三江平原沼泽几种主要植物中的微量元素

三江平原,位于黑龙江省的东北部,是由松花江、黑龙江和乌苏里江冲积形成的。总面积为5000平方公里,是我国最大的沼泽化低平原,也是我国重要的商品粮基地。目前约60%的土地覆盖着茂密的天然植被,其中沼泽化草甸和沼泽植被占天然植被面积的74.9%,是我国沼泽化草甸和沼泽植被集中分布的地区之一。本工作主要从植物化学元素的含量和组成特点,探讨沼泽的生态特征,进一步认识沼泽的发生、发展及其演化,为保     

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正图片由成都信息工程学院大气科学学院贾志军2007年7月26日摄于三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站附近的水稻田内,利用涡度相关系统对水稻田地表CO2和水热通量进行观测.水稻田由沼泽湿地开垦而来.三江平原是我国中纬度冷湿(长期季节性冻融)低平原沼泽湿地的典型代表区.建国后多次大规模垦殖使该区农田面积显著增加,成为我国重要的商品粮生产基地.中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站位于三江平原腹地的黑龙江省同江市东南部,别拉洪河与浓江河的河间地段,始建于1986年,1992年加入中国生态系统研究网络(CERN).试验站以三江平原沼泽湿地     

三江平原自然湿地与人工湿地双向演替动态过程研究

基于遥感和GIS技术,分析1986～2005年三江平原自然湿地(湖泊、河流、沼泽湿地)与人工湿地(水田)的双向演替过程,统计分析自然地理环境背景(土壤类型、海拔高度、坡度和地貌类型)对此过程的影响。研究结果表明,1986～2005年间三江平原湿地双向演替过程以沼泽湿地与水田之间的相互转化为主。1986～1995年、1995～2000年和2000～2005年三时段内沼泽湿地转化为水田的面积占同期沼泽湿地转出总面积的比例分别为7.61%、37.99%和28.81%,相反,水田转化为沼泽湿地的面积占同期水田转出总面积的4.83%、13.69%和4.84%。三江平原发生沼泽湿地与水田双向演替过程的主要自然地理环境背景为土壤类型为草甸土和沼泽土,海拔高度为0～100 m,坡度为0～1°,地貌类型为低河漫滩、高河漫滩、洼地和一级阶地。     

三江平原的“非点源”污染

正三江平原是由黑龙江、松花江及乌苏里江冲积而成的低平原,位于中国黑龙江省东北部,西起小兴安岭,东至乌苏里江,北起黑龙江,南抵兴凯湖。三江平原以低平无垠的平原为主体,构成平原地貌的类型有高低河漫滩、湖滩、古河道漫滩与洼地、阶地等。不同的地貌类型多呈缓坡过渡类型,地面坡降一般为1/5~1/10 000。三江平原水资源丰富,湖泊和沼泽     

全球意义的湿地

<正>"棒打狍子瓢舀鱼,野鸡飞到饭锅里",曾是三江平原自然生态生动的写照。这里草莽丛生,沼泽密布,野兽出没,人迹罕见,草甸、沼泽茫茫无际。然而,随着半个世纪的开垦,三江平原在为国家粮食供应做出巨大贡献的同时,生态环境也遭到极大破坏。随着国家对环境保护的重视,黑龙江省全面停止持续了半个世纪的三江平原垦荒,保护这块被称为"绿色湿地"的沼泽。如今的三江平原湿地同盐城沼泽湿地、若尔盖高原湿地、洞庭湖湖泊湿地一起被列入世界上新增加的拉姆萨尔湿地进行重点保护。     

留住三江的美丽——三江平原的保护与修复

三江平原是我国著名的沼泽化冲积低平原。建国以来,国家对三江平原的开发十分重视,但在低湿地上大量地排除渍水以开垦荒地,引起了局部下垫面的急剧改变,加上森林破坏严重,导致了该地区生态系统平衡的严重恶化。三江平原是我国著名的粮食供应基地,又分布着我国以至亚洲面积最大的淡水湿地,无论是从我国粮食的可持续生产,还是从保护湿地生态景观考虑,恢复和保护三江平原的生态系统平衡都已迫在眉睫。     

留住三江的美丽——三江平原的保护与恢复

<正>三江平原是我国著名的沼泽化冲积低平原。建国以来,国家对三江平原的开发十分重视,但在低湿地上大量地排除渍水以开垦荒地,引起了局部下垫面的急剧改变,加上森林破坏严重,导致了该地区生态系统平衡的严重恶化。三江平原是我国著名的粮食供应基地,又分布着我国以至亚洲面积最大的淡水湿地,无论是从我国粮食的可持续生产,还是从保护湿地生态景观考虑,恢复和保护三江平原的生态系统平衡     

