservation aims. Floristic and landscape variables were recorded in 72 upland sites. Vegetation types were classified with Two-way indicator Species Analysis and environmental gradients detected with Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Vegetation types were tested for environmental homogeneity with Discriminant Analysis. A key to classify habitat types was built out from the classification functions obtained by DA analysis. Floristic classification resulted in 7 steppe types and 4 shrubland/woodland types. Vegetation samples were placed along two main gradients, one related to topography and the other to the type of substrate. Steppe types occur in all positions of the topographic gradient forming a temperature-soil moisture continuum, but only (except one of them) on accumulated substrates. Islands of woody types are confined to relatively warm positions of the topographic gradient and to deflated, rocky substrates. This distribution pattern would be caused by frost sensibility of forest species, and by the different strategies of water capture of woody and herbaceous plants. Three pairs of plant assemblages were not discriminated, allowing classification of 8 habitat types out of the 11 communities. Undiscriminated communities (3 pairs) and misclassified samples (29%) were discussed as the result of disturbances.     

Impact of fresh fruit smoothie consumption on apparent health of Asian faces

Skin carotenoid coloration has been proposed as a valid cue to health in humans, reflecting fruit and vegetable intake, and enhancing apparent health. Supplementation with a carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetable smoothie affects skin color, but it is not known if this skin color change enhances healthy appearance. In three experiments, we examine the effects of skin color change induced by supplementation with a carotenoid-rich fruit smoothie (25 mg carotenoids/d) on the apparent health of Malaysian Chinese faces. In experiment 1, observers were asked to identify the healthier looking of pairs of photographs of the same subject taken pre- and post-supplementation (or pre- and post-placebo), choosing the pre-supplementation (or pre-placebo) images. When confounding due to facial expression was eliminated in experiment 2, observers showed no preference for unmodified pre-supplementation photograph or the same image with skin color manipulated to simulate a level of smoothie-induced color change associated with 4 weeks of supplementation. In experiment 3, observers manipulated the skin color of face photographs along the smoothie-induced color change axis to optimize healthy appearance. Observers chose to induce a color change approximately equivalent to one third of the change induced by daily consumption of our carotenoid rich smoothie. This suggests that the skin color change induced by the supplementation enhanced apparent facial health, however the dose and duration of the supplementation overshot the optimal healthy-looking color of Malaysian Chinese skin. This suggests that there is an optimal carotenoid color for healthy appearance, and that this optimal level may be constrained by preferences for averageness, by the association between very yellow skin and ill health, or by negative health impacts of very high doses of carotenoids.     

Variations of scalp, pubic and axillary hair

Hair examinations and comparisons conducted by forensic scientists often provide investigative and associative information. Apart from its length and its natural color, hair displays a morphologic diversity both macroscopically and microscopically. Pseudogenization of 相似文献   

Color and luminance contrasts attract independent attention

Paying attention can improve vision in many ways, including some very basic functions such as contrast discrimination, a task that probably reflects very early levels of visual processing. Electrophysiological, psychophysical, and imaging studies on humans as well as single recordings in monkey show that attention can modulate the neuronal response at an early stage of visual processing, probably by acting on the response gain. Here, we measure incremental contrast thresholds for luminance and color stimuli to derive the contrast response of early neural mechanisms and their modulation by attention. We show that, for both cases, attention improves contrast discrimination, probably by multiplicatively increasing the gain of the neuronal response to contrast. However, the effects of attention are highly specific to the visual modality: concurrent attention to a competing luminance, but not chromatic pattern, greatly impedes luminance contrast discrimination; and attending to a competing chromatic, but not luminance, task impedes color contrast discrimination. Thus, the effects of attention are highly modality specific, implying separate attentional resources for different fundamental visual attributes at early stages of visual processing.     

Social situation,sperm competition and sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite parasite,the cestode Schistocephalus solidus

Evolutionary theory predicts an influence of mating group size on sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites. We experimentally manipulated the social situation during reproduction in a simultaneous hermaphrodite parasite, the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus, by placing worms as singles, pairs or triplets into an in vitro system that replaces the final host. We then determined the reproductive allocation patterns after 24 h (i.e. before the start of egg release) and after 72 h (i.e. around the peak of egg release rate) using stereology. After 24 h, sex allocation strongly depended on worm volume (which is determined in the second intermediate host), but was not significantly affected by the social situation experienced during reproduction. After 72 h, worms in groups had less vesicular sperm (i.e. sperm to be used in future inseminations) than singles. They also stored significantly more received sperm in their seminal receptacles than singles, suggesting that more sperm had been transferred in groups. Moreover, worms in triplets stored significantly more received sperm than worms in pairs, suggesting that they either mated more often and/or transferred more sperm per mating. This suggests a behavioural response to the increased risk of sperm competition in triplets. We further discuss the relative importance of sex allocation decisions at different life‐history stages.     

Distinctive amino acid residue periodicities in terminal sequences of type III and type I secreted proteins from proteobacteria

The Fourier transform (FT) method was applied to specify the distribution of 14 predefined groups of amino acids (64 residues) at both termini of annotated type III and type I secreted proteins from proteobacteria. Type I proteins displayed a higher occurrence of significant periodicities at both C-and N-termini, indicating potent features to discriminate between secretion types, particularly by the use of variables selected from the full periodicity profiles at 19 orders of FT. The Fishers linear discriminant analysis, together with the stepwise selection of variables throughout equal pairs of combinations for all predefined groups of residues, revealed the C-terminal harmonics of aromatic (HFWY) and aliphatic (VLIA) residues as a set of strong predictor variables to classify both types of secreted proteins with an accuracy of 100% for original grouped cases and 96.4% for cross-validated grouped cases. The prediction accuracy of proposed discriminant function was estimated by repeated k-fold cross-validation procedures where the original data set was randomly divided into k subsets, with one of the k-subsets serving as the test set and the remaining data forming the training set. The average error rate computed across all k-trials and repeats did not exceed that of leave-one-out procedure. The proposed set of predictor variables could be used to assess the compatibility between secretion pathways and secretion substrates of proteobacteria by means of discriminant analysis.