The Source Parameters of Echolocation Clicks from Captive and Free-Ranging Yangtze Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)

The clicks of Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) from 7 individuals in the tank of Baiji aquarium, 2 individuals in a netted pen at Shishou Tian-e-zhou Reserve and 4 free-ranging individuals at Tianxingzhou were recorded using a broadband digital recording system with four element hydrophones. The peak-to-peak apparent source level (ASL__pp) of clicks from individuals at the Baiji aquarium was 167 dB re 1 μPa with mean center frequency of 133 kHz, -3dB bandwidth of 18 kHz and -10 dB duration of 58 μs. The ASL__pp of clicks from individuals at the Shishou Tian-e-zhou Reserve was 180 dB re 1 μPa with mean center frequency of 128 kHz, -3dB bandwidth of 20 kHz and -10 dB duration of 39 μs. The ASL__pp of clicks from individuals at Tianxingzhou was 176 dB re 1 μPa with mean center frequency of 129 kHz, -3dB bandwidth of 15 kHz and -10 dB duration of 48 μs. Differences between the source parameters of clicks among the three groups of finless porpoises suggest these animals adapt to their echolocation signals depending on their surroundings.     

豢养长江江豚性行为的观察

2001年12月至2002年11月作者采用焦点动物取样法对豢养池中3头长江江豚(1♂,2♀)的性行为进行了持续1年的水下观察。结果表明：雄性江豚生殖器全年均有伸出行为,4～5月和9-10月为高峰期。其生殖器伸出方式主要有侧伸、弓伸、仰伸、下伸和竖伸5种方式。豢养池中的气压、光照、池水透明度和pH值能基本满足江豚性活动的要求。     

长江河口区江豚种群调查

为弄清长江河口区江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)种群数量和分布情况,于2012年6月8~11日和2012年9月12~19日对这一水域作了2次较大覆盖面的目视考察和9次遗骸搜寻。6月的考察目击到江豚5群8头,9月的考察未目击江豚个体。依据样带法估算,长江河口水域6月份的江豚种群数量约为61头。全年共获得7头江豚遗骸,并搜集到其他5例死亡信息。对其中5头外表完整、特征保留良好的遗骸所作的鉴定结果显示,2头为长江亚种(N.asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis),3头为东亚亚种(N.asiaeorientalis sunameri)。调查表明,崇明岛西端和青草沙附近水域是长江亚种活动的热点水域,可作为重点监护区域。     

微卫星分型法应用于豢养繁殖长江江豚的父权鉴定

目的:鉴定武汉白鱀豚馆及安徽铜陵淡水豚保护区两个豢养长江江豚繁殖群体中出生的6头幼豚的生物学父亲.方法:选择8对江豚物种特异性微卫星引物对两个待鉴定群体的14个DNA样品进行了荧光标记PCR扩增,将纯化后的扩增产物在ABI3130遗传分析仪上进行基因分型,并根据GeneScan Rox 500内标确定不同等位基因的大小,随后对待鉴定对象进行等位基因分析,并计算主要多态性参数.结果:所采用的8个微卫星座位在待鉴定的两个江豚群体中均表现出不同程度的多态性.在母本已知的条件下,利用其中6个微卫星座位的等位基因数据,通过排除法成功地鉴定出两个繁殖群体中出生的6头幼豚的生物学父亲.结论:本研究首次成功地将6个物种特异性微卫星标记应用于豢养长江江豚的父权鉴定,从而为该物种微卫星亲子鉴定技术体系的建立及迁地保护繁殖群体遗传谱系的构建奠定了技术基础.     

