小鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的超微结构及其吸收功能

为研究小鼠卵巢囊及卵巢囊淋巴孔的超微结构 ,探讨其吸收功能 ,本实验用常规扫描电镜和透射电镜观察小鼠卵巢囊组织 ,应用Elscope软件对卵巢囊淋巴孔进行定量处理。并通过曲利本蓝吸收实验 ,测定其吸收功能。本实验首次发现小鼠卵巢囊上皮的立方细胞和扁平细胞之间存在淋巴孔 ,淋巴孔直径为 3 6 12± 1 132μm ,周长为 10 86 2± 3 4 15 μm。同时也发现小鼠卵巢囊上存在闭合淋巴孔。小鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔能吸收曲利本蓝 ,并随着时间的延长 ,曲利本蓝吸收增多。本实验的结果提示 :小鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的大小、分布都与金仓鼠、豚鼠的卵巢囊淋巴孔有一定的差异 ,其淋巴孔的物质吸收功能具有时间依赖性。同时 ,闭合淋巴孔的发现表明淋巴孔的可调控性。卵巢囊淋巴孔使卵巢囊腔、卵巢囊淋巴系和腹膜腔沟通 ,在维持卵巢正常发育所需的体液环境方面发挥了重要作用     

妊娠和激素干预对豚鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的影响

本实验以台盼蓝为示踪剂,观察成年雌豚鼠在妊娠、注射促排卵激素和雄激素时,卵巢囊淋巴孔对示踪剂的吸收情况,并结合扫描电镜和计算机图像处理,对豚鼠卵巢囊内壁的淋巴孔进行观察和统计,以研究妊娠和激素干预对豚鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔开放和淋巴吸收功能的影响。结果表明,妊娠组卵巢囊吸收示踪剂的量最多,促排卵组次之,雄激素组最少,且组间两两比较均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。在每1000μm~2的视野中,妊娠组卵巢囊淋巴孔的开放面积为189.9±48.7μm~2,促排卵组为104.4±31.2μm~2,雄激素组为40.5±18.7μm~2,组间两两比较均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。妊娠组卵巢囊内层纤毛柱状上皮的分泌颗粒数量最少,而促排卵组的分泌颗粒较多,且纤毛最活跃。本实验研究结果表明,妊娠和激素干预能影响豚鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的开放和吸收,囊内卵巢的功能状态与豚鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的调控密切相关。     

迁粉蝶雌性生殖系统结构研究

解剖和描述了迁粉蝶Catopsilia pomona(Fabricius)的雌性生殖系统结构。结果表明:迁粉蝶外生殖器包括交配囊及其附属结构、导精管、后表皮突和肛突;内生殖器包括1对卵巢、2根侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺、外生殖腔及产卵孔。卵巢左右对称,每个卵巢由4根多滋式卵巢管组成。同时提出卵巢发育分级指标,为害虫预测和防治提供指导性意见。     

四种蜡蝉雌性生殖系统比较研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科)

描述了缘蛾蜡蝉Salurnis marginella(Guérin-Meneville)、八点广翅蜡蝉Ricania speculum(Walker)、斑衣蜡蝉Lycorma delicatula(White)及中华彩象蜡蝉Raivuna sinica(Walker)等4种蜡蝉的雌性生殖系统,并提供了相应的形态特征图。研究结果表明:4种蜡蝉的雌性内生殖系统均为双孔类型;交配管通过阴道与交配囊相连,不直接与交配囊相连;卵巢管为端滋式;阴道、交配囊和受精囊均为双层膜质结构,而卵巢管、侧输卵管则为单层膜质结构。明确了蜡蝉总科昆虫总输卵管与侧输卵管的连接方式,总输卵管为一端固定于阴道内膜,另一端游离于阴道内膜与外膜之间,朝向侧输卵管合并处的透明膜质管状结构。此外,雌性生殖系统中的交配囊、第1产卵瓣、阴道附腺、内生殖突、内生殖瓣等形态特征差异较大。研究标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

橙黄豆粉蝶生殖系统形态学研究

解剖并描述了橙黄豆粉蝶Colias fieldii Ménétriés的生殖系统结构。结果表明:橙黄豆粉蝶雄性内生殖器包括精巢(睾丸)、2个贮精囊、2条输精管、1对复射精管、2根附腺和单射精管。其中2个睾丸体彼此密接似单一器官包被在半透明的睾丸膜中,单射精管较长且分化为形态不同的4段。外生殖器包括抱器瓣、阳茎及其附属结构;雌性内生殖器由1对卵巢、2根侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、肾型受精囊、附腺、外生殖腔及产卵孔组成。卵巢左右对称,每个卵巢具4根多滋式卵巢管。外生殖器包括导精管、囊导管、交配囊及其附属结构、前后表皮突和肛突。     