排水对三江平原和若尔盖沼泽生态影响的比较

沼泽是重要的湿地生态系统类型之一,蕴藏着丰富的生物和泥炭资源,排干后可开垦耕地、育林或辟为牧场。自20世纪60年代以来,我国农、林、畜牧业发展对土地需求急剧扩大,排水疏干成为自然沼泽湿地退化的主要原因之一。本文比较了中国最大的两处沼泽湿地——三江平原和若尔盖高原沼泽湿地排水前后景观格局、植物群落和土壤特征的变化。排水后三江平原和若尔盖高原沼泽湿地面积减少,出现不同程度沼泽破碎化;植物群落呈现从沼生到中生的演替;土壤表层有机质分解加速,使土壤碳、氮及其他营养元素含量下降。排水后水位下降是使沼泽湿地生态特征发生变化的主要驱动因子。排水后土地利用方式不同,两处沼泽湿地在景观破碎化模式、土壤营养元素变化等方面具有差异。     

1954-2015年三江平原沼泽湿地变化的区域分异及影响因素

以湿地变化较为剧烈的三江平原为研究区域,结合GIS和RS技术,利用动态度、景观指数和地理探测器模型,在流域尺度上对1954-2015年三江平原沼泽湿地变化的区域分异及影响因素进行定量分析。结果表明：1954-2015年,三江平原各流域沼泽湿地面积呈现减少趋势,其中挠力河流域和同抚流域沼泽湿地面积丧失最多,安邦河流域、萝北流域和倭肯河流域沼泽湿地丧失速率较快;三江平原各流域沼泽湿地格局变化特征具有一定的差异性,倭肯河流域沼泽湿地斑块的集中化程度逐渐增强且破碎化程度逐渐减少,其他流域沼泽湿地的集中化程度逐渐减弱且破碎化程度增加,各子流域沼泽湿地斑块之间的连接性和稳定性均呈下降趋势,其中安邦河流域下降幅度最大,最能表现三江平原各子流域沼泽湿地景观格局变化的指数是斑块密度;人为干扰是影响三江平原各子流域沼泽湿地变化的主要因素,自然因素中对沼泽湿地变化影响最大的是地形地貌,其次是气温和降水量。     

形态学图像处理方法在湿地破碎化格局中的应用

以三江平原沼泽湿地为研究单元,应用形态学图像处理技术在基于像元水平的二元沼泽湿地图上对沼泽湿地类型进行分类,并应用形态学模型和类型统计模型系统分析了三江平原1980-2000年间沼泽湿地景观破碎化的时空变化格局.结果表明,20年间,三江平原沼泽湿地面积由快速下降趋于缓慢下降.核心湿地面积急剧减小,由大面积分布逐步向三江平原东北部的别拉洪河和挠力河流域集中.孔隙湿地面积减小比例最大,目前处于消亡状态,由原来的沼泽湿地内部异质景观向同质景观过渡.核心和孔隙湿地大部分转化为斑块湿地,主要位于三江平原西北部、中部和南部,有逐步取代东北部核心湿地的趋势.边缘湿地面积比例年增长最快,且边缘像元宽度越来越宽,三江平原西部、南部和东部地区的核心湿地几乎全部由边缘湿地取代,易产生一定的边缘效应,导致种群间的竞争更加激烈.     

Clathrin-mediated endocytic signals are required for the regeneration of, as well as homeostasis in, the planarian CNS

Planarians have a well-organized central nervous system (CNS), including a brain, and can regenerate the CNS from almost any portion of the body using pluripotent stem cells. In this study, to identify genes required for CNS regeneration, genes expressed in the regenerating CNS were systematically cloned and subjected to functional analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) of the planarian clathrin heavy chain (DjCHC) gene prevented CNS regeneration in the intermediate stage of regeneration prior to neural circuit formation. To analyze DjCHC gene function at the cellular level, we developed a functional analysis method using primary cultures of planarian neurons purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) after RNAi treatment. Using this method, we showed that the DjCHC gene was not essential for neural differentiation, but was required for neurite extension and maintenance, and that DjCHC-RNAi-treated neurons entered a TUNEL-positive apoptotic state. DjCHC-RNAi-treated uncut planarians showed brain atrophy, and the DjCHC-RNAi planarian phenotype was mimicked by RNAi-treated planarians of the mu-2 (micro2) gene, which is involved in endocytosis, but not the mu-1 (micro1) gene, which is involved in exocytosis. Thus, clathrin-mediated endocytic signals may be required for not only maintenance of neurons after synaptic formation, but also axonal extension at the early stage of neural differentiation.     

