纤毛鹅观草与本田鹅观草的生物系统学研究

本文通过对鹅观草属的两个种:本田鹅观草(Roegneria hondai Kitagawa)和纤毛鹅观草(R.ciliaris(Trin)Nevski)及其种间杂种的形态变异、染色体配对行为和同工酶电泳酶谱的分析,研究了这两个种间的亲缘关系,杂种F_1减数分裂染色体配对数很高,F_1自然条件下具有低的结实率。R.ciliaris根部和幼叶的酯酶、过氧化物酯同工酶谱与R.hondai的酶谱间存在差异。上述结果表明,R.ciliaris和R.hondai亲缘关系很近,享有两个共同的基本染色体组,可拟定R.hondai的染色体组为S~hy~h。R.ciliaris同R.hondai间的亲缘关系较R.ciliaris同R.pendulina和R.pendulina同R.hondai间更近。     

小麦族鹅观草属三种植物的生物系统学研究

本文研究了禾本科小麦族鹅观草属的3个种:缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina Neuski 2n=4x=28),纤毛鹅观草(R. ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski 2n=4x=28)和鹅观草(R. kamoji Ohwi 2n=6x=42)及其种间杂种的形态变异和染色体配对行为。各杂种F_1的减数分裂染色体配对数较高,但杂种高度不育。在杂种减数分裂中还观察到一定频率的多价体形成。以上结果充分表明该3种植物享有两个共同的基本染色体组,在S和Y染色体组之间发生过染色体相互易位,缘毛鹅观草的染色体组可拟定为S~PY~P。     

向普通小麦导入纤毛鹅观草抗黄矮病基因的研究──Ⅰ.F_1和BC_1的产生及其细胞遗传学

为了将纤毛鹅观草Z1010对黄矮病毒株系PAV和RPV的抗性基因转入普通小麦,通过幼胚拯救,获得了纤毛鹅观草Z1010×普通小麦品种莱州953的杂种F1,以及用5个普通小麦品种（系）回交的BC1衍生系。对杂种F1及BC1植株的细胞学分析表明,纤毛鹅观草Z1010不仅对Ph基因具有很强的抑制作用,而且能使杂种F1形成未减数配子,对细胞遗传学资料的进一步分析认为,通过部分同源染色体间的交换将纤毛鹅观草Z1010的抗黄矮病基因转入小麦是可能的。     

RAPD Study on Inter species Relationships in Roegneria (Poaceae: Triticeae)

To assess the relationships among 26 species in Roegneria C. Koch, 34 random decamer primers were screened for RAPD fragments. 28 primers produced polymorphic RAPD products. Data from 16 primers were used for RAPD assay. By NTSYS-pc program, Jaccard' s genetic similarity coefficients were generated and dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA. It is concluded as follows: (1) Distinct genetic differences and extensive genetic diversity were present among the species. (2) There were some genetic differences between StY and StYH genomes, and StY and StYH had a certain degree of differentiations respectively which were related to geographic regions, the farther the geographic distribution between species, the less the similarity to each other. (3) When different accessions in a species, such as species with similar morphological characters, homologous genomes and similar geographic distribution, were clustered together respectively, it suggusted that they had closer relationships. (4) The awnless species R. alashanica Keng and R. magnicaespes (D. F. Cui) L. B. Cai, in Roegneria, were separated from the other species analysed in this study, indicating that these two species had intensive genetic differences from the others. (5) R. caucasica C. Koch, a species from Western Asia, was quite different from the other species contained StY genomes in Roegneria from Eastern Asia and Central Asia. (6) The results were in consistance with that of the analysis of morphology and chromosome pairing in the taxonomic treatments for R. ciliaris (Trin) Nevski and R. japonensis (Honda) Keng, R. tenuispica J. L. Yang et Y. H. Zhou and R. pendulina Nevski, and R. tsukushiensis (Honda) Ohwi and R. kamoji Ohwi. The present study discussed the usefulness of RAPD markers in the systematic study of Roegneria.     

