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1.
利用面向对象技术及新型编程语言JAVA,建立了物理过程模型来模拟土壤水分、盐化/脱盐过程和碱化/脱碱过程。在此基础上建立了基于过程的模型并分别模拟了以羊草(Aneurolepidium chinese (Trin.)Kitag.)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata Sw.)、星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Turcz.)Scribn.et Merr.)和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca Bunge)为建群种的4种植物群落的地上生物量、地下生物量以及枯死生物量的变化动态。模型以1d为步长,适合于模拟异质性强的土训水盐动态和多种植物群落的生长动态。利用吉林省长岭的气修资料和试验资料,模拟了1991、1996、1997、1998年土壤湿度动态,1991年4种植物群落土壤盐分、碱化度和pH值变化动态,以及1991年4种群落生长动态,并分别利用实验资料进行了验证,模拟效果非常理想。  相似文献   

2.
Shang  Zongbo  Gao  Qiong  Dong  Ming 《Plant and Soil》2003,249(2):237-251
A process-based model was built to describe the ecological processes of an alkalinized–salinized meadow steppe ecosystem, including the hydrological and alkalization–salinization processes in the soil, as well as the succession and growth dynamics of the grassland communities. A numerical integration model and a water and salt balance model were integrated into a physically-based model, describing the dynamics of soil moisture, salt concentration, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and pH. Meteorological variables and soil characteristics were the main environmental factors used to estimate the growth dynamics of three herbaceous communities that were dominated by Aneurolepidium chinense, Chloris virgata, and Suaeda glauca, respectively. Model validation showed good agreement between the simulated results and the observed data. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the potential changes in hydrological and alkalization–salinization processes, succession and growth dynamics from 1991 to 1998, under five grazing intensities, namely 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% above-ground biomass removal (AGBR). The simulations show that soil moisture decreased markedly under the 50%, 75% and 90% AGBR, but increased slightly under the 25% AGBR. The de-alkalization and de-salinization processes would be predominant under the 0% AGBR, and the processes became a little slower under the 25% AGBR. In contrast, the 50%, 75% and 90% AGBR accelerated the degradation of soil properties. The grassland was dominated by A. chinense under the 0% AGBR, and by A. chinense and C. virgata under the 25% AGBR. C. virgata could grow on slightly alkalinized–salinized soil and became a dominant species after three years of 50% AGBR. The soil degraded quickly and only S. glauca could grow on the severe alkalinized–salinized soil if the grassland received 75% or 90% AGBR. The grassland grew well under the 0% AGBR, and the biomass stayed at moderate level under 25% AGBR. The 50%, 75% and 90% AGBR decreased the grassland growth greatly. After accumulating the grazed biomass for each year, the 25% AGBR would provide the highest production, and the grassland production would decrease sharply with the increasing of grazing intensities. The simulation results indicate that 25% AGBR is significant for preserving the soil from degradation, and maintaining high grassland production.  相似文献   

3.
长江上游森林影响流域水文过程模拟分析   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
用森林流域水文模型(FCHM)模拟分析长江上游森林植被变化下的平通河流域和刘家河流域森林水文过程。可知随着两个流域森林覆盖率(FR)的提高,林冠截留量的增加和土壤入渗能力的改善,使得径流成分比例也随之发生变化,地表径流Rf逐渐减少,快速流转换为慢速流,因此延迟了流域降水汇流时间,洪峰流量得以削减。以平通河为例,当该流域全部被森林覆盖以后,则流域百年一遇的设计洪水标准可由非森林地时的4520m3/s降到3380m3/s,因此森林的存在可大大提高流域的防洪能力;而两个流域又由于区域结构等条件的不同,使得流域径流成分所占比例不同。其中平通河流域径流成分主要以浅层径流Rs和深层径流Rp为主,而刘家河流域径流成分主要以壤中流Ri为主,且都随森林覆盖的增加而有所增加。不同的径流成分为流域蒸散发带来了不同的水分条件,因此流域蒸散发量随着森林覆盖率的增加各有不同的变化趋势。其中平通河流域随着森林覆盖率的增加,流域蒸散发总量将由非森林地时候的373.3mm减少至289.3mm,根据水量平衡原理,该流域径流总量则会增加,呈流域径流正效应(23.7%);而后者流域则相反,随着森林覆盖率的增加,流域蒸散发总量反而会逐步增加,则流域径流总量会随之减少,呈流域径流负效应(-8.6%)。  相似文献   

