A taxonomic reevaluation of freshwater ostracods (Crustacea,Ostracoda) referred to the genus Cypridopsis Brady, 1868 from Southeast Asia

A taxonomic reevaluation of five species of Southeast Asian freshwater ostracods formerly assigned to the genus Cypridopsis Brady, 1868 has resulted in the retention of Cypridopsis adusta Sars, 1903, Cypridopsis exigua Sars, 1903 and Cypridopsis dubia Sars, 1903 in Cypridopsis and transfer of Cypridopsis albida (Vavra) 1898 and Cypridopsis arsenia Tressler, 1937 to the genus Plesiocypridopsis Rome, 1965.     

A phylogenetic and geotectonic scenario to explain the biogeography of the Lophopidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha)

The Lophopidae are found in South America, Africa, Australia, India and Southeast Asia. This distribution appears to be typically Gondwanan, triggered by tectonic events beginning over 100 Ma. However, within the Fulgoromorpha, the lophopids are considered to be relatively recently. In this study, biological, geological and phylogenetic information is evaluated to provide a parsimonious explanation for the distribution of the group and its geographic region of ancestral origin. The Lophopidae can be divided into four monophyletic groups. The ancestors of two groups appear to have originated somewhere along the western Pacific island arc system. Another group appears to have an origin in Southeast Asia. A reliable explanation for the ancestral origin of the fourth group was not possible because it consists of only one genus present in Central and South America. A biogeographic map of the two groups of lophids of the western Pacific island arc is concordant with their phylogeny based on biological and morphological data. Based on this finding, the best explanation for the origin and evolution of the Lophopidae and their current distribution of these lophopids is through vicariance. Similar types of eco-evolutionary events explain radiation and distribution of the Lophopidae, in general.     

A survey of East Palaearctic Lycosidae (Araneae). 7. A new species of Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from the Russian Far East

Acantholycosa azarkinaesp. n. is described from the Maritime Province of Russia on the basis of both sexes. Acantholycosa norvegica (Thorell, 1872) is reported from the Maritime Province for the first time. A key and illustrations to all six species that occur in Far East Asia are provided.     

Four new Mouse Spider species (Araneae,Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae,Missulena) from Western Australia

Four new species of the Mouse Spider genus Missulena Walckenaer, 1805 (family Actinopodidae) are described from Western Australia based on morphological features of adult males. Missulena leniae sp. n.(from the Carnarvon and Yalgoo biogeographic regions), Missulena mainae sp. n. (Carnarvon), Missulena melissae sp. n. (Pilbara) and Missulena pinguipes sp. n. (Mallee) represent a broad spectrum of morphological diversity found in this genus and differ from other congeners by details of the male copulatory bulb, colour patterns, eye sizes, leg morphology and leg spination. Two of the species, M. pinguipes sp. n. and M. mainae sp. n., are characterised by swollen metatarsi of the fourth legs in males, a feature not previously recorded in the family. A key to males of all named Missulena species from Australia is presented and allows their identification based on external morphology.     

History, ocean channels, and distance determine phylogeographic patterns in three widespread Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae)

The comparative phylogeography of widespread, codistributed species provides unique insights into regional biodiversity and diversification patterns. I used partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes ND2 and cyt b to investigate phylogeographic structure in three widespread Philippine fruit bats. Ptenochirus jagori is endemic to the oceanic region of the Philippines and is most abundant in lowland primary forest. Macroglossus minimus and Cynopterus brachyotis are most common in disturbed and open habitats and are not endemic. In all three, genetic differentiation is present at multiple spatial scales and is associated to some degree with Pleistocene landbridge island groups. In P. jagori and C. brachyotis, genetic distance is correlated with geographic distance; in C. brachyotis and M. minimus, it is correlated with the sea-crossing distance between islands. P. jagori has the least overall genetic structure of these three species, whereas C. brachyotis and M. minimus have more geographic association among haplotypes, suggesting that phylogeographic patterns are linked to ecology and habitat preference. However, contrary to expectation, the two widespread, disturbed habitat species have more structure than the endemic species. Mismatch distributions suggest rapid changes in effective population size in C. brachyotis and P. jagori, whereas M. minimus appears to be demographically more stable. Geologic and geographic history are important in structuring variation, and phylogeographic patterns are the result of dynamic long-term processes rather than simply reflecting current conditions.     