GTP,as well as ATP,can act as a substrate for the intrinsic protein kinase activity of synaptic plasma membranes

Summary GTP as well as ATP can act as phosphate donor for the intrinsic protein kinase activity of synaptic plasma membranes. There are many similarities between the activities observed with ATP or GTP. Both need a divalent cation, Mg²⁺ being preferred, both are slightly inhibited by Na⁺, and more strongly by K⁺, both are inhibited by theophylline and adenosine. The K_m for GTP (0.13 mM) is similar to that ATP (0.12 mM). There are, however, some differences in properties. When GTP instead of ATP is the phosphate donor the pH optimum is 6.5 instead of 7.4. In addition NH ₄ ⁺ inhibits the transfer of phosphate from GTP but not from ATP. More importantly, cyclic AMP only stimulates the transfer of phosphate from ATP not from GTP. SDS gel electrophoresis reveals that similar membrane proteins are phosphorylated by GTP and ATP in the presence or absence of cyclic AMP. This suggests that there may be two different types of protein kinase in the synaptic plasma membrane which act on similar membrane proteins. One is stimulated by cyclic AMP and is specific to ATP while the other is unaffected by cyclic nucleotides and can use either ATP or GTP as phosphate donor.Deceased     

Sendai virus targets inflammatory responses,as well as the interferon-induced antiviral state,in a multifaceted manner

We have used cDNA arrays to compare the activation of various cellular genes in response to infection with Sendai viruses (SeV) that contain specific mutations. Three groups of cellular genes activated by mutant SeV infection, but not by wild-type SeV, were identified in this way. While some of these genes are well known interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes, others, such as those for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, are not directly induced by IFN. The gene for beta IFN (IFN-beta), which is critical for initiating an antiviral response, was also specifically activated in mutant SeV infections. The SeV-induced activation of IFN-beta was found to depend on IFN regulatory factor 3, and the activation of all three cellular genes was independent of IFN signaling. Mutations that disrupt four distinct elements in the SeV genome (the leader RNA, two regions of the C protein, and the V protein) all lead to enhanced levels of IFN-beta mRNA, and at least three of these viral genes also appear to be involved in preventing activation of IL-8. Our results suggest that SeV targets the inflammatory and adaptive immune responses as well as the IFN-induced intracellular antiviral state by using a multifaceted approach.     

The state as a whiteman,the whiteman as a /’hun: personhood,recognition, and the politics of knowability in the Kalahari

The article is dedicated to the loving memory of !A|’xuni.

The Ju|’hoansi of east central Namibia sometimes refer to the state as a whiteman and to the whiteman as a /’hun (steenbok). In this article, I contextualize these naming practices by tracing the history of colonial encounters on the fringes of the Western Kalahari through a small-scale animist perspective. I then discuss what this means for the concept of ‘recognition’, which I treat as a two-way intersubjective process of making oneself un/knowable to others. I argue that the Ju|’hoansi have engaged in parallel processes of mis/recognition vis-à-vis their colonial Others. By failing to enter into reciprocal relations with the Ju|’hoansi, the whiteman and the state have remained outside of the Ju|’hoansi's social universe and have thus compromised their own personhood.     

Resprouters,assisted by somatic mutations,are as genetically diverse as nonsprouters in the world's fire-prone ecosystems

In fire-prone environments worldwide, resprouters mostly regenerate vegetatively after fire, whereas non (re)sprouters are killed by fire and rely entirely on stored seeds (soil or canopy storage) for regeneration. This dichotomy in post-fire regeneration strategies is a key mechanism for controlling the reproductive characteristics, demography, and population genetic structure of plant species in fire-prone ecosystems. Nonsprouters are considered to have higher within-population genetic variation than resprouters due to greater opportunities for recombination via their much greater seed production and frequent generation turnover. Empirical studies that explore this hypothesis are rare and the results are mixed. We collated published studies reporting genetic diversity measures of plant species in fire-prone ecosystems of four Mediterranean-climate regions. Ninety-two species were identified with unambiguous information on postfire regeneration type and with adequate sample sizes. We found no significant differences in population genetic diversity and structure between resprouters and nonresprouters across diversity parameters and genetic marker types, taxon groups or geographic regions. We conclude that resprouters are at least as genetically diverse as nonsprouters. We tested the hypothesis that accumulation of somatic mutations is a possible mechanism for maintaining genetic diversity among resprouters, by screening for microsatellite DNA mutations in the resprouter, Banksia attenuata. Genotyping of leaf material collected from disparate parts of individual plants demonstrated the existence of 2–5 somatic mutations among eleven microsatellite loci. The buildup of somatic mutations in meristematic buds during a resprouter's long lifespan and the considerable potential for interpopulation gene dispersal among resprouters may be key factors that enable their genetic diversity to keep pace with that of nonsprouters. Thus, resprouters and nonsprouters are equally capable of responding to natural selection, and therefore possess a similar potential to adapt to changing environmental conditions.     

Counting chromosomes: not as easy as 1, 2, 3

Mammalian cells must count their X chromosomes to determine whether to initiate X chromosome inactivation. A region that may be important for X chromosome counting has been identified, but the puzzle pieces still do not quite fit.