长蛸生殖系统的形态学与组织学观察

运用解剖学和组织学方法对长蛸(Octopus variabilis)生殖系统的形态结构进行了研究.结果表明,长蛸雌雄异体并异形,雄性右侧第三腕茎化.长蛸雌性生殖系统由一个卵巢、成对的输卵管及输卵管腺组成.卵巢壁上发出一条线状具分支的生殖索,米粒状的滤泡以卵柄连接至生殖索上.每个滤泡是由单层滤泡细胞围绕着一个卵母细胞构成.输卵管形成丰富的纵行褶皱,黏膜上皮具有纤毛.输卵管腺含有两种类型腺细胞.雄性生殖系统包括精巢、输精管前段、储精囊、摄护腺、盲囊、输精管后段和精荚囊.精巢内部被结缔组织分隔成许多精小叶,精原细胞由小叶壁中的生殖上皮产生,并向小叶腔中逐步分化成精子.输精管前段、盲囊和摄护腺所分泌的黏液物质共同参与精荚的形成.储精囊和输精管后段形成较多的纵行褶皱,输精管后段上皮游离面的纤毛可运输生殖细胞.精荚囊的作用则是贮存精荚,囊壁中的平滑肌利于长蛸交配时精荚的排出.     

粘虫(Pseudaletia separata(Walker))生殖系统的解剖

本文内容是研究粘虫(Pseudaletia separata(Walker)生殖系统的形态构造。全文分为雄性内部生殖器、雄性外部生殖器、雌性内部生殖器及雌性外部生殖器四部分。 粘虫的雄性内生殖器中, 有睾丸一对, 左右并列, 呈扁椭圆形, 外被紫红色睾丸膜; 输精管一对, 基部膨大成二对贮精囊; 射精管分成复射精管及单射精管两部分。雄性外生殖器的构造极为复杂, 第9腹节的背、腹板分别形成马鞍状的背兜及基腹弧; 第10腹节仅有其附肢特化成钩形突、颚形突和背兜侧突等; 抱握器占雄性外生殖器中的大部分, 其顶上角具长约1毫米的端刺一枚, 此为本种特征之一, 可以此与近似种区别; 阳茎由基部球状的阳茎囊和端部柄状的阳茎端组成, 内具内阳茎及角状器:雄性外生殖器中有关器官的肌肉来源亦作了叙述。 精液是以贮存于精球的方式授入雌体, 精球分为精球体、精球柄及系带三部分。 雌性内生殖器中, 卵巢为多滋式, 一对, 各由四个卵巢管组成, 两组卵巢管再与一对侧输卵管相连, 后者通入中输卵管中, 中输卵管后端连有外生殖腔, 其外方的开口是为产卵孔; 受精囊为长形梨状物, 分成主囊及副囊两部分, 两者在顶部愈合, 并由此发出受精管与外生殖腔相通, 在主囊顶端有受精囊腺; 附腺一对, 与附腺囊相连, 后者通入附腺主囊, 并由此开口入外生殖腔。雌性外生殖器是由交配囊和产卵器组成, 前者复可分成囊导管、囊体及囊颈三部分, 其外方的开口为交配囊孔, 有导精管从囊颈连于外生殖腔; 产卵器由第8、9腹节组成, 非呈特殊构造。     

拟澳洲赤眼蜂生殖系统的研究

拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Trichogramma confusum)的体长约0.6mm,腹部长度约0.3mm.雌蜂生殖系统(包括卵巢、生殖腔、受精囊及三种附腺)位于腹部后端,约占腹腔的2/3.成熟的卵巢由两条多滋式的卵巢管组成.两条成熟卵巢的端段细长,扭卷成一条疏松索,基部膨大,内脏贮存大量卵粒.成对的侧输卵管较短,分别开口于生殖腔后方的两侧,中输卵管缺如.受精囊呈梨形,开口于生殖腔后方.雌性生殖系统三种附腺中,第一种附腺是成对的,呈锤状,分别连接于生殖腔前方两侧;第二种附腺,腺体呈球状,其前端以短曲的小管通进膨大的贮腺囊,贮腺囊端部成柄状的弯曲小管,连接于产卵管的基部开口处.第三种附腺的腺体呈棒状,前端为细长的小管,开口于第二种附腺贮腺囊的前端.雄性生殖系统由成对的睪丸,输精管、贮精囊、附腺及单一的射精管组成.蛹的早期到后期至成虫期睾丸的形态结构,各有不同变化.     

