BMP—2和BMP—4基因结构及调控的研究进展

ＢＭＰ－４基因组包括５个外显子,不同组织来源的ＢＭＰ－４ＣＤＮＡ采用不同的启动子,ＢＭＰ－４基因上有ＣＯＵＰ－ＴＦ１的调节作用位点。ＢＭＰ－２基因组有２个外显子,不同组织来源的ＢＭＰ－２ＣＤＮＡ亦采用不同的启动子,ＢＭＰ－２基因上有Ｐ５３的作用位点。     

降钙素的基因结构与表达调控

降钙素与降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＴ／ＣＧＲＰ）基因编码一组多肽,即降钙素（ＣＴ）、降钙素的Ｎ端肽和Ｃ端肽、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）及淀粉不溶素（Ａｍｙｌｉｎ）。ＣＴ／ＣＧＲＰ基因转录而成的ｍＲＮＡ前体,在不同组分中通过选择性加工形成ＣＴ ｍＲＮＡ或ＣＧＲＰｍＲＮＡ,再通过翻译及蛋白质加工,最后形成成熟的降钙素或降钙素基因相关肽。本简单介绍一下降钙素的基因结构及表达调控方面的研究进展。     

小麦等谷类植物种子贮藏蛋白基因的表达与调控

高等植物在成熟期的主要生理过程是将蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪等贮藏在种子中。贮藏在种子中的蛋白质称为种子贮藏蛋白。小麦、水稻、玉米等粮食作物是人类和家畜摄取蛋白质的重要来源。研究贮藏蛋白基因在种子发育过程中的表达机制,是进一步应用生物技术改良作物的基础工作。1谷物     

成簇基因的时空表达调控

成簇基因具有不同单个基因的特性,同一簇内基因大多有类似的结构,功能以及表达模式,基因之间时空表达模式及表达量高度协调,提示同一簇基因是作为统一整体进行调节的,具有共同的调节机制。基因成簇排列是实现基因时空协调表表达的基础,是遗传信息的一种高级组织形式,具有强大的进化优势,要揭示成簇基因表达调控的基本规律,应从顺式作用元件,反式作用因子,染色质等层次,进行整体的以及多基因相互作用的研究,这些机制的阐     

植物低温诱导蛋白和低温诱导基因的表达调控

对于温带作物而言,耐冷是一种重要的农艺性状,它对作物的安全越冬和生存起决定作用。阐明冷驯化的形成机理无疑对提高作物的耐冻性使之免遭冰冻伤害具重要意义。自从1906年Wiegand提出研究冻害机制的重要性以来,已经发表了数以千计的文章来探讨低温胁迫对植物形态结构和生理     

神经肽Y的基因及其表达调控

神经肽酷氨酸是一种含３６个氨基酸残基的生物活性多肽,在体内具有收缩血管,影响激素分泌,调节生物节律及摄食行为等多种生物学功能。本从ＮＰＹ ｃＤＮＡ克隆,基因结构与功能关系以及多种因素对其基因表达的调节等方面作一综述。     

植物伸展蛋白的基因及其表达的调控

植物细胞壁中存在多种伸展蛋白。它们由伸展蛋白多基因族编码。调节伸展蛋白基因表达的因素有遗传密码使用的倾向性、发育程序、机械损伤、乙烯、病原和植物抗毒素诱导剂等。     

骨硬化蛋白与骨代谢

骨硬化蛋白(sclerostin),曾称硬骨素,由SOST基因编码,是一种分泌型糖蛋白。体内研究证明,骨硬化蛋白特异性地表达于骨细胞(osteocyte)中,通过作用于成骨细胞而在骨代谢中起重要作用。骨硬化蛋白基因(SOST)的表达受应力作用、激素、氧浓度等因素的影响。拮抗骨硬化蛋白可以缓解骨质疏松的症状,这为临床治疗骨质疏松等疾病提供了新思路与新方法。本文在介绍骨硬化蛋白的表达定位与分子结构的基础上,就其参与骨代谢的最新研究进展做一综述。     

CD59的基因结构与表达调控

ＣＤ５９基因含５个外显子,属于ＵＰＡＲ／Ｌｙ－６超家族成员。该家族基因结构保守,但它们表达蛋白质具有广泛的生物学功能,ＣＤ５９分子有组成性和诱导性表达两种表达方式,顺式作用元件及反式作用蛋白质协调作用决定着基因表达的特生。     

Matrix mineralization as a trigger for osteocyte maturation.

