Activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in wheat grains differing in starch content

This work was carried out to characterize starch accumulation and activities of key enzymes during grain filling in two wheat cultivars differing in starch content. The results showed that the starch accumulation rate (SAR) and activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme in the cultivar with a high starch content were significantly higher than those in the cultivar with a low starch content. The simulation with Richards’ equation showed that it was average starch accumulation rate but not active starch accumulation duration that determined starch accumulation. As compared with the cultivar with a low starch content, plants of the cultivar with a high starch content maintained the higher SAR and greater activities of related enzymes during mid and late grain filling stages. Consequently, the cultivar with a high starch content had advantages over that with a low starch content in terms of the amount of starch accumulation at mid and late grain filling stages.     

贵州地方芝麻种质资源品质性状的分析与评价

为探究贵州芝麻种质资源的品质特征,并对地方芝麻资源进行初步鉴定与评价,本研究对73份贵州芝麻种质资源的8个品质性状进行测试分析。结果表明:(1)贵州芝麻种质资源含油量介于41.45%~52.12%之间,平均含量为49.69%。在脂肪酸组成中,油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的平均含量分别为35.65%和50.66%;而棕榈酸、硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸的平均含量仅为8.40%和4.79%。此外,贵州芝麻资源中芝麻素、芝麻林素和木质素的平均含量分别为5.03 mg/g、2.63 mg/g和4.79 mg/g。8个品质性状的变异系数介于3.69%~32.62%范围内,其中芝麻素含量变异系数最大,含油量变异系数最小。而芝麻素含量、芝麻林素含量及硬脂酸含量的变异系数均大于10%,表明这3个性状在芝麻样本间存在较大差异。(2)相关性分析结果显示:含油量与油酸、芝麻素含量呈极显著正相关,与亚油酸含量呈极显著负相关;油酸含量与芝麻素含量呈极显著正相关,与亚油酸含量呈极显负相关;亚油酸含量与芝麻素含量呈极显著负相关。表明品质性状间相关性大、关联程度较高,性状间相互影响较大。(3)主成分分析将8个品质性状综合为3个主成分,分别为油酸因子、含油量因子和芝麻素因子,3个主成分因子包含了贵州芝麻种质资源品质性状的绝大部分信息,累计贡献率达96%以上。(4)在欧氏距离D=9.75处将73份贵州芝麻资源划分为6个类群:第Ⅰ类群包含2份资源、第Ⅱ类群有7份、第Ⅲ类群有12份、第Ⅳ类群有5份、第Ⅴ类群有16份、第Ⅵ类群有31份。其中第Ⅵ类群油酸含量最高,且含油量、芝麻素含量较高。本研究探明了贵州芝麻品质的特征特性,可为芝麻种质资源的利用和创新提供依据,为芝麻品种选育和遗传改良提供参考。     

河南若干小麦品种籽粒戊聚糖含量的初步研究

1999-2000年对河南省8个有代表性的小麦品种的戊聚糖进行了测定,不同品种戊聚糖的平均含量变化范围为6%-9%。不同品种和不同生态条件下小麦籽粒戊聚糖含量均有很大差异。5个试点小麦籽粒戊聚糖的平均含量与千粒重,降落值均成负相关关系（r=-0.83,r=-0.31),而与蛋白质的含量却呈正相关关系（r=0.35)。说明戊聚糖含量与生态因素有很大关系,采用Eberhart-Russell模型对小鼠戊聚糖含量的稳定性进行分析。发现豫麦34是戊聚糖含量较理想的品种。     

谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticam aestivum)品种, 运用离体穗培养技术, 研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响。实验结果表明, 随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高, 粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线, 在6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值; 籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势, 而淀粉含量呈下降趋势。籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致, 而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2~6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势, 此后则无明显变化。     

谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种,运用离体穗培养技术,研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响.实验结果表明,随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高,粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线,在6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值;籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势,而淀粉含量呈下降趋势.籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2～6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势,此后则无明显变化.     