用RAPD分子标记探讨鹅观草属的种间关系

通过34个10碱基随机引物对鹅观草属(RoegneriaC.Koch)26个物种进行PCR扩增,28个引物能产生多态带。在NTSYS程序中,对16个引物扩增的186条扩增产物,计算Jaccard遗传相似系数,建立UPGMA聚类图。结果表明:(1)物种间遗传差异明显,具有丰富的遗传多样性;(2)StY和StYH基因组的物种存在着一定的遗传差异,并各有一定程度的分化,这种分化是与地理位置相联系的。相距越远,物种相似程度越低;(3)形态差异较小,基因组同源,地理分布一致的物种聚类在一起,表现出较密切的亲缘关系;(4)无芒类群的R.alashanicaKeng和R.magnicaespes(D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai与其余分析的24个Roegneria物种存在着极大的遗传差异;(5)分布于西亚的R.caucasicaC.Koch.与分布于东亚和中亚的物种存在着较大的RAPD变异,亲缘关系较远;(6)在对R.ciliaris(Trin)Nevski和R.japonensis(Honda)Keng、R.tenuispicaJ.L.YangetY.H.Zhou和R.pendulinaNevski、R.tsukushiensis(Honda)Ohwi和R.kamojiOhwi等的分类处理上,基本上与形态学和细胞学的研究结果一致。对RAPD标记在Roegneria系统分类研究中的应用进行了讨论。     

基因组分析与小麦抗病育种

系统总结了南京农业大学细胞遗传研究所近 2 0多年来利用基因组分析方法培育从簇毛麦 (Haynaldiavil losaSch .)、大赖草 (LeymusracemosusLam .)、鹅观草 (RoegneriakamojiC .Koch)和纤毛鹅观草 (R .ciliaris (Trin .)Nevs ki)导入白粉病和赤霉病抗性的小麦种质的研究进展。利用染色体C_分带、基因组原位杂交、分子标记 (特别是RFLP)等技术与非整倍体分析相结合对所创制的种质进行了系统分析与鉴定。还对所培育的小麦种质在育种实践和理论研究中的潜在价值及相关问题进行了讨论     

基因组分析与小麦抗病育种

系统总结了南京农业大学细胞遗传研究所近20多年来利用基因组分析方法培育从簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa Sch.)、大赖草(Leymus racemosus Lam.)、鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji C. Koch)和纤毛鹅观草(R. ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski)导入白粉病和赤霉病抗性的小麦种质的研究进展.利用染色体C-分带、基因组原位杂交、分子标记(特别是RFLP)等技术与非整倍体分析相结合对所创制的种质进行了系统分析与鉴定.还对所培育的小麦种质在育种实践和理论研究中的潜在价值及相关问题进行了讨论.     

鹅观草属五个类群的核型与进化

报道了鹅观草属５个类群的核型,即长芒鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ＋６ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短颖鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋８ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短柄鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ;纤毛鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ＋８ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）;毛盘鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｔ。同时,通过核型重要性状的递变分析,揭示了鹅观草属５个类群的相对进化程度以及宏观分类中４个组的系统发育关系,表明鹅观草属的半颖组在系统发育中可能既派生了颖体短小的小颖组,又派生了颖体长大的大颖组和长颖组。     

鹅观草属三个种的形态变异与核型的研究

本文通过对鹅观草属的三个种:鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji Ohwi)、纤毛鹅观草(R. ciliars (Trin.) Nevski)和竖立鹅观草(R. japonensis(Honda)Keng)的形态学比较和核型分析研究了该三个种的系统关系。R. kamoji与R. ciliaris、R. japonensis形态上的差异明显,而后二个种差异甚小,难以进行划分。R. kamoji的核型公式为:2n=6x=42=30m+8sm+4SAT;R. ciliaris为:2n=4x=28=18m+6sm+4SAT;R. japonensis为:2n=4x=28=18m+6sm+4SAT。t-测验的结果表明R. ciliaris与R. japonensis的核型无显著差异。因此笔者认为R. ciliaris和R. japonensis应合并为一种系内的分类群。     