New cave-dwelling armored spiders (Araneae,Tetrablemmidae) from Southwest China

A new genus and five new species belonging to the family Tetrablemmidae are described from caves in Southwest China, i.e., Sinammaoxycera gen. & sp. n., Singaporemma banxiaoensis sp. n., Singaporemma wulongensis sp. n., Tetrablemma ziyaoensis sp. n. andTetrablemma menglaensis sp. n. The following new combination is proposed: Sinamma sanya (Lin & Li, 2010), comb. n. ex. Shearella Lehtinen, 1981. The relationships of the Sinamma gen. n. with other genera are discussed. Diagnoses and illustrations for all new taxa are given.     

Musa chunii Hakkinen, a new species (Musaceae) from Yunnan,China and taxonomic identity of Musa rubra

The center of diversity of the genus Musa (Musaceae) is in Southeast Asia, a region not studied in detail and where new species and varieties continue to be reported. A new wild banana species, M. chunii Hakki-nen from Yunnan, China is described and illustrated based on observed morphological characteristics in the field. This extremely rare new species was only found in Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Dehong District, West Yunnan. A key to M. chunii and related taxa is provided. In addition, critical notes regarding M. rubra Kurz identity are given.     

基于线粒体基因对细痣疣螈种组系统发育关系的探讨及物种修订建议

该文基于两段线粒体基因COI和ND1 -ND2部分序列片段构建了细痣疣螈种组的系统发育关系,结果显示该单系群内包含了四个明显的进化支系(A、B、C、D).A支系与B、C支系构成姐妹群关系;A支系包含了细痣疣螈、海南疣螈、老挝疣螈和“越南疣螈”以及另外两个来自越南未被命名的种群;C支系代表了一个新的独立进化支,可能是一个隐存种;C支系与B支系构成姐妹群关系.此外,来自模式产地的越南疣螈单独构成支系D.该文结果不支持以往细痣疣螈种组部分物种的划分,建议对该种组进行新的分类修订.该文强调了在分类研究中应该重视使用来自模式产地的样品并进行广泛的地理居群采样.     

Three new rotundabaloghid mites (Acari,Uropodina) from Sabah (Malaysia)

Three new species of the family Rotundabaloghiidae are discovered and described from Sabah, Malaysia. The unusual Angulobaloghia rutra sp. n. differs from the other known Angulobaloghia Hirschmann, 1979 species in the long anterior process of the female’s genital shield. Rotundabaloghia (Circobaloghia) tobiasi sp. n. has very long and apically pilose dorsal setae and two pairs of bulbiform setae, which are unique in the subgenus Rotundabaloghia (Circobaloghia) Hirschmann, 1975. The long, serrate and curved setae in the big ventral cavity of Depressorotunda (Depressorotunda) serrata sp. n. is a so far unknown character in the subgenus Depressorotunda (Depressorotunda) Kontschán, 2010.     

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHOLCUS (ARANEAE, PHOLCIDAE)FROM VIETNAM

记述采自越南菊芳国家公园的幽灵蛛属l新种,黎氏幽灵蛛Pholcus lexuancanhi sp.nov,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.黎氏幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lexuancanhi sp.nov.(图1～15)新种与棒斑幽灵蛛P.clavimaculatus Zhu& Song,1999相似,但新种具短的附器,钩状突的形状和跗前突端部结构的形状可与后者相区别.正模♂,越南,菊芳国家公园,天宫洞(20° 18′N,105°40′E;海拔256 m),2008-07-21,李枢强采.词源:新种种名源自越南科学院LE Xuan- Canh博士的姓名;名词.     