The microbiological characteristics of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children and adults in the city of Moscow

The bacteriological analysis of 302 children has revealed that dysbacteriosis with the increased content of hemolytic Escherichia in the intestine develops more frequently in the presence of the deficiency of bifido- and lactobacteria. The development of other kinds of dysbacteriosis with the increased content of different opportunistic enterobacteria, staphylococci, enterococci and fungi, as well as dysbacteriosis with the decreased content of Escherichia, does not practically depend on the deficiency of bifido- and lactobacteria. In patients with the increased content of Escherichia an increase in the content of opportunistic enterobacteria, staphylococci and fungi is observed more frequently than in patients with the low content of Escherichia.     

Age dependent changes in metallothionein and accumulation of cadmium in horses

1. Analysis of livers and kidneys from 28 horses for cadmium, zinc and metallothionein showed low cadmium content in liver. There was a gradual increase in cadmium content in kidney with age. 2. Metallothionein values varied with zinc content in the liver and with cadmium content in the kidney; copper values did not vary in either tissue. 3. Metallothionein was localized mainly in the cytoplasms in liver and kidney of horses by immunohistochemistry.     

大麦胶含量的遗传分析

本文通过Hayman等人的双列分析系统对籽粒大麦胶含量进行了遗传研究。结果表明,控制大麦胶含量的基因系统符合加性-显性模型。大麦胶含量受微效多基因控制,加性效应起着主要的作用,也存在显性效应,而上位效应不明显。显性方向不十分一致,但总的趋势是低大麦胶含量为部分显性。环境对大麦胶含量有一定影响,但基因型—环境互作效应不显著。大麦胶含量与淀粉含量呈负相关(P<0.01);与株高呈弱正相关(P<0.05);而与千粒重、蛋白质含量无相关。     

Changes in nuclear, nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA content during growth and differentiation of root parenchyma cells in plant species with different dynamics of DNA endoreplication

Using cytophotometric method, after staining preparations with gallocyanin RNA content was examined in nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm of six species of angiospermal plants in successive (1-7 mm) segments of root representing successive zones of differentiation. During the cell cycle, RNA content duplicates in the nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm of meristematic cells. On the other hand, during growth and differentiation of parenchyma cells in species with endoreplication the content of nucleolar RNA does not increase in proportion with DNA content. High level of endoreplication is connected with high nucleolar RNA content and low cytoplasmic RNA content. In species without endoreplication at low nucleolar RNA content, a considerable growth of cytoplasmic RNA content takes place.     

胶州湾典型河口湿地土壤溶解性无机碳分布特征

选择胶州湾大沽河与洋河河口湿地作为研究区,在平行于海岸带方向的光滩和垂直于海岸带方向的河漫滩分层采集土壤样品,测定土壤溶解性无机碳(DIC)含量、相关离子含量及土壤理化性质.应用Duncan方法及Pearson相关分析法进行分析,探讨土壤DIC分布特征及影响因素.结果表明: 光滩土壤DIC含量总体呈现距入海口越远含量越高的趋势,水体的冲刷作用是导致河流入海口处土壤DIC含量最低的主要原因.河漫滩土壤DIC含量总体呈现随距海距离增加而先降低后升高的趋势,主要是受人类活动等综合因素的影响.互花米草入侵使土壤DIC含量明显降低,这是入侵物种根系的转化作用所导致的.养殖活动改变了养殖池塘自身的环境因子,进而改变了土壤DIC分布规律,表现为表层土壤DIC含量高于光滩而其余土层略低于光滩.相关性分析表明,土壤DIC含量与土壤含盐量及总无机碳含量呈显著正相关、与土壤pH呈显著负相关.     

Fluctuations in sugar content are not determinant in explaining variations in vitamin C in tomato fruit

The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between sugars and vitamin C in fruit. The objective was to determine whether vitamin C content was regulated by sugar content due to the role of sugar as a precursor for vitamin C. During summer, maximal content in sugar and vitamin C were found in both genotypes tested Solanum lycopersicon ‘Cervil’ and ‘Levovil’. During autumn, fruit pruning increased fruit size and hexose content but fruit vitamin C content did not increase. Therefore sugar substrate was not limiting for vitamin C synthesis during autumn. We demonstrated for two cultivars, ‘Cervil’ and ‘Levovil’, with different sugar accumulation profiles during ripening, that sugar content was not determinant in the regulation of vitamin C content. The strong correlation observed between sugars and vitamin C in ‘Cervil’ was due to their concomitant increase during fruit ripening.     