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Given the magnitude and rate of ongoing climate change, the physiological capacity of species to tolerate extreme conditions will play a key role in influencing outcomes for biodiversity. It is also possible that species will respond to changes in climate by shifting their physiological tolerances, through genetic adaptation. How these processes influence biodiversity outcomes will be crucial in determining the most suitable management responses to retain diversity into the future. Here we assess how accounting for physiological tolerances, genetic adaptation and community assembly processes such as species replacement, influence projected climate change outcomes for the flora of Tasmania (all 2051 plant species). We incorporate these processes into the M‐SET metacommunity model and compare four different assumptions of species niches: realized niches, broader physiological tolerances and low or high capacity for genetic adaptation. Accounting for physiological tolerances rather than realized niches had the largest impact on projected outcomes, with 358 fewer species extinctions in the hottest climate scenario (mean = 30 extinctions). In contrast, adding the capacity for species physiological tolerances to shift through genetic adaptation resulted in little additional benefits for biodiversity outcomes, even under an optimistic level of adaptive capacity. We find that this is due largely to community assembly processes such as species replacement restricting the ability of species to persist and adapt in situ, as has been suggested from theoretical metacommunity models applied in simple artificial settings. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for species physiological tolerances and community‐level processes in biodiversity projections, while the potential role for genetic adaptation may be small, requiring further exploration in alternative contexts.  相似文献   

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黄河干流与河口湿地生态需水研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
赵芬  庞爱萍  李春晖  郑小康  王烜  易雨君 《生态学报》2021,41(15):6289-6301
通过回顾黄河干流和河口湿地生态需水相关研究的发展历程及主要研究成果,从生态需水研究的研究对象及目标、研究内容、研究方法及应用等方面归纳总结了黄河干流和河口生态需水的研究现状和面临挑战。目前,有关黄河干流和河口湿地的生态需水方面的研究已取得一定的成果,对黄河流域生态需水基础理论基本规律的认识相对清晰,但对黄河干流和河口湿地生态系统认识的不足导致目前生态需水计算方法不统一,计算结果存在一定的误差,从而导致黄河生态需水在流域水资源配置与管理实践中难以达到预期结果。今后仍需在逐步积累的实测资料的基础上进行细化的生态需水研究,重点开展基于河流和湿地生态系统完整性的生态需水研究;基于生态-水文响应关系并综合其他保护目标的生态水文过程研究;还要考虑经济、社会、环境\"三赢\"的权衡以及未来水沙条件等因素的不确定性,寻求合理的能应用到实际水量配置方案中的生态需水量等。并将生态需水成果与黄河水量生态调度有效结合起来,在水量调度实践中予以论证。  相似文献   

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Question: Is there a pattern in growth of annual rings in roots of perennial forbs in relation to climate and climate extremes in grassland ecosystems? Location: Semi‐arid grassland in Duolun (42°27′N, 116°41′E, 1380 m a.s.l.), central Inner Mongolia, China. Methods: Main roots of three perennial species, Potentilla anserina L., Cymbaria dahurica L. and Lespedeza daurica Schindl., were sampled. Cross‐sections (10–15‐μm thick) were produced from the proximal end of sampled roots using a sledge microtome. Annual growth rings in the main roots were identified and measured by differentiating between earlywood and latewood in the secondary xylem. Relationships between annual growth rings and monthly mean temperature and total monthly precipitation were identified using correlation analysis. Differences in an annual ring width to the previous and following years were examined by calculating a distinctness score. Results: The three perennial forbs showed clearly demarcated annual growth rings in all individuals and the same fluctuation patterns. Their ring widths were generally positively correlated with precipitation from April to October (except for August) and with temperature from February to June (except June for L. daurica), September to October, and the annual mean. Strong deviations of annual ring widths from their neighbour rings were observed in 1998 and 2000. The trend of absolute distinctness scores (Dm) increased significantly from 1988 to 2003, indicating an increase in the frequency of annual ring width variation. Conclusions: Annual growth rings in the main roots of three perennial forb species can be used as an indicator of the influence of climate on below‐ground grassland growth. The change in below‐ground conditions and effects on the functioning of grassland should receive more attention in future studies.  相似文献   