小麦族鹅观草属、披碱草属、猬草属和仲彬草属细胞质基因组PCR-RFLP分析

对鹅观草属、披碱草属、猬草属和仲彬草属23个物种和1份外类群共24份材料进行了细胞质基因组PCR-RFLP分析。3个叶绿体和3个线粒体通用引物扩增出的片段,用15种限制性内切酶对其进行酶切。在47种引物/酶组合中,获得329条DNA片段,其中304条具有多态性,占92.4%。结果表明鹅观草属、披碱草属、猬草属和仲彬草属材料存在属间和种间多态性,遗传相似系数较高。聚类分析显示仲彬草属单独聚为一类,鹅观草属R. grandis、R. aristiglumis、R. elytrigioides、R. alashanica、R. magnicaespes聚为一类,R. caucasica、R. ciliaris、R. amurensis、R. japonensis聚在一起,5个披碱草属材料、3个猬草属材料和1个鹅观草属物种R. kamoji聚为一类。这些结果与前人对其进行的RAPD和RAMP分析的结果基本一致。仲彬草属作为属分类等级处理是恰当的,对于鹅观草属、披碱草属和猬草属的系统地位和一些物种的分类处理,有待进一步研究。     

Construction of Genetic Fingerprints of Aneurolepidium chinensis Using Microsatellite Sequences

The genetic fingerprints of Chinese wildrye ( Aneurolepidium chinensis (Trin.)Kitag) were constructed by Southern blot analysis of Ase Ⅰ-,Dra Ⅰ-,Eco RⅠ-,Hin dⅢ-,NcoⅠ-,MobⅠ-,RsaⅠ-,PstⅠ-, TaqⅠ- digested genomic DNA probed with synthesized oligonucleotide,（CT）8,（GCTA）4,（GGAT） 4 or（GACA） 4 .The difference between “Jisheng 4" and Chinese wildrye was shown by RFLP analysis of Dra Ⅰ-or Rsa Ⅰ- digested genomic DNAs probed with GCTA）4 .DNA fragments were obtained by PCR performed with genomic DNA of “Jisheng 4" as a template and（CT）8,（GCTA）4,（GGAT）4　or（GACA）4 as primer. Five size 2325,1455,876,774 and 299 bp fragments were amplified when (GGAT) 4 was used, indicating satisfied results were obtained.     

芨芨草愈伤组织器官发生及植株再生

芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski)种子消毒并在MS培养基上萌发获得无菌苗, 以幼苗的叶鞘和胚轴为外植体诱导愈伤组织, 经继代后进一步诱导不定芽及生根。研究结果表明, 诱导愈伤组织最适合的培养基为B5+1.5 mg.L-12,4-D+0.5 mg.L-1 NAA; 诱导芽分化较适合的培养基为B5+0.5 mg.L-1 6-BA +0.2 mg.L-1 NAA; 1/4 B5+1.0 mg.L-1 NAA+0.2 mg.L-1 IBA +1.0 g.L-1活性炭培养基则有利于芨芨草试管苗的生根。本实验建立了完整的芨芨草植株再生体系, 移栽成活率高。     

A Biosystematic Study on Hybrids Between Psathyrostachys huashanica and Two Species of Roegneria