外源植物生长调节物质对烟叶中腐胺和烟碱含量的影响

水培的烟草打顶和打顶后喷施腐胺（Put）,烟叶中Put和烟碱含量均增加,钾含量下降,Put含量与烟碱含量之间呈显著正相关;打顶喷施吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA3）的烟叶中Put和烟碱含量下降,钾含量上升;喷施茉莉酸（JA）的烟碱含量提高,而Put含量变化不大;喷施脱落酸（ABA）和6-BA的叶中Put含量下降。     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物在养分循环中的作用

测定了长白山暗针叶林5种主要苔藓植物养分含量,并结合生物量的测定结果,推算单位面积的苔藓植物养分含量.结果表明,单位面积苔藓植物氮含量为5.371 kg·hm^-2,是乔、灌、草总氮量的12.22%;钾含量为12.02 kg·hm^-2,是乔、灌、草总钾量的5.63%;磷含量为31.679 kg·hm^-2,是乔、灌、草总磷量的70.57%,超过了乔木磷含量,是草本植物磷含量的2.倍、灌木磷含量的792倍,苔藓植物是暗针叶林重要的磷库.同时测定不同苔藓盖度下土壤中的养分含量.方差分析结果显示,不同苔藓盖度下土壤中氮、钾含量差别不大,磷含量差异显著,没有苔藓覆盖的土壤中磷含量最高,为0.19±0.023 g·kg^-1;苔藓盖度为第6级(80%～100%),土壤中磷含量最低,为0.36±0.017 g·kg^-1,随苔藓盖度的增加土壤中磷含量有减少的趋势.     

基于贝叶斯方法的湖南湘潭稻米Cd超标风险评估

于湖南省湘潭市下辖的湘潭、雨湖、湘乡3个县市区共采集稻田土壤和稻米样品73组,测定了土壤全Cd含量、土壤有效态Cd含量以及稻米Cd含量,分析了这3种Cd含量之间的相关性.在此基础上,根据先验概率与数据特征,提出了基于贝叶斯方法的稻米Cd超标风险评估方法,建立了风险评估模型.结果表明: 研究区土壤平均Cd含量、土壤有效态Cd含量及稻米Cd含量分别为(0.891±0.638)、(0.791±0.582)和(0.376±0.395) mg·kg^-1,土壤与稻米Cd含量超标率分别高达89.0%和52.1%.湘潭和雨湖稻米Cd含量与土壤Cd全量和有效Cd含量间均呈显著相关关系,且稻米Cd含量与有效Cd含量的相关性更高,湘乡稻米Cd含量与土壤Cd全量及有效Cd含量间均没有相关性.将土壤Cd全量和有效Cd含量作为贝叶斯风险评估模型的变量,预测的稻米Cd超标概率与实际超标率的偏差分别为6.6%和3.9%,说明贝叶斯风险评估模型可靠,但以有效Cd含量为依据的预测结果更准确.     

Trade-off between leaf chlorophyll and betacyanins in Suaeda salsa in the Liaohe estuary wetland in northeast China

Aims Pigment composition is an important functional trait that can be affected by environmental factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil salinity on pigment composition in Suaeda salsa by comparing chlorophyll and betacyanin content in the Liaohe estuary wetland, a typical coastal wetland in northeast China.Methods We investigated the plant biomass, percentage of red leaves and pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and betacyanins) in S. salsa in intertidal and supratidal zones of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe estuary wetlands. The Na + content of both the soil and plant was also measured. Full analysis of variance and multivariate analysis were used to compare differences in pigment content and Na + content between the supratidal and intertidal zones.Important findings Pigment composition was significantly affected by soil salinity. With increasing soil salinity, the percentage of red leaves was higher in the intertidal zone than in the supratidal zone. In all three reaches, plants had lower chlorophyll a content and higher betacyanin content in the intertidal zone than in the supratidal zone. Compared to chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b was less sensitive to soil salinity. There were no differences in chlorophyll b content between the intertidal and supratidal zones in the upper and lower reaches. Furthermore, pigment composition was associated with both the plant tissue and soil Na + content. Compared to the supratidal zone, the intertidal zone had a higher Na + content in plants. There was a negative relationship between plant chlorophyll content and soil Na + content, but a positive relationship between betacyanin content and soil Na + content. Overall, the results indicated that there might be a trade-off between leaf chlorophyll and betacyanin content in S. salsa to maintain its growth and survival in high salinity environments.     