8.
植物群落动态的模型分析   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
植物群落的动态是植物群落学的中心问题之一,包括更新、波动、演替、进化等主要内容。空间格局对种群和群落的动态起着至关重要的作用,种群空间格局和群落空间结构是群落中各种过程相互作用的产物。模型是描述群落动态、认识植物群落组建和维持机理的有效工具。本文阐述和比较了描述群落动态的四种具有代表性的经验模型,即镶嵌循环模型、随意游走模型、同资源种团比例模型、空间抢先占有模型及其机理。四种经验模型的空间性及缺陷分别是:(1)“镶嵌循环模型”考虑到了相邻斑块之间的植被空间结合在群落动态中的作用,而另外三种模型没有考虑到这一点;(2)在一定程度上,四种植物群落动态模型对各自针对的植物群落可能是适合的,但要作为描述群落动态发展的一般性模型还需要不断完善和发展;因为四种模型均没有考虑到自然干扰和人类干扰对植物群落动态的影响。作者对将来植物群落动态的研究及实践意义做出以下展望:(1)在不同空间尺度上,更加有效地评价控制群落动态变化的各种过程的相对重要性,并进一步将它们之间的复杂相互作用整合到群落动态模型中;(2)充分认识植物群落中存在的各种自然环境条件和生物群体的结构配置对植物群落动态发展的重要性;(3)重视植物群落动态发展中自然干扰过程和人类干扰过程的整合以  相似文献   

9.
全杜娟  魏岩  周晓青  严成 《生态学报》2012,32(11):3352-3358
通过对角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenarius L.)的地上与地下部分生长动态以及生物量配置进行研究,结合其生活周期内土壤含水量变化规律,分析了角果藜的生态适应对策。结果表明:①角果藜植株高度生长速率随时间变化呈\"增加—减缓—增加\"的模式,而根的生长速率呈\"逐渐减缓\"的模式。角果藜株高、垂直根的生长速率变化同土壤水分的变化密切相关。②地上部分生物量在5月果实初形成时期和8月至9月的果实成熟期形成两个高峰值。地下部分生物量在3月至5月增长缓慢,随后以最大增长速率迅速达到地下生物量的最大值。角果藜地上、地下生物量的积累动态体现了其与季节变化相吻合的生长发育特点。③具有地上地下结果性的角果藜的生殖配置高达40%以上,高于一次结实的草本植物的生殖投入。这些特性是角果藜适应荒漠生境生长策略选择的综合表现。  相似文献   

10.
以黄土高原第三副区桥子东、西沟流域为例,分析了土地利用/土地覆被变化的水文动态响应。研究结果表明:土地利用/土地覆被对年径流有显著影响,治理流域较未治理流域在丰水年、平水年和枯水年的径流系数分别减少约50%、85%和90%;流域土地利用后期(1995~2004年)较前期(1986~1994年)多年平均径流系数下降73.6%,且随降雨增多,土地利用与植被变化对径流的响应增强。土地利用/土地覆被变化对径流量的影响具有季节性特征,治理与非治理流域多年平均最大月径流系数减少时期与流域最大地表覆盖期具有一致性,即5月份径流系数减少值最大;同一降水条件下流域两期土地利用的产流量仅在生长季具有明显的差异。流域洪水径流量与场降雨量和30min最大雨强有较好的相关关系,场降雨量与30min雨强对治理流域洪水流量的影响要强于非治理流域;暴雨在达到一定强度后,对比流域的洪峰流量差异减小,即森林植被对洪水的影响减弱。经洪水频率分析,认为流域前后两期土地利用若具有相同频率的降雨强度,则一定频率范围内洪峰流量对土地利用与植被变化产生明显响应。  相似文献   