A chloroplast genealogy of myrmecophytic Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae) in Southeast Asia reveals hybridization, vicariance and long-distance dispersals

Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) includes about 280 species with a palaeotropic distribution. The genus not only comprises some of the most prominent pioneer tree species in Southeast Asian lowland dipterocarp forests, it also exhibits a substantial radiation of ant-plants (myrmecophytes). Obligate ant-plant mutualisms are formed by about 30 Macaranga species and 13 ant species of the genera Crematogaster or Camponotus. To improve our understanding of the co-evolution of the ants and their host plants, we aim at reconstructing comparative organellar phylogeographies of both partners across their distributional range. Preliminary evidence indicated that chloroplast DNA introgression among closely related Macaranga species might occur. We therefore constructed a comprehensive chloroplast genealogy based on DNA sequence data from the noncoding ccmp2, ccmp6, and atpB-rbcL regions for 144 individuals from 41 Macaranga species, covering all major evolutionary lineages within the three sections that contain myrmecophytes. A total of 88 chloroplast haplotypes were identified, and grouped into a statistical parsimony network that clearly distinguished sections and well-defined subsectional groups. Within these groups, the arrangement of haplotypes followed geographical rather than taxonomical criteria. Thus, up to six chloroplast haplotypes were found within single species, and up to seven species shared a single haplotype. The spatial distribution of the chloroplast types revealed several dispersals between the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, and a deep split between Sabah and the remainder of Borneo. Our large-scale chloroplast genealogy highlights the complex history of migration, hybridization, and speciation in the myrmecophytes of the genus Macaranga. It will serve as a guideline for adequate sampling and data interpretation in phylogeographic studies of individual Macaranga species and species groups.     

Phylogeny and Biogeography of Gibbons: A Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis

Phylogenetic relationships within Hylobatidae are controversial. Numerous studies based on molecular, morphological and behavioral characteristics have provided conflicting results. I reanalyzed published cytochrome b gene sequence data to provide a new estimate of gibbon phylogeny. My results indicate that Nomascus, Symphalangus and Hoolock are successively more closely related to Hylobates. Molecular clock analyses provide estimates of divergence times within Hylobatidae, indicating that the radiation dates to ca. 10.5 million years ago. Scientists have little understanding of the biogeographic history of gibbons, largely because of a sparse fossil record. I combined the estimate of gibbon phylogeny with distribution data in a dispersal-vicariance analysis and present a new scenario for the pattern and timing of gibbon radiation.     

越南幽灵蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)(英文)

记述采自越南菊芳国家公园的幽灵蛛属1新种,黎氏幽灵蛛Pholcus lexuancanhi sp.nov.,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。黎氏幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lexuancanhisp.nov.(图1～15)新种与棒斑幽灵蛛P.clavimaculatus Zhu&Song,1999相似,但新种具短的附器,钩状突的形状和跗前突端部结构的形状可与后者相区别。正模♂,越南,菊芳国家公园,天宫洞(20°18’N,105°40’E;海拔256m),2008-07-21,李枢强采。词源:新种种名源自越南科学院LEXuan-Canh博士的姓名;名词。     

Water relations and haemolymph composition of two intertidal spiders (order araneae)

Water relations and haemolymph composition have been compared in two intertidal spiders which inhabit different zones of a rocky shore in the Cape Peninsula. Evaporative water losses of the mid-shore species, Desis formidabilis (O.P. Cambridge), are much greater than those of Amaurobioides africanus Hewitt, which occurs higher on the shore. Both species avoid desiccating conditions by remaining in silk-lined nests in suitable microclimates, and the nests of Desis formidabilis are submerged for a substantial portion of each tidal cycle. Osmolarities and sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride concentrations were measured for the haemolymph of both spiders. The haemolymph chemistry of Amaurobioides africanus resembles that of terrestrial spiders. The haemolymph of Desis formidabilis, however, has an osmolarity of 930 mOsm/l, a sodium concentration of 451 mM/l and a chloride concentration of 466 mM/l. It is suggested that this unusually concentrated haemolymph may represent an adaptation to a diet of marine crustaceans.     