Intergeneric crosses were made betweem Psathyrostachys huashanica (2n=14, NN)and two Roegneria species, namely, R. ciliaris (2n=28, SSYY), and R. tsukushiensis (2n=42, SSHHYY). Two combinations of P. huashanica crossed with R. ciliaris and R. tsukushiensis produced adult hybrid plants. Although completely sterile, the hybrid plants developed rather vigorously, and were morphologically intermediate between the two parents.Two spikelets per node in part were observed in hybrids, which evidently came from P. huashanica. The chromosome configurations of R. ciliaris × P. huashanica and R. tsukushiensis × P. huashanica were 20.73 I+0.318 II, 24.80 I+1.578 II+0. 012 III, respectively. Polypolar division was found at anaphase I in meiosis of two hybrids. Abnormal meiosis in two hybrids was observed. The chromosome pairing indicates that there is only a little chromosome homoeology between “N” genome of P. huashanicaand “S”, “Y” or “H” genomes of R. ciliaris and R. tsukushiensis.     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents from Root Bark of Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem.

Eleven constituents were isolated from root bark of Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem. Their structures were elucidated by spectra(IR, MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and chemical analyses. They were deglucose chikusetsusaponin Ⅳ (AT–Ⅰ), chikusetsusaponin Na (AT–Ⅱ ), zingibroside R1 (AT–Ⅲ), ginsenin R0 (AT–IV), decaisneanaside (AT–Ⅴ), armatoside (AT-Ⅶ), araloside A (AT–Ⅶ), octacosanoic acid (AT–Ⅷ), β-sitosterol (ATIX ), mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmastterol (AT–×), oleanolic acid (AT–Xl ). They were for the first time found in this plant, AT–Ⅵ is a new saponin.     

小麦族鹅观草属三个物种的关系研究

通过形态学特征比较、种间杂交、染色体组配对和繁育学资料,探讨鹅观草属拟披碱草组纤毛草系中的三个物种毛叶鹅观草、纤毛鹅观草和竖立鹅观草间的亲缘关系。结果表明毛叶鹅观草与纤毛鹅观草、竖立鹅观草存在一定的生殖障碍,纤毛鹅观草和竖立鹅观草不存在生殖障碍。建议将毛叶鹅观草作为纤毛鹅观草的亚种,而竖立鹅观草作为纤毛鹅观草的变种处理较为适宜。     

皖琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌群落多样性

对安徽省琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌的群落多样性进行了研究。对该区内设置的样地Ⅰ(针阔混交林)、样地Ⅱ(常绿-落叶阔叶混交林)、样地Ⅲ(落叶阔叶林)、样地Ⅳ(琅琊榆-刺槐林)和样地Ⅴ(竹林)共5种具有代表性的植物群落内的大型真菌的种类和数量进行了调查。选用了物种丰富度(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)和优势度曲线(K-dominance)等指标,对该区大型真菌的群落多样性进行了测定。结果表明,大型真菌的分布与植物群落类型有着密切关系。R的变化趋势为样地Ⅱ样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ;H′的变化趋势是样地Ⅰ样地Ⅱ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ;E的变化趋势是样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅱ样地Ⅳ样地Ⅴ。另外,季节变化对大型真菌的分布也有较大的影响。秋季大型真菌出现的种类及个体数量较高,R和H′高于春季,而E值却相反。选用的群落多样性指标能较客观地反映该地区大型真菌群落的组成,并揭示不同群落间的关系。     

山西霍山白桦种群不同龄级立木的点格局分析

以山西霍山地区的先锋树种之一白桦( Betula platyphylla)为研究对象,在霍山七里峪林场典型地段设置一个50 m×50 m的样方,应用点格局分析方法对其不同龄级(Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级)个体的分布格局及相互关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)白桦种群不同龄级的个体间密度也不相同,中间龄级Ⅱ级(7 cm＜ DBH≤14 cm)和Ⅲ级(14 cm ＜DBH≤21 cm)的密度较大,幼龄和老龄个体密度小,年龄结构为衰退型;(2)除Ⅰ级(DBH≤7 cm)外,其余3个龄级集群分布特征比较明显,且随着龄级的增加,集群特征有更明显的趋势;(3)除Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级(DBH ＞21 cm)之外,其余龄级间基本都是小尺度下负关联,并随尺度的增大关联性逐渐变得不显著.     