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黔中山地喀斯特森林的水文学过程和养分动态   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
采用不同林分类型固定样地的定位研究方法,研究了黔中山地喀斯特森林对降水量的分配和随降水流动的主要离子的影响。结果表明,林内外年降水量的变化趋势为:空旷地>林隙>乔木层>灌草层>地表和壤中流量>树干径流量。年降水在林内不同层次分配量的变化趋势为:林地蒸发等量>灌草层降水截留总量>林冠层降水截留总量。相关水量的月动态趋势以夏季较高,冬季较低。森林最大持水量的变化趋势为土壤层>植被层。植被层最大持水量的变化趋势为乔木层>枯落物层>灌木层>草本层。喀斯特原生林植被层地上部分最大持水量为28.20 mm,是喀斯特次生林的194.48%。喀斯特原生林土壤层最大持水量加权值为19.24 mm,是喀斯特次生林的187.89%。喀斯特原生林冠层降水截留总量、灌草层降水截留总量、地表蒸发等量总值占空旷地降水量的比例为97.93%,喀斯特次生林的相应值为97.89%。喀斯特原生林的调水能力大于喀斯特次生林。土壤层最大持水量占植被-土壤系统的95.88%~96.11%,保土可增加蓄水。合理调整森林植被层结构既可防治土壤侵蚀,又可提高森林的最大持水潜力。随降水流动的 S O 4 2 - 、Ca2+、Mg2+ N H 4 + 、K+ N O 3 - 、Cl-、Na+ 月均浓度在不同喀斯特森林类型的林隙、林内和树干径流中的年变化规律明显,夏季浓度较低,冬季浓度较高。固定样地集水区溪流中相关离子月均浓度变化趋势与林隙、林内和树干径流中的不同。喀斯特原生林年随降水输入的相关离子量为430.951 kg·hm-2·a-1,随地表径流和90 cm壤中流的输出量为49.789 kg·hm-2·a-1,年随降水净增的相关离子量为381.162 kg·hm-2·a-1;而喀斯特次生林的相应值为304.101、39.216和264.885 kg·hm-2·a-1。喀斯特原生林N3-、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+储量高于喀斯特次生林,土壤层储量>植被层储量,植被层储量中乔木层>枯落物层>灌木层>草本层。年随降水输入喀斯特森林的相关离子量占植被-土壤系统的总量较小、有效性较高,对森林的生长和养分循环有重要的生态学意义。  相似文献   

12.
微地形改造的生态环境效应研究进展   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13       下载免费PDF全文
卫伟  余韵  贾福岩  杨磊  陈利顶 《生态学报》2013,33(20):6462-6469
干旱缺水和生境不良使世界上许多地区的植被恢复和生态改善面临困难。为了提高植被成活率、遏制土壤侵蚀和土地退化态势,国内外许多重点地区都开展了多种微地形改造与下垫面整地措施,使得地表生境和植被状况得到一定改善。但微地形改造对生态环境影响的基础研究仍严重滞后于实践的客观需求,许多关键效应和科学机理不明。本文系统梳理和总结了国内外学者在不同生态系统类型区和自然地理单元上开展的相关研究。认为微地形改造对土壤属性和微生境、降雨入渗和水蚀过程、植被恢复的效果及其生态服务功能发挥等多个方面都有重要影响,并综述了相关研究进展。同时指出当前微地形改造研究中存在的突出问题。包括科学分类标准有待系统化、实地量化技术相对滞后、微地形改造的水文效应有待强化、影响植被恢复的机理不明等若干重要局限。建议应进一步加强微地形改造的分类体系研发、发展微地形改造方式的定量刻画技术;设立野外定位站,跟踪监测其长期效应,并加强不同微地形改造措施的生态环境效应对比,为科学筛选和优化下垫面改造技术、服务区域生态改善和应对气候变化提供科学依据。  相似文献   