The morphology of the osteocyte changes during the cell's lifetime. Shortly after becoming buried in the matrix, an osteocyte is plump with a rich rough endoplasmic reticulum and a well-developed Golgi complex. This "immature" osteocyte reduces its number of organelles to become a "mature" osteocyte when it comes to reside deeper in the bone matrix. We hypothesized that mineralization of the surrounding matrix is the trigger for osteocyte maturation. To verify this, we prevented mineralization of newly formed matrix by administration of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) and then examined the morphological changes in the osteocytes in rats. In the HEBP group, matrix mineralization was disturbed, but matrix formation was not affected. The osteocytes found in the unmineralized matrix were immature. Mature osteocytes were seen in the corresponding mineralized matrix in the control group. The immature osteocytes in the unmineralized matrix failed to show immunoreactivity with anti-sclerostin antibody, whereas mature osteocytes in the mineralized matrix showed immunoreactivity in both control and HEBP groups. These findings suggest that mineralization of the matrix surrounding the osteocyte is the trigger for cytodifferentiation from a plump immature form to a mature osteocyte. The osteocyte appears to start secreting sclerostin only after it matures in the mineralized bone matrix.     

硬化蛋白基因在淇河鲫成鱼不同肌间骨相邻肌组织的表达差异分析

为探究硬化蛋白(sclerostin, SOST)基因在淇河鲫肌间骨不同分布位置中的作用,以淇河鲫成鱼为研究对象,对其肌间骨的形态与分布进行了统计,并在此基础上利用qRT-PCR技术检测SOST基因在淇河鲫背部和尾部肌肉中的mRNA表达,通过Western印迹和免疫组织化学技术检测SOST蛋白的表达定位情况。结果显示：淇河鲫肌间骨包括髓弓小骨和脉弓小骨,髓弓小骨为56～58根,位于淇河鲫背部肌肉的肌隔中,脉弓小骨27～28根,分布于泄殖孔之后的肌隔中。背部肌肉SOST的mRNA表达水平显著高于尾部肌肉（P < 0.05）。与mRNA表达水平相比,背部肌肉和尾部肌肉中SOST蛋白呈现相同表达趋势。免疫组织化学结果显示SOST在肌隔组织中特异性表达,并且在背部肌肉中的表达强烈,尾部肌肉中没有阳性反应。上述结果表明,SOST在淇河鲫肌间骨的背部和尾部肌肉中存在差异性表达,从而影响肌隔组织中肌间骨的骨化,对背部和尾部肌间骨形态发生产生影响。     

Heavy Metal Ion Regulation of Gene Expression: MECHANISMS BY WHICH LEAD INHIBITS OSTEOBLASTIC BONE-FORMING ACTIVITY THROUGH MODULATION OF THE Wnt/β-CATENIN SIGNALING PATHWAY*

Exposure to lead (Pb) from environmental sources remains an overlooked and serious public health risk. Starting in childhood, Pb in the skeleton can disrupt epiphyseal plate function, constrain the growth of long bones, and prevent attainment of a high peak bone mass, all of which will increase susceptibility to osteoporosis later in life. We hypothesize that the effects of Pb on bone mass, in part, come from depression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a critical anabolic pathway for osteoblastic bone formation. In this study, we show that depression of Wnt signaling by Pb is due to increased sclerostin levels in vitro and in vivo. Downstream activation of the β-catenin pathway using a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK-3β ameliorates the Pb inhibition of Wnt signaling activity in the TOPGAL reporter mouse. The effect of Pb was determined to be dependent on sclerostin expression through use of the SOST gene knock-out mice, which are resistant to Pb-induced trabecular bone loss and maintain their mechanical bone strength. Moreover, isolated bone marrow cells from the sclerostin null mice show improved bone formation potential even after exposure to Pb. Also, our data suggest that the TGFβ canonical signaling pathway is the mechanism by which Pb controls sclerostin production. Taken together these results support our hypothesis that the osteoporotic-like phenotype observed after Pb exposure is, in part, regulated through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.     

Reduction of SOST gene promotes bone formation through the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and compensates particle-induced osteolysis

The increase in bone resorption and/or the inhibition of bone regeneration caused by wear particles are the main causes of periprosthetic osteolysis. The SOST gene and Sclerostin, a protein synthesized by the SOST gene, are the characteristic marker of osteocytes and regulate bone formation and resorption. We aimed to verify whether the SOST gene was involved in osteolysis induced by titanium (Ti) particles and to investigate the effects of SOST reduction on osteolysis. The results showed osteolysis on the skull surface with an increase of sclerostin levels after treated with Ti particles. Similarly, sclerostin expression in MLO-Y4 osteocytes increased when treated with Ti particles in vitro. After reduction of SOST, local bone mineral density and bone volume increased, while number of lytic pores on the skull surface decreased and the erodibility of the skull surface was compensated. Histological analyses revealed that SOST reduction increased significantly alkaline phosphatase- (ALP) and osterix-positive expression on the skull surface which promoted bone formation. ALP activity and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells also increased in vitro when SOST was silenced, even if treated with Ti particles. In addition, Ti particles decreased β-catenin expression with an increase in sclerostin levels, in vivo and in vitro. Inversely, reduction of SOST expression increased β-catenin expression. In summary, our results suggested that reduction of SOST gene can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, promoting bone formation and compensated for bone loss induced by Ti particles. Thus, this study provided new perspectives in understanding the mechanisms of periprosthetic osteolysis.