肠道微生物代谢苷类化合物的研究进展CSCD

肠道微生物对苷类化合物的体内代谢十分重要,可分泌代谢酶进行脱糖基、脱甲基、脱羟基、水解和氧化还原等反应将苷代谢生成次级苷、苷元或其他代谢产物,从而促进苷类药物的吸收并发挥药效。本文论述了肠道微生物及代谢酶对苷类化合物代谢的意义,总结了肠道微生物对不同结构类型的苷类化合物的代谢规律及代谢产物,为了解苷类药物的疗效基础、作用机理及利用微生物转化开发苷类药物提供参考。     

核酸类物质脱嘌呤的反应特性、机制及影响因素

核酸的脱嘌呤反应是指核酸链上核糖与嘌呤之间的糖苷键断裂,从而产生游离嘌呤和无嘌呤位点的过程。脱嘌呤过程与基因突变和细胞老化等过程都有着密切的关系。文章主要叙述了酸性和生理条件下核酸脱嘌呤的反应特点及影响因素,并对脱嘌呤的机理进行了描述。同时,总结了致癌物对于脱嘌呤的促进作用并揭示了脱嘌呤与癌症等疾病的密切关系。此外,糖苷酶对于核酸脱嘌呤的催化作用也在文中进行了探讨。对于核酸脱嘌呤的系统研究可以为基因变异、核酸代谢等研究提供一定的理论基础,并且有助于癌症和痛风等疾病的研究。     

Lesch-Nyhan综合征家兔模型的建立及其表型分析

Lesch-Nyhan综合征(Lesch-Nyhan syndrome,LNS)是一种先天性的嘌呤代谢缺陷病,次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase,HPRT)是其主要致病基因,临床特征表现为尿酸分泌过多、痛风、肾结石及肾脏损伤等,目前致病机制尚未被完全阐明且无有效治愈手段。动物模型在疾病致病机理研究和治疗方式探索中发挥着重要功能。本研究采用高效的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术和显微注射的方式敲除家兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)HPRT基因建立了LNS家兔模型,以期能更好的模拟该疾病的表型。首先针对兔HPRT基因第3外显子设计一条sgRNA,将体外转录的sgRNA和Cas9 mRNA共注射到兔受精卵中,注射后的胚胎移植到代孕母兔子宫中,待仔兔出生后对其基因型及表型进行鉴定与分析。共出生4只仔兔(分别编号为R1、R2、R3和R4),测序结果显示4只仔兔都产生了不同程度的基因修饰,基因编辑效率达100%,其中R4仔兔T载体测序结果在基因编辑靶点未检测到野生型序列。通过6-硫代鸟嘌呤(6-Thiogua...     

神经系统中的嘌呤信号

三磷酸腺苷(ATP)作用于嘌呤受体(P2受体),引起离子通道开放或通过第二信使调节神经细胞功能,不仅参与了特殊感觉、神经元与神经胶质细胞相互作用等生理活动,而且参与了神经损伤修复和疼痛等病理过程.神经系统中的嘌呤信号系统研究,不仅为解释神经系统生理功能及其病理过程提供了新的思路,而且为治疗神经系统损伤和疼痛等疾病开辟了新的希望.     

痛风与肠道菌群相关性的研究进展

痛风是一种嘌呤代谢紊乱导致的炎症性疾病,表现为尿酸升高、阵发性关节肿痛、痛风结石形成和关节畸形等,严重影响患者的工作及生活质量。随着生活方式的改变,痛风的患病率不断升高。嘌呤代谢障碍和炎症通路异常在痛风的发病机制中起主要作用。研究表明痛风会引起肠道菌群的改变,肠道菌群不仅能够影响嘌呤代谢或调节炎症,还能够影响药物对痛风的治疗效果。因此本综述从肠道菌群调节嘌呤代谢、炎症反应及药物作用等方面,分析肠道菌群在痛风发病及治疗中的作用及功能,有助于阐明痛风与肠道菌群的相关性,为更好地诊治痛风提供新思路。     

体外合成的ABC转运蛋白2 mRNA在小鼠体内表达促进尿酸排泄

高尿酸血症是指嘌呤代谢紊乱尿酸在体内堆积所导致的慢性代谢疾病,近年来其发病率增高且发病年龄呈现年轻化趋势,寻找有效的治疗靶点以及治疗方法是当前研究的热点.尿酸盐转运蛋白 ABC 转运蛋白2(ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2,ABCG2)主要表达于肾,促进尿酸排泄.本研究...     