Differentiation of golden-ringed dragonfly Anotogaster sieboldii (Selys, 1854) (Cordulegastridae: Odonata) in the insular East Asia revealed by the mitochondrial gene genealogy with taxonomic implications

Molecular phylogeographical analyses of Anotogaster sieboldii (Selys, 1854) were conducted to reveal the differentiation process of insular populations. The gene genealogy based on 845 bp of the mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I and subunit II) indicated that A. sieboldii includes two deeply separated lineages. These two major lineages seem to have differentiated in Miocene before the formation of the insular East Asia. One lineage includes three inner clades that correspond to the populations of northern area (the Japanese main islands, Korean Peninsula, Yakushima), Amamioshima and Okinawajima. Populations of Central Ryukyu, including Amamioshima and Okinawajima, might have been divided from the northern populations in early Pleistocene. The other major lineage includes populations of the Yaeyama Group, Taiwan and East China. The former two populations were reconstructed as a reciprocal monophyletic group. Populations of Taiwan and Yaeyama Groups would have been separated from the continental ones in Pleistocene. These two highly divergent lineages should be recognized as distinct species. Furthermore, the mitochondrial lineages revealed six genetically distinct and geographically isolated assemblages: (1) northern populations, (2) Amamioshima, (3) Okinawajima, (4) Yaeyama Group, (5) Taiwan and (6) East China.     

New cave-dwelling spiders of the family Dictynidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Guangxi and Guizhou,China

Twenty-four new spider species of the family Dictynidae from caves of Guangxi and Guizhou in southern China are described,accompanied by line drawings and photomicroscopy images.Fifteen of them belong to Brommella Tullgren,1948:B.baiseensis Li,sp.nov.,B.casseabri Li,sp.nov.,B.chongzuoensis Li,sp.nov.,B.dolabrata Li,sp.nov.,B.funaria Li,sp.nov.,B.josephkohi Li,sp.nov.,B.linyuchengi Li,sp.nov.,B.renguodongi Li,sp.nov.,B.resima Li,sp.nov.,B.sejuncta Li,sp.nov.,B.spirula Li,sp.nov.,B.tongyanfengi Li,sp.nov.,B.wangfengcheni Li,sp.nov.,B.xinganensis Li,sp.nov.and B.yizhouensis Li,sp.nov.;eight to Cicurina Menge,1871:C.avicularia Li,sp.nov.,C.damaoensis Li,sp.nov.,C.dong Li,sp.nov.,C.kailiensis Li,sp.nov.,C.majiangensis Li,sp.nov.,C.parallela Li,sp.nov.,C.wusanani Li,sp.nov.,and C.zhazuweii Li,sp.nov.;one to Lathys Simon,1884:L.inaffecta Li,sp.nov.Types of all new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS).     

Eight new species of the spider genera Raveniola and Sinopesa from China and Vietnam (Araneae,Nemesiidae)

Eight new species, seven Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 and one Sinopesa Raven & Schwendinger, 1995 from China and Vietnam are described: Raveniolaalpinasp. n., Raveniolabellulasp. n., Raveniolachayisp. n., Raveniolagracilissp. n., Raveniolarugosasp. n., Raveniolaspirulasp. n. and Raveniolayajiangensissp. n. and Sinopesaninhbinhensissp. n. Keys to all East-Asian congeners, diagnoses of the new species, and new distribution data of Raveniolamontana Zonstein & Marusik, 2012, with a first record for Sichuan, China, are provided.