Characteristics of Plant Communities and Copper Content in Dominant Plants in Hongtou Shan Copper Ore Region of Liaoning Province

Copper content in the soil of Hongtou Shan copper ore is 40–2000 ppm, with mean value at 471 ppm. Standard deviation is 667.5. There are many principal types of plant communities: Coppice of Quercus liaotungensis and Corylus sp. and Lespedeza bicolor scrub. In the soli with copper content more than 500 ppm, Gypsophila pacffica usually grows together. It significantly indicates the abnormal soil with respect to copper content. Analysis of copper content for 347 samples of 48 species shows: Limiting value of copper content is 8.45–44.40 ppm in dry plants, with difference of the values being 35.95. The plants contained copper at 5–10 ppm account for 12.8% of the total plants, at 10–30 ppm for 76.9% and at 30–45 ppm for 10.6%. Direct correlation is found between copper content in the Plants and in the soil, for example, Gypsophila pacifiea r=0.844 (N=8) It is important in biogeoehemical prospecting. There are no striking correlation between copper content of the plants and pH and organic matter content of soil.     

Constitutive protein content of procaspases in murine tissue

Caspases are proteases most notably involved in apoptosis and inflammation. Although mRNA content is better described, the constitutive protein content of procaspases between tissue types is not well documented. Since mRNA and protein content do not necessarily correlate, we aimed to discern protein content differences between various tissues. Protein content of procaspase-1, -8, -9, and -12 was assessed in gastrocnemius, heart, liver, and kidney. Since highly expressed in skeletal muscle, content of procaspase-12 was also analyzed in muscles with different fiber type compositions to discern any fiber type differences. Furthermore, Western analysis for procaspase-12 revealed prominent bands of ??40 kDa and ??30 kDa under basal conditions, in addition to the 50 kDa band corresponding to the full-length procaspase. Therefore, the content of these caspase-12 related species in the tissue and muscle types is also described. Results show protein content of procaspase-1,-8, -9, and -12 and caspase-12 related species differs between tissue types and do not necessarily correlate with mRNA content reported in the published literature. Procaspase-12 content in skeletal muscle may be fiber-type dependent with higher expression in more oxidative fibers. Furthermore, the 40 kDa species of caspase-12 was the dominant form of the protein in most tissues analyzed.     

Changes in Macro- and Microelement Composition in the Organisms of Irradiated Animals

We studied the content of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, S, and Zn in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen of mice with total radiation dose of 7.5 Gy using atomic emission spectral analysis with an inductively coupled argon plasma. The qualitative content of macro- and microelements and coordination between their concentrations statistically determined from coefficients of linear correlation differ between the tissues of the irradiated and control animals. Radiation damage decreases phosphorus content in all studied organisms and is a marker of disturbed conjugated oxidative phosphorylation. The most significant radiation-induced disturbance of macro- and microelement balance was detected in the spleen; it features decreased content of phosphorus, magnesium, and cobalt, as well as increased content of zinc and aluminum and considerably increased iron content. The revealed macro- and microelements disbalance in spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs can be considered as a test for primary biological response to radiation damage.     

Variation in neurotoxin, trypsin inhibitors and susceptibility to insect attack in varieties of Lathyrus sativus seeds.

Ten varieties of Lathyrus sativus seeds were analysed for the neurotoxin (BOAA) and trypsin inhibitor (TI) content. The BOAA content varied from 0.142 to 0.680%. The values of trypsin inhibitor content were also uniform with the exception of two varieties whose values were comparatively low. When the seeds were exposed to insects all the varieties were affected, but the two varieties showing low trypsin inhibitor content also showed some protection against infestation. Variety P-24 was low in BOAA and trypsin inhibitor content with comparatively low insect susceptability.