药物代谢酶及转运体与前列腺癌药物治疗

药物代谢酶是催化体内摄入的各种药物进行生物转化的一系列重要酶,属于生物转化酶系中的一类.虽然药物生物转化的主要场所在肝脏,但在肝外组织(如前列腺)亦存在,而且可影响药物在局部的生物转化率.药物转运体在药物的跨膜转运中发挥了重要的作用,影响了药物在体内的药代动力学进程,药物转运体在组织中分布广泛;本文着重阐述这些药物代谢酶及转运体在治疗前列腺癌药物中的作用,及它们在前列腺中的特异性表达,同时讨论了在不同的治疗策略中与药物代谢酶及转运体相关的靶向作用.     

基于稳定同位素的代谢组学临床研究进展

基于稳定同位素示踪的代谢组学不仅能检测疾病发生发展及治疗过程中相关代谢物的变化,还可以对生物体系的代谢物进行定量分析并描述代谢特性。目前,稳定同位素示踪的代谢组学技术可在受试者体内直接追踪到代谢网络的单个原子,更有利于发现与疾病病因和诊断及药物疗效评估相关的生物标志物。现就稳定同位素示踪代谢组学在临床研究中的应用做简要概述,以期为将来更好地开展代谢组学在临床方面的研究提供重要依据。     

代谢组学在临床研究中的应用及进展

代谢组学是"后基因组学"时期新兴的一门学科,也是系统生物学的重要组成部分。代谢组学通过全面、定量检测生物样本中多种类型小分子化合物,来了解在内在和外界因素作用下生物体内源性物质的变化及规律,特别适合于临床上研究机体因受到遗传、生长、生理、环境因素和异物、病源等刺激的影响而产生的变化。借助于代谢组学技术不仅能够描述疾病发生、发展以及治疗过程中机体代谢机能的状态和变化,为临床疾病的诊断、病理机制的探索、新治疗靶点的发现等提供新的途径和思路,还可以揭示外界干扰因素(药物/毒物、环境、饮食、生活方式等)对机体的影响,为药效评价和疾病病因的筛查提供基础数据。近年来,代谢组学在临床研究方面得到了广泛的应用,取得了巨大的进展并展现了鼓舞人心的应用前景。该文分别就代谢组学在描述疾病发展状态、研究疾病诊断方法、探索疾病发病原因和发病机理、药效学评价等几个方面的应用及进展进行回顾和综述。     

含FLP“交换盒”结构的打靶载体构建及ES细胞打靶研究

利用小鼠HPRT基因组DNA片段和人工合成的含有FLP重组酶识别位点变异体FRT和F3RT序列的寡核苷酸 ,构建了针对小鼠HPRT基因位点的置换型打靶载体pSP HPRT Fneo F₃。经过限制酶酶切及部分测序鉴定其结构正确后 ,将线性化了的打靶载体以电穿孔法导入ES细胞内 ,经G418和 6 -TG双药筛选和分子鉴定 ,得到了 2个在HPRT位点整合有FLP重组酶“交换盒”F Neo F3结构的双交换重组ES细胞克隆 ,为建立基于FLP重组酶介导的盒式交换的高效、定点转基因体系创造了条件.     

Human HPRT1 gene and the Lesch–Nyhan disease: Substitution of alanine for glycine and inversely in the HGprt enzyme protein

Lesch–Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare X-linked inherited neurogenetic disorder of purine metabolism in which the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) is defective. The authors report three novel independent mutations in the coding region of the HPRT1 gene from genomic DNA of (a) a carrier sister of two male patients with LND: c.569G>C, p.G190A in exon 8; and (b) two LND affected male patients unrelated to her who had two mutations: c.648delC, p.Y216X, and c.653C>G, p.A218G in exon 9. Molecular analysis reveals the heterogeneity of genetic mutation of the HPRT1 gene responsible for the HGprt deficiency. It allows fast, accurate detection of carriers and genetic counseling.     