小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种后代的核基因组和叶绿体基因组的遗传特征

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)与高冰草(Agropyron elongatum(Host)Nevski)体细胞杂种同一个克隆来源的F2-F6自交系Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-Ⅰ-8以及由Ⅱ-Ⅰ-8 F2分离形成的8-1(F3-F6)为材料,利用小麦叶绿体基因组的微卫星(Microsatellite)特异引物及随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)引物进行分析.结果表明,杂种株系的叶绿体基因组组成一致,均以小麦叶绿体基因组为主,仅在rpl14和rpl16基因的间隔序列中检测到双亲的特征带,表明有高冰草的叶绿体DNA在杂种中存在,并稳定遗传至第六代.RAPD分析表明,不同杂种株系中存在不同的高冰草核DNA片段,核基因组在传代中基本稳定.     

CD59、CD55在T细胞活化信号转导中的协同作用

目的：研究糖基磷脂酰肌醇（GeD）锚固蛋白CD59、CD55在脂筏介导T细胞信号转导通路中的协同效应。方法：应用siRNA技术,构建特异性针对CD55与CD59基因的重组载体pSUPER—siCD55,pSUPER—siCD59。实验分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组（I组）、转染pSUPER空质粒的Jurkat细胞组（Ⅱ组）、转染pSUPER—siCD59重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组（Ⅲ组）及转染pSUPER—siCD55重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组（Ⅳ组）。RT—PCR检测转染细胞中CD55和CD59基因的表达。噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测CD55与CD59联合作用对4组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应以及细胞内钙离子的变化。结果：稳定转染后,Ⅲ组细胞CD59分子的表达和Ⅳ组细胞CD55分子的表达被成功抑制。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组细胞CD55与CD59联合作用后增殖能力和钙离子浓度均明显高于Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组（P〈0．05）,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间无差异。结论：CD59和CD55在T细胞活化信号转导通路中存在协同效应。     

Characterization of a New Chlorophyll-Protein Complex and Studies on Some Properties of Other Chlorophyll-Containing Bands

1. The chlorophyll-protein complexes of sun plant spinach and shade plants Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. and Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques were resolved by SDS-PAGE at lower temperature (2—4 ℃). Besides 8 chlorophyll-containing bands Ⅰa, Ⅰb, Ⅰc, Ⅱa, Ⅱb, Ⅱc, Ⅲ and Ⅳ mentioned in our previous paper (Chu et al., 1980), three more small chlorophyll-containing bands were also observed. Among these small bands Ⅱa which often appeared between Ⅰc and Ⅱa looked like a oligomer of LHCP complex according to its properties in colour, absorption spectrum and fluorescence emission etc. 2. When electrophoresis was carried out at lower temperature (2—4 ℃), the quantity of free pigments (Ⅲ) was obviously lower, while the relative quantities of LHCP Ⅱa, Ⅱb and PS Ⅱ’s band (Ⅳ) were apparently higher than those carried out at higher temperature (12—15 ℃). At lower temperature three bands of Ⅰ could be resolved in shade plants M. monophyllos and C. comosum, and at higher temperature there was only one band of Ⅰ (Ⅰc). But at higher temperature three bands of Ⅰ could be resolved in sunflower. 3. The percentage of LHCP complexes of shade plant M. monophyllos in total amount of chlorophyll (57%) was obviously higher than that of sun plant spinach (43%). The percentage of complexes Ⅰ of sun plant spinach in amount of total chlorophyll (27%) was obviously higher than that of shade plant M. monophyllos (14%). The relative quantity among three bands of Ⅰ in different Plants is different. 4. The chl a/b ratio of LHCP bands of shade plants were lower than that of corresponding bands of sun plants. The chl a/b ratio of Ⅱa of M. monophyllos was 1.1, Ⅱc, 1.2; but that of Ⅱa of spinach was 1.4, Ⅱc, 1.66.