长足大竹象生殖系统的形态解剖研究

解剖研究了长足大竹象雌雄虫牛殖系统的构造.该虫的雌性生殖系统包括一对卵巢、一对侧输卵管、中输卵管、交配囊、受精囊、生殖腔、产卵器;雄性生殖系统由一对睾九、一对输精管、一对附腺、射精管和交配器组成.     

哺乳动物卵巢生殖干细胞的研究进展与争议

关于雌性哺乳动物卵子再生的问题一直存有争议,1951年后人们普遍认为卵子数会随年龄增长而下降,不存在再生。近年来有学者对此提出质疑,他们在研究小鼠卵子凋亡时发现,卵巢内可能存在具有有丝分裂活性的生殖干细胞,随即引起了激烈讨论。虽然有一些实验结果对卵巢生殖干细胞的存在提出质疑,但是越来越多的研究提供了其存在的证据。卵巢生殖干细胞的研究一旦成熟,对基础及临床将具有深远影响。现对卵巢生殖干细胞的发现和研究现状及潜在应用展开综述。     

豚鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的发现及卵巢囊超微结构研究

In order to explore its structure and speciality of species, the ovary bursa of guinea pig was studied by using dissecting microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In this paper, the lymphatic stomata on both internal and external layer of the ovary bursa was frist reported in guinea pig. The results suggested that the stomata in bursa not only provided a pathway to connect the bursal cavity with the lymphatic vessels of bursa and the peritoneal cavity, but also may be involved in the reproduction and local immunity of the ovary. The stomata may play an important role in physiological function of the ovary. At the same time, the structural differences were identified in ovary bursa between guinea pig and golden hamster.     

妊娠和激素干预对豚鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的影响

In order to study the influence of pregnancy and hormone on the lymphatic stomata of guinea pig's ovary bursa, the lymphatic stomata of ovary bursa were observed during pregnancy and by using exogenous hormone, including serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) combined with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to promote ovulation and androgen to inhibit the ovary. Then the lymphatic stomata in the inner layer of ovary bursa and their absorption functions were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and trypan blue as a tracer respectively. The lymphatic stomata were also counted by the Elescope computer image processing system. We found that the quantity of tracer absorbed by the lymphatic stomata of ovary bursa in pregnant group was more than that in ovulation-promoted group, and least in the androgen-treated group, which had statistical significance between each couples of them (P < 0.05). The opening area of the lymphatic stomata in pregnant, ovulation-promoted and androgen-treated groups were 189.9 +/- 48.7 micron 2/1000 micron 2, 104.4 +/- 31.2 micron 2/1000 micron 2 and 40.5 +/- 18.7 micron 2/1000 micron 2 respectively, which had remarkable statistical difference between each couples (P < 0.01). Under SEM observation, the secretory granules in ciliated columnar epithelium were less in pregnant group than the other two, while both the secretory granules and the cilium were most active in ovulation-promoted group. The results indicated that both the openings and absorption functions of the lymphatic stomata in guinea pig's ovary bursa could be affected by pregnancy and exogenous homone. There existed relationship between ovary function and the regulation of the lymphatic stomata in ovary bursa.     

Postnatal development of the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): its complete closure and morphogenesis of lymphatic stomata