Lesch-Nyhan disease in two families from Chiloé Island with mutations in the HPRT1 gene

Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare X-linked inherited neurogenetic disorder of purine metabolism in which the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) is defective. The authors report two independent point mutations leading to splicing errors: IVS 2 +1G>A, c.134 +1G>A, and IVS 3 +1G>A, c.318 +1G>A in the hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase1 (HPRT1) gene which result in exclusion of exon 2 and exon 3 respectively, in the HGprt enzyme protein from different members of two Chiloé Island families. Molecular analysis has revealed the heterogeneity of genetic mutation of the HPRT1 gene responsible for the HGprt deficiency. It allows fast, accurate carrier detection and genetic counseling.     

Mutation in the Human HPRT1 Gene and the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare X-linked inherited neurogenetic disorder of purine metabolism in which the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) is defective. The authors report a novel mutation which led to HGprt-related neurological dysfunction (HND) in two brothers from the same family with a missense mutation in exon 6 of the coding region of the HPRT1 gene: c.437T>C, p.L146S. Molecular diagnosis discloses the genetic heterogeneity of the HPRT1 gene responsible for HGprt deficiency. It allows fast, accurate carrier detection and genetic counseling.     

Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome in a Family with a Deletion Followed by an Insertion within the HPRT1 Gene

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare X-linked inherited neurogenetic disorder of purine metabolism in which the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase(HGprt) is defective. The authors report a novel mutation which led to LNS in a family with a deletion followed by an insertion (INDELS) via the serial replication slippage mechanism: c.428_432delTGCAGinsAGCAAA, p.Met143Lysfs*12 in exon 6 of HPRT1 gene. Molecular diagnosis discloses the genetic heterogeneity of HPRT1 gene responsible for HGprt deficiency. It allows fast, accurate carrier detection and genetic counseling.     

Gene deletion, a mechanism of induced mutation by arabinosyl nucleosides

9-β- -Arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) and 9-β- -arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) are purine nucleoside analogues which are incorporated into nucleic acids. This study demonstrates the mutagenic properties of F-ara-A and ara-A and provides evidence for mechanisms by which the arabinosyl nucleosides induce mutation. At the drug dosages that evoked exponential cell killing, F-ara-A and ara-A caused a significant increase in the number of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Southern analyses showed that 15 of 16 drug-induced mutants had lost all or part of the HPRT gene, whereas no loss of the gene was found in 4 spontaneous mutants. We conclude that both F-ara-A and ara-A induced mutation predominantly by causing deletion of genetic method. The remarkable frequency of gene deletion among these drug-induced mutations is discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of action of arabinosyl nucleosides in mutational studies.     

Novel mutation in the human HPRT1 gene and the Lesch-Nyhan disease

Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare X-linked inherited neurogenetic disorder of purine metabolism in which the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) is defective. The authors report a novel point mutation that led to HGprt-related neurological dysfunction (HND) in a family in which there was a missense mutation in exon 6 of the coding region of the HPRT1 gene: g.34938G>T, c.403G>T, p.D135Y. Molecular diagnosis is consistent with the genetic heterogeneity of the HPRT1 gene responsible for HGprt deficiency. It allows fast, accurate carrier detection and genetic counseling.     

Gene duplication and inactivation in the HPRT gene family

Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1) is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, and mutations in HPRT1 cause Lesch-Nyhan disease. The studies described here utilized targeted comparative mapping and sequencing, in conjunction with database searches, to assemble a collection of 53 HPRT1 homologs from 28 vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis of these homologs revealed that the HPRT gene family expanded as the result of ancient vertebrate-specific duplications and is composed of three groups consisting of HPRT1, phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing protein 1 (PRTFDC1), and HPRT1L genes. All members of the vertebrate HPRT gene family share a common intron-exon structure; however, we have found that the three gene groups have distinct rates of evolution and potentially divergent functions. Finally, we report our finding that PRTFDC1 was recently inactivated in the mouse lineage and propose the loss of function of this gene as a candidate genetic basis for the phenotypic disparity between HPRT-deficient humans and mice.