长江口窄脊江豚东亚亚种体内几种微量元素的含量及分布

为了弄清长江口窄脊江豚东亚亚种(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri)体内微量元素的积累和分布情况,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对2014年春季收集的3头雌性和3头雄性个体的心、肾、肝、肌肉、肺、胃和肠7种器官组织样品,进行了锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、铜(Cu)、钼(Mo)、钴(Co)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、钒(V)和镍(Ni)9种元素含量测定。结果显示,按干重计算江豚体内Zn、Cu和Se的平均含量最高,分别为(59.15±33.87)μg/g、(15.85±15.07)μg/g和(7.31±5.49)μg/g;Cr和Mn平均含量次之,分别为(3.16±2.70)μg/g和(2.35±2.94)μg/g;Co、Mo、Ni、V平均含量较少,分别为(0.30±0.48)μg/g、(0.19±0.30)μg/g、(0.12±0.18)μg/g和(0.04±0.12)μg/g。研究发现,肠道、肝和肾的微量元素含量普遍高于其他组织器官,除Cr以外的其他微量元素在一些组织之间均存在显著性差异(P0.05),如Zn(P0.05)和Mn(P0.05)在肠道中的含量显著高于肌肉和心,Se在肝(P0.05)和肾(P0.05)中的含量显著高于其余6种组织,Cu(P0.05)和Mo(P0.05)在肝中的含量显著高于其余6种组织,Co(P0.05)在肾中的含量显著高于肌肉,Ni在胃壁(P0.05)和肠道(P0.05)中含量显著高于肌肉和肝。同时发现,Mn和Cr的总体平均含量在雌雄性别间也存在一定差异,其中Mn雄性显著大于雌性(P0.05),Cr则雌性显著大于雄性(P0.05)。此外,这9种元素在同一组织器官的不同江豚个体间也并不稳定,个体间的平均变异系数达121.08%。长江口水域窄脊江豚东亚亚种体内各组织器官内的元素含量总体上明显低于黄海、渤海的东亚亚种江豚和北部湾海域的印度洋江豚(N.phocaenoides)。与人体相比,长江口东亚亚种江豚体内Zn、Se和Mo的含量低于人体,Cu和Co含量高于人体。     

Population Genetic Structure of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis): Implications for Management and Conservation

Understanding the population genetic structure is a prerequisite for conservation of a species. The degree of genetic variability characteristic of the mitochondrial DNA control region has been widely exploited in studies of population genetic structure and can be useful in identifying meaningful population subdivisions. To estimate the genetic profile of the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), an endangered freshwater population endemic to China, the complete mtDNA control region was examined in 39 individuals belonging to seven different stocks inhabiting the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Very low genetic diversity was found (nucleotide diversity 0.0011± 0.0002 and haplotypic diversity 0.65± 0.05). The mtDNA genetic pattern of the Yangtze population appears to indicate a founder event in its evolutionary history and to support the marine origin for this population. Analyses by F_st and Φ_st yielded statistically significant population genetic structure (F_st = 0.44, P < 0.05; Φ_st = 0.36, P < 0.05). These results may have significant implications for the management and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the future.     

幼年长江江豚的行为谱(英文)

采用焦点动物跟踪法及连续记录法,观察了人工饲养条件下一头幼年长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)的水下以及半自然条件下两头幼豚的水面行为型式。观察时间最长持续至出生后一年,以构建其行为谱。结果显示:1)所有幼豚都能表现出丰富多样且活跃的行为型式;2)幼豚刚出生时,与存活攸关的行为型式最先出现;3)具有玩耍和社居性质的行为型式在行为谱中占大部分;4)幼豚大部分行为型式已与其他年龄段个体的相似;5)大部分行为型式出现在生命的早期阶段。以上特征可能是这种动物对水生和社居生活的适应。     

人工饲养长江江豚的同性性行为和自慰行为

雌雄性之间的性行为对鲸类的生存和繁衍有着极其重要的意义。然而不具有繁殖功能的同性性行为和自慰行为在多种鲸类中存在。因此对鲸类非繁殖性性行为研究,将有助于深入认识该物种性行为特点和规律,并解决室内饲养可能存在的问题以及促进可控性人工繁殖的成功。本研究以人工饲养的7头长江江豚为研究对象,定义并描述了14种性行为。其中,同性之间的性行为定义为同性性行为,雌雄个体单独的性行为定义为自慰行为。雄性同性性行为发现于所有定义的性行为中,但雌性同性性行为仅在7种性行为中观察到。同性性行为（3633次）占总性行为（5563次）的65.31%,自慰行为（254次）占4.57%。同性性行为中,雄性之间的同性性行为（3438次,94.63%）远多于雌性同性性行为（195次,5.37%）。两头有父子关系的江豚（阿福和淘淘）之间的雄性同性性行为最多（1921次,55.88%）,雄性江豚之间的同性性行为可能存在结盟竞争关系或教育练习作用。两头青少年雌豚（F7和F9）之间的同性性行为最活跃（117次,60.00%）,雌性江豚之间的同性性行为很可能具有结伴交流的功能。     