The golden hamster ovarian bursa was studied by light and electron microscopy to clarify the process of its complete closure and the development of lymphatics that leads to morphogenesis of stomata. The results were as follows. 1) The bursa completely closed at 9 days of age primarily due to development of the mesotubarium superius. 2) With the closure, the ovary and bursa became closely apposed, and most of the original bursal cavity disappeared. 3) Between 9 and 12 days of age U-shaped folds of the bursal mesothelium began to invade the connective tissue of the bursa. 4) Widening of the internal angle of the U-shaped folds contributed to reappearance of the bursal cavity, and thus separation of the bursa from the ovary. It also contributed to future geometrical proximity of lymphatics to the cavity of the bursa. 5) The separation of the bursa from the ovary began as early as 12 days of age in the cephalic half of the bursa. It occurred remarkably late in the caudal half. Juxtaposition of the window portion of the bursa to the ovary remained in some adult animals. 6) Development of lymphatics in the cephalic half of the bursa was divided into two stages, before and after days 21-24 of life. In the first stage, lymphatics grew in the submesothelial connective tissue, and the framework of lymphatics was formed. In the second stage, lymphatics extended small branches to form the submesothelial plexus or lymphatic lacuna. 7) Intercellular junctions between contiguous lymphatic endothelial cells were mostly tight and desmosomelike. Open junctions were, if they occurred at all, rare. (8) A smooth-surfaced area lined with the lymphatic endothelium was found in the bursa on day 27 of life, before the initiation of ovulation. Valvelike stomal orifices were absent before the initiation of ovulation and extremely rare even after the first ovulation. They were commonly present in the bursae after the fourth ovulation, however. The process of complete closure of the ovarian bursa is very complex and may be related to the later development of the bursal mesothelium and lymphatics. Some liplike stomal orifices are of purely developmental origin. However, all valvelike stomal orifices are assumed to be formed as a result of damage to the bursal mesothelium, as well as to the submesothelial connective tissue and lymphatics, by repetition of ovulation. It is possible that liplike stomal orifices may be formed in the process of repairing the damage.     

关于鸡法氏囊淋巴滤泡皮质部形成的研究

初生雏鸡孵出后立即结扎法氏囊管,使外界抗原进入法氏囊腔通路受阻,法氏囊髓质部细胞未见增殖分化,从而没有淋巴细胞穿过基膜形成皮质部。结扎法氏囊管后喂养半个月的雏鸡,再拆除结扎线,恢复泄殖腔与法氏囊的通道,外界抗原又可进入法氏囊腔,刺激滤泡髓部细胞分裂增殖,并穿过基膜形成皮质部。但由于曾结扎半月,所以迁移到皮质部的细胞与对照组比较相对减少。结扎法氏囊管后同时注射枯草杆菌(Bs)和四球菌(Mt),法氏囊滤泡皮质部与正常对照组相似,有的甚至比对照组更为发达。电镜观察皮质部具有不同成熟度的浆细胞。孵出的雏鸡用睾酮(TP)处理后法氏囊滤泡虽有皮质部,但不是正常的皮质部淋巴细胞。实验结果表明滤泡皮质部的形成与孵化后外界抗原的刺激有关,法氏囊作为鸟类特有的体液免疫的中枢淋巴器官,可能仅指胚胎时期发育的淋巴滤泡髓质部,而法氏囊皮质部则可能相当于外周淋巴器官。它的形成必须依赖于外界抗原的刺激。     

关于法氏囊自然退化的研究

实验结果进一步表明法氏囊的发育是受性激素控制的。法氏囊的自然退化是机体内性激素浓度达到一定的水平所致。 在法氏襄的退化过程中起关键作用的细胞成分是FAE细胞,当它们完全地受到性激素的影响时,淋巴细胞分化的微环境遭到破坏,法氏襄发生不可逆性的退化。     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS OF THE EMBRYONIC CHICK WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LYMPHO-EPITHELIAL NODULES

Electron microscopic studies of the bursa of Fabricius during the 15th and 16th day of embryonic development in the chick have shown the following findings in the submicroscopic structure of the cellular elements of the lympho-epithelial follicles. In the medulla, basal endodermal epithelial cells undergo mitosis and differentiation into lymphoblasts. During this transformation, there is a reduction in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the number or ribosomes, and frequently an enlargement of the Golgi complex. As lymphoblasts differentiate into medium lymphocytes there is a loss of endoplasmic reticulum, a reduction in the number of ribosomes and in the size of the Golgi complex, as well as a decrease in the number and size of mitochondria and in the size of the cell and nucleus. Cytoplasmic processes of reticular-epithelial cells extend between proliferating lymphocytic cells. Desmosomes connect stellate reticular-epithelial and basal epithelial cells but are not present in lymphocytic cells. Nuclear blebbing and vesiculation are frequently observed in the various cell forms of the developing lympho-epithelial nodules. Although lymphocytes and lymphocytopoietic activities in the cortex are sparse during this stage of embryonic development of the bursa, transitional forms between mesenchymal cells and lymphoblasts have been encountered. In addition, lymphoblasts and/or undifferentiated epithelial cells occasionally may pass through the basement membrane from the medulla into the cortical region of the developing nodule. That lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius originate from both endodermal and mesodermal derivatives during embryonic development appears to be consistent with both light and electron microscopic observations.     