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大规模生态工程的实施使得中国西南岩溶区成为全球变绿的热点区域, 然而目前缺乏这一区域植被恢复水文效应的综合评估。通过获取西南岩溶生态工程覆盖的8个典型流域2002—2021年间的气候、水文、植被遥感以及重力卫星数据, 分析了西南岩溶生态工程覆盖区内流域的水文过程及水资源变化趋势, 并利用水量平衡模型、偏相关以及广义线性混合效应模型定量评估了植被恢复与气候变化对流域主要水文参数和水资源的影响贡献。结果表明:(1)2002—2021年西南岩溶生态工程覆盖区流域的Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)、林地面积、降雨、径流、蒸散发、土壤湿度、径流系数以及陆地水储量皆呈上升趋势, 表明过去20年生态工程实施期间典型岩溶流域的NDVI增加显著且可利用水资源呈上升趋势, 而同期太阳辐射则呈现整体下降趋势;(2)归因分析结果表明:西南岩溶生态工程覆盖流域内NDVI对径流、蒸散和土壤湿度的影响贡献占比分别为2%、23%和11%, 降雨对径流、蒸散和土壤湿度的影响贡献占比分别为43%、2%和23%, 气温对径流、蒸散和土壤湿度的影响贡献分别为3%、13%和3%, 太阳辐射对径流、蒸散和土壤湿度的影响贡献分别为16%、34%和29%, 这些结果表明区域水文过程主要受控于气候变化而不是生态工程诱导下的植被恢复;(3)在不同岩溶地貌类型中, 峰林平原和峰丛洼地的蒸散发和土壤湿度对植被恢复的响应相对岩溶槽谷更显著, 而未来岩溶地区实施生态工程应该充分考虑不同岩溶地貌类型对植被恢复的水文差异性响应。研究结果表明岩溶区2002—2021年间生态工程主导的植被恢复以及气候变化虽然加剧了区域的蒸散发, 但同期湿润气候下降雨增多抵消了这部分的水量损失。因此, 过去20年间西南岩溶区在植被恢复的条件下可利用的水资源量并未减少, 该发现将有助于评估未来岩溶地区生态工程的生态水文效应。  相似文献   

15.
耐盐碱微生物菌种的筛选鉴定及其功能性与促生性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
【背景】近年来,甘肃省土地盐碱化的日益加剧已对当地农业生产和生态环境产生严重影响。【目的】从甘肃省兰州市兰州新区和张掖市黑河生态保护区盐碱土壤中分离筛选出耐盐碱菌株,并对其进行鉴定和部分功能性评价与促生性分析,从而为改良甘肃省盐碱地提供微生物资源和理论基础。【方法】利用不同盐碱浓度的改良培养基对分离后的菌落进行条件培养,筛选出具有高耐盐碱能力的菌种,通过16S rRNA基因序列鉴定菌种类型,并测试其在不同培养基条件下功能性和促生性的不同作用。【结果】共筛选得到5株高耐盐碱菌株,鉴定结果分别为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、金黄节杆菌(Arthrobacter aurescens)、费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)。经鉴定分析5株菌均具有溶磷和分泌吲哚乙酸的能力;金黄节杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌具有解钾能力;金黄节杆菌、费氏中华根瘤菌和不动杆菌属具有固氮能力;地衣芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和费氏中华根瘤菌分泌的ACC脱氨酶活性分别达到0.272、0.217和0.159 U/mg,金黄节杆菌和不动杆菌属几乎无ACC脱氨酶活性。【结论】五株耐盐碱菌在溶磷、解钾和固氮功能方面各自具有不同的效果且兼具一定的促生作用,这为后期微生物改良盐碱地的应用提供了物种资源和理论基础。  相似文献   

16.
本文从分解者亚系统水平研究了东北羊草草原土壤中微生物生长的季节变化.多种生态因子的季节变化及环境因子对微生物的综合作用规律。微生物总数,总生物量和总呼吸强度的季节动态呈单峰上凸式曲线变化,8月份有明显的高峰值出现,它们分别为:2689.0×10 ̄4个/g·干土、25.41×10 ̄(03)g/g·干土、0.8952×10 ̄(-3)gCO_2/g·干土·d。土壤生态因子的季节变化与土壤微生物呈现不同程度的正相关和负相关。同时利用IRM的模型─—探讨了生态因子对微生物生长的综合作用规律:生态因子对微生物生长的综合作用指数r_n在整个生长季节中为0.00318-0.1115,其中7-9月份r_n较大,对出生物生长的限制作用较小,微生物生长较快,5、6和10月份r_n较小,对微生物生长限制作用较大,微生物生长较慢。  相似文献   