半自然条件下成年雌性长江江豚的抚幼行为

2014年5-9月,采用目标动物取样法,对栖息在铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域的两头成年雌性长江江豚分娩后4个月内的抚幼行为进行观察。结果表明,母豚有5种明显的抚幼行为,其中以护领行为和携带行为为主,托举行为、返回行为和干涉行为发生频率较低;随着幼豚发育,托举、携带、干涉行为呈下降趋势;护领行为先上升,后趋于平稳;返回行为变化相对平稳,但在幼豚2月龄左右出现一个高峰。此外,两头母豚间的干涉和返回行为发生频率差别较大。综合以上结果可见,出生后约两个月内是半自然水域长江江豚抚幼的关键时期,应在此期间加强管理。     

长江江豚繁殖生物学研究概述

长江江豚,即江豚扬子亚种,是仅分布于长江及附属湖泊中的唯一江豚淡水亚种,也是3个江豚亚种中最濒危的一个亚种。本文概述了30 年来国内外关于长江江豚繁殖生物学方面的研究成果,主要从繁殖生态学、组织解剖学、生理学以及行为学等4 个方面阐述了长江江豚繁殖生物学研究现状,并对其中一些相互矛盾和有争议的问题进行了分析。探讨了今后研究中应注意的重点问题,力图为长江江豚的繁殖生物学研究指明方向,为早日实现长江江豚的人工繁殖奠定基础。
     

Respiratory pattern of captive Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

Cetacean respiration usually happen in bouts. The most widely applied quantitative method used to analyze the structure of these bouts is the log_e-survivorship analysis, based on the assumption that the respiratory intervals are distributed as negative exponentials. However, for the data collected from three captive Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), we failed to obtain a convergent result with the application of log_e-survivorship analysis. However, the two-Gaussian model, which was recently proposed to analyze the feeding behavior of cows, was successfully fitted to the data. According to the fitting results, the overall respiratory pattern of the captive Yangtze finless porpoises can be described as a dive with a mean duration of around 30–40 s, followed by two or three ventilations with a mean interval of approximately 9 s. The average intra-bout intervals during both active and inactive periods are constant at 7.7–9.9 s for all individuals. However, when shifting from active to inactive states, the adult male and female decrease their mean numbers of respirations per bout and average length of inter-bout respiratory intervals, while the estimates of both parameters increase for the juvenile female. It was pointed out that the two-Gaussian model might be more adequate for cetacean respiratory-bout structure analyses than the log_e-survivorship technique.     

The Diel Rhythms of Biosonar Behavior in the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) in the Port of the Yangtze River: The Correlation between Prey Availability and Boat Traffic

Information on the habitat use of the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is critical for its conservation. The diel biosonar behavior of the porpoise in the port areas of the Yangtze River was examined along with simultaneous observations of fish density and boat traffic. Biosonar pulses from the porpoises were detected for 1233 min (5.77%) over a 21,380 min duration of effective observations. In total, 190 (5.63%) buzzes (an indication of prey capture attempts) were recorded among the 3372 identified click trains. Of the 168 echolocation encounters (bouts of click trains less than eight min apart), 150 (89.3%) involved single animals, indicating that solitary porpoises were frequently present and feeding in the port areas. Significant diel patterns were evident involving the biosonar behavior of the porpoises (including click trains and buzzes), fish density and boat traffic. The frequencies of the click trains and buzzes were significantly lower during the day than in the evening and at night, which suggests that porpoises in this region are primarily engaged in crepuscular and nocturnal foraging. The lack of a significant diel pattern in the echolocation encounters indicates the importance of the port in porpoise conservation. A forced feeding schedule may be associated with the lack of a significant correlation between porpoise acoustics and boat traffic. Overall, prey availability appears to be the primary factor that attracts porpoises. Additionally, porpoises tend to migrate or remain downstream in the morning and migrate or remain upstream in the evening, most likely to follow their prey. The findings of this study can be used to improve the conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise.     

不同流态中长江江豚的栖息活动比较

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)呈斑块状分布在长江干流,对栖息地有明确的选择性.流态是栖息地水文环境的核心内容.为研究长江江豚对不同流态的选择性,本文根据1993-2021年对长江下游15次样线考察记录到的412次,合计1 117头江豚个体的栖息活动进行了统计分析.结果表明:全年长江江...     