PANCREAS OF ASELLI IN SOME SPECIES OF THE SHREWS (SOREX ARANEUS & NEOMYS FODIENS) AS AN ANALOGUE OF THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS IN BIRDS

No organ equivalent to the bursa of Fabricius in birds, which is responsible for the production of B cells, has been found in mammals thus far. It has been suggested that Peyer's patches and the appendix along with the bone marrow play this role. In this study, the gland of Aselli of shrews was examined, whose function has not yet been clarified. The results of the study of the gland of Aselli in common and water shrews suggest this gland to be the key lymphoid organ analogous to the bursa of Fabricius. However, unlike the bursa of Fabricius, the gland of Aselli seems to fulfil two functions. It not only produces B cells, but also is the site of their terminal differentiation into plasma cells.     

三肽囊素(bursin)的鸡、鸭免疫器官组织学定位特征分析(简报)

三肽囊素(bursin)是法氏囊组织提取物中一种非常重要的活性因子,由Audhya T.等在1986年首次报道。近十几年,有关三肽囊素的研究取得了较大的进展,涉及对三肽囊素的生物学活性、组织学定位、功能机制及其应用前景。本研究分别探索了三肽囊素在鸡、鸭免疫器官中的定位,并对其特征进行分析,以期更深入理解三肽囊素的存在及其生物学意义。鸡用近交系(CB系),由12、14及20日龄胚、新生雏、1—9周龄鸡,采集法氏囊、法氏囊T细胞区、胸腺、哈德氏腺、脾脏及骨髓。鸭用北京鸭,由新生     

一氧化氮对大鼠胸膜淋巴孔调控及淋巴吸收的影响

实验研究了一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）对大鼠胸膜淋巴孔的调控和胸膜腔淋巴吸收的影响。NO供体和NOS（nitric oxide synthase）抑制剂分别经腹腔给药,示踪剂（台盼蓝）胸膜腔内注射后,处死大鼠,测定血清NO和台盼蓝浓度;在扫描电镜下观察各组胸膜淋巴孔,用计算机图像处理,统计学分析。结果显示,NO供体组血清NO浓度为49.34±18.47μmol/L,淋巴孔的面积和密度分别为6.80±1.13 μm2和170.24±66.60/0.1mm2;NOS抑制剂组血清NO浓度为17.72±6.58μmol/L,淋巴孔的面积和密度分别为5.72±1.54μm2和61.71±12.73/0.1mm2。血清NO浓度与淋巴孔开放的面积和密度成正相关（P<0.05）。在胸膜腔给示踪剂后,NO供体组血清台盼蓝的浓度为74.68±33.67mg/L,与对照组比较有显著差异（P<0.05）。提示,NO可以调控胸膜淋巴孔,促进胸膜腔淋巴吸收。     

小鼠膈腹膜淋巴孔和膈淋巴管的发育

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和酶组织化学方法,研究胚胎期和出生后不同时期小鼠膈腹膜淋巴孔（PLS）和膈淋巴管的发生和发育,并用Elescope计算机图像处理技术对PLS进行定量分析。结果发现：胚胎13天时,膈腹膜仅由扁平形间皮细胞（FMC）组成;胚胎15天时,FMC间出现立方形间皮细胞（CMC）和早期腹膜淋巴孔（NLS）;胚胎18天时,膈毛细淋巴管出现,台盼蓝吸收试验显示NLS无物质吸收功能;出生后1天（PND1）,膈毛细淋巴管内皮细胞向PLS伸出胞质突起,并横跨CMC下结缔组织纤维和基底膜,形成腹膜下小管。后者与PLS沟通,建立了腹膜腔内物质转归通路。台盼蓝吸收试验表明,出生后PLS具有物质吸收功能,即为成熟腹膜淋巴孔（MLS）。PND5,立方细胞嵴（CMCR）发生,膈毛细淋巴管数量增多。PND10,大量立方细胞嵴融合,形成条带状分布的立方细胞区域,其上分布有大量MLS。随着发育进展,MLS平均面积和平均分布密度逐渐增大,且随着膈淋巴管的发育,吸收功能逐渐增强。