17.
根据岷江上游杂谷脑河流域典型的高山峡谷地区主要水文特点,选择通用性较强的水文过程模式,构建高山峡谷地区森林流域分布式降雨-径流过程模型,避免过多复杂的区域性模型参数率定,保证模型在相似地区的可移植性;并选择杂谷脑水文站上游地区进行降雨-径流过程模拟,得到1999年和2000年模拟时段长度为1000 h的两个径流过程,对模拟与实测的径流过程、累积径流量、洪峰流量与峰现时间等进行比较,其拟合效果较好.该模型结构简单,引入的经验参数较少,可推广应用到其它尺度流域.  相似文献   

18.
    
Pathways to extinction start long before the death of the last individual. However, causes of early stage population declines and the susceptibility of small residual populations to extirpation are typically studied in isolation. Using validated process-explicit models, we disentangle the ecological mechanisms and threats that were integral in the initial decline and later extinction of the woolly mammoth. We show that reconciling ancient DNA data on woolly mammoth population decline with fossil evidence of location and timing of extinction requires process-explicit models with specific demographic and niche constraints, and a constrained synergy of climatic change and human impacts. Validated models needed humans to hasten climate-driven population declines by many millennia, and to allow woolly mammoths to persist in mainland Arctic refugia until the mid-Holocene. Our results show that the role of humans in the extinction dynamics of woolly mammoth began well before the Holocene, exerting lasting effects on the spatial pattern and timing of its range-wide extinction.  相似文献   

19.
    
Evidence is accumulating that species' responses to climate changes are best predicted by modelling the interaction of physiological limits, biotic processes and the effects of dispersal‐limitation. Using commercially harvested blacklip (Haliotis rubra) and greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) as case studies, we determine the relative importance of accounting for interactions among physiology, metapopulation dynamics and exploitation in predictions of range (geographical occupancy) and abundance (spatially explicit density) under various climate change scenarios. Traditional correlative ecological niche models (ENM) predict that climate change will benefit the commercial exploitation of abalone by promoting increased abundances without any reduction in range size. However, models that account simultaneously for demographic processes and physiological responses to climate‐related factors result in future (and present) estimates of area of occupancy (AOO) and abundance that differ from those generated by ENMs alone. Range expansion and population growth are unlikely for blacklip abalone because of important interactions between climate‐dependent mortality and metapopulation processes; in contrast, greenlip abalone should increase in abundance despite a contraction in AOO. The strongly non‐linear relationship between abalone population size and AOO has important ramifications for the use of ENM predictions that rely on metrics describing change in habitat area as proxies for extinction risk. These results show that predicting species' responses to climate change often require physiological information to understand climatic range determinants, and a metapopulation model that can make full use of this data to more realistically account for processes such as local extirpation, demographic rescue, source‐sink dynamics and dispersal‐limitation.  相似文献   

20.
    
Riverine species have adapted to their environment, particularly to the hydrological regime. Hydrological models and the knowledge of species preferences are used to predict the impact of hydrological changes on species. Inevitably, hydrological model performance impacts how species are simulated. From the example of macroinvertebrates in a lowland and a mountainous catchment, we investigate the impact of hydrological model performance and the choice of the objective function based on a set of 36 performance metrics for predicting species occurrences. Besides species abundance, we use the simulated community structure for an ecological assessment as applied for the Water Framework Directive. We investigate when a hydrological model is sufficiently calibrated to depict species abundance. For this, we postulate that performance is not sufficient when ecological assessments based on the simulated hydrology are significantly different (analysis of variance, p < .05) from the ecological assessments based on observations. The investigated range of hydrological model performance leads to considerable variability in species abundance in the two catchments. In the mountainous catchment, links between objective functions and the ecological assessment reveal a stronger dependency of the species on the discharge regime. In the lowland catchment, multiple stressors seem to mask the dependence of the species on discharge. The most suitable objective functions to calibrate the model for species assessments are the ones that incorporate hydrological indicators used for the species prediction.  相似文献   

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