长江江豚哺乳期母豚昼间行为和时间的分配

2006 年7 ～11 月,在铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域采用随机取样法和焦点动物取样法对哺乳期长江江豚母豚昼间行为和时间分配进行了研究。结果表明,母豚用于摄食的时间占61. 2%;其次是母幼联系和移动,分别为18.8% 和7.6%;用于休息和社会行为的时间较少, 分别为6.1% 和5.2%; 其它行为的时间极少, 仅占1.1%; 摄食和母幼联系是其主要的行为。在活动规律方面, 其各种行为在强度、出现和持续的时间上存在较大差异。单因素方差分析表明,在哺乳期不同阶段长江江豚母豚的母幼联系差异极显著(P< 0.01), 摄食和社会行为存在显著差异(P< 0.05), 移动、休息和其它行为则不存在显著差异(P> 0.05); 而此期间在不同活动区域以上各种行为均存在极显著差异(P <0.01), 说明其对栖息环境具有选择性。      

长江江豚对人工投食适应过程的观察

作者于1989,1992,2001 和2003 年,从长江铜陵江段共捕获24 头长江江豚,在长江干流水域中,用不同的围养方式做摄食行为的观察,累计88 d。结果表明,野外捕获的长江江豚对人工投喂有3 种适应行为:(1)拒食行为;(2)警戒行为;(3)摄食行为。长江江豚的平均拒食天数为2.4 d,其中成年江豚拒食达3 d,而未成年江豚仅拒食1.5 d,两者差异极为显著(P < 0.01)。在冬季和春季圈养试验中,长江江豚的日食量随时间呈上升趋势,冬春季差异显著(P <0.01)。第2 周后江豚警戒行为所用时间不足3 min,但持续时间较长。根据冬季观察,7 周后长江江豚在40 min 内所摄取的食量不足体重的7% ,推测其摄食行为仍处在适应调整阶段。     

基于PAE编码系统构建的半自然条件下长江江豚行为谱

识别和编制动物行为谱是深入研究动物行为及其与环境复杂关系的基础和前提。本研究于2013年8月至2014年4月以栖息在铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区半自然水域的8头长江江豚为研究对象,采用焦点动物取样法和随机动物取样法观察记录了动物行为发生的过程、内容和环境,并以"姿势—动作—环境"(posture-act-environment,PAE)为轴心,以行为的功能为依据,构建了长江江豚的PAE行为谱。共分辨记录了半自然水域长江江豚的8种姿势、33种动作和46种行为,并定性描述了不同行为出现频率与年龄组、性别的关系。该行为谱综合了姿势和环境信息,有助于进一步研究长江江豚的生态与行为、促进长江江豚的保护。     

Some observations on the sociosexual behavior of a captive male Yangtze finless porpoise calf (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

Sociosexual behavior in a captive male Yangtze finless porpoise calf (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) was studied during its first year postpartum. This behavior was first observed at 1 month postpartum. During the year, (1) each event of the sociosexual behavior typically lasted 6–9 s and the frequency was 2.8 occurrences h^?1; (2) ventral–ventral was the predominant sociosexual gesture; (3) prior to sociosexual interactions, the calf generally bonded with the receiver; (4) the mother was his preferred sociosexual partner but other adults of both sexes were also involved; (5) the frequency of sociosexual behavior decreased until the 9th month postpartum and increased thereafter.     

定量评估豢养长江江豚个体间的优势关系

2000年1—4月和2000年4月—2002年4月,分别连续3个月和2年观察了中国科学院水生生物研究所白鱀豚馆6头长江江豚（3雌3雄,8个不同组合群）个体间发生的3种交互关系,即接近—逃开、接近—接触和接近—尾鳍击打。在累计8,162min的观察时间内,共观察到这些交互关系1,685次。本研究将江豚个体间发生的这3种交互关系作为个体间优势关系的指示,并分别给交互双方赋予不同的分值,采用优势比分矩阵方法定量分析了江豚个体之间的优势关系。结果表明江豚群体内存在优势关系。同性别个体之间,优势关系与年龄和饲养时间有关,年龄大的个体比年龄小的个体具有优势,饲养时间短的个体比饲养时间长的个体具有优势。但是,异性成年个体之间,优势关系通常是可变的。     

Physiological responses to capture and handling of free-ranging male Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

We captured free-ranging male Yangtze finless porpoises over three seasons and assayed leukocytes and serum biochemistry to investigate physiological responses to the capture and handlings. Serum thyroid hormones (THs) declined sharply in those porpoises compared with hormone variation in a captive male finless porpoise. Hypernatremia and hypokalemia were also significant in the free-ranging animals suggesting that conservation of serum sodium might be acutely vital for this freshwater subspecies. The animals captured in spring showed more significant neutrophilia and eosinopenia than those captured in autumn suggesting that they may be more affected by capture during the breeding season. Furthermore, physical examination of porpoises when out of the water was apparently stressful, particularly when they were kept out of the water for longer periods. However, an increase in circulating THs may be an adaptive response to accommodate these